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Petroliotik eratorritako plastikoen produkzioa gero eta handiagoa da, bestelako materialekin konparatuz, material oso moldakorrak direlako. Hori dela eta, plastikoak aplikazio ugaritan aurki ditzakegu, adibidez, eguneroko bizitzan polibinil kloruroa taperretan daukagu edo politetrafluoroetilenoa (PTFE) medikuntzako kateterretan. Produzitzen diren plastiko guztien artean, Europar Batasunak (EBk) plastikozko mahai-tresnak, lastoak eta kotoizko makilatxoak erabilera bakarreko plastikoen (EBP) multzoan, ingelesez single use plastics (SUP), sartu zituen. Izenak adierazten duen moduan, plastiko horiek aldi batez bakarrik erabiltzen dira eta gainera kasu batzuetan horien erabilera segundo batzuetakoa da. Plastiko hauen bizitza laburra ez ezik, beste arazo batzuk dakartzate. Alde batetik, material horien produkzioa petrolio iturri ez-berriztagarritik abiatzen delako eta beste alde batetik, degradatzeko orokorrean urteak behar dituztelako. EBPak behin erabilita, gaur egun ez daukagu modu egokirik birziklatzeko, bi prozedura hauek jarraitzen direlako. Lehenengoan, zabortegietan pilatzen dira degradatzeko eta bigarrenean, errausten dira. Kasu batzuetan EBPak ez dira modu egokian zaborrera botatzen eta ondorioz gure ingurumenean bukatzen dute. Azken horrekin loturik, itsasoan aurkitzen den zaborraren %80 plastikoa da eta bertan aurkitzen den plastikozko poltsa batek adibidez, 20 urte behar ditu degradatzeko, eta edarietako lata-uztailak 450 urte. Arazo guzti horiei aurre egiteko EBPen erabilera alternatiba berriekin ordezkatu behar dira, bioplastikoengaitik alegia. Azkeneko plastiko hauek, biomasatik eskuratzen dira eta gainera petroliotik eratorritako plastikoekin alderatuta degradatzeko denbora gutxiago behar dute. Aurrekoa kontuan harturik, lan honen helburu nagusia janaria biltzen dituzten EBPen produkzioa eta erabilpena murriztean datza, horiek bioplastikoengaitik ordezkatuz. Hori lortzeko, janari estaldura bezala EBPen ordez papera erabiliko da eta honen gainean almidoi b

In recent decades, the technology of polymeric materials used in biomedical applications has been greatly improved, replacing the metals that had been used until now. This change has not only meant an improvement in the cost of the raw material and in its processing, but it is also due to the fact that there are applications, such as stents, where the material is required to have a certain flexibility, both during the surgical intervention and during the healing or conditioning the tissue in which the intervention is performed. In this type of application, the so-called shape memory polymers (SMPs) are very interesting, but for this, they must meet the condition of being biocompatible. In this work, new polyurethane materials have been designed in which, in addition to shape memory prevailing, adequate cell proliferation values are obtained for possible use in biomedical applications. Furthermore, during the synthesis, in order to avoid undesired and toxics subproducts, instead of the typical aromatic diisocyanates, an aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) has been selected. Moreover, neither solvents nor catalysts were used, which makes eco-friendly synthesis suitable for scaling at an industrial level. Finally, castor oil (CO) has been used as one of the main synthesis reagents, which is an abundant compound obtained from biological sources. For all this, it can be concluded that the polymers described here have a wide range of application possibilities (biomedicine, food packaging…), and are highly interesting to preserve our Planet.

In recent decades, the technology of polymeric materials used in biomedical applications has been greatly improved, replacing the metals that had been used until now. This change has not only meant an improvement in the cost of the raw material and in its processing, but it is also due to the fact that there are applications, such as stents, where the material is required to have a certain flexibility, both during the surgical intervention and during the healing or conditioning the tissue in which the intervention is performed. In this type of application, the so-called shape memory polymers (SMPs) are very interesting, but for this, they must meet the condition of being biocompatible. In this work, new polyurethane materials have been designed in which, in addition to shape memory prevailing, adequate cell proliferation values are obtained for possible use in biomedical applications. Furthermore, during the synthesis, in order to avoid undesired and toxics subproducts, instead of the typical aromatic diisocyanates, an aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) has been selected. Moreover, neither solvents nor catalysts were used, which makes eco-friendly synthesis suitable for scaling at an industrial level. Finally, castor oil (CO) has been used as one of the main synthesis reagents, which is an abundant compound obtained from biological sources. For all this, it can be concluded that the polymers described here have a wide range of application possibilities (biomedicine, food packaging…), and are highly interesting to preserve our Planet.

The present work is a first approach in order to achieve thermo-sensitive and waterproof polyurethane fibers useful in the textile industry. For this, two polyurethane formulations with glass transition temperatures (Tg) close to the body temperature have been synthetized and characterized by several techniques such as Ther-mogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA). In this manner their thermal and shape memory behavior were determined. It was also estimated the water vapor transmission rate of both polyurethane films. Then, integration of two different microencapsulated phase change materials (PCMs), one with organic shell and another one, with an inorganic shell, was carried out by extrusion in order to achieve materials with thermo-regulating properties. Fibers for both polyurethanes, pristine or loaded with microencapsulated PCMs, were again characterized to check that the thermal and shape memory properties are maintained, and to study their capability to storage and release energy. The promising results pave the way for a new generation of thermo-regulating materials useful in numerous applications such as the textile sector.

The study of new materials has led to the creation of smart materials. These materials can reversely change one of their property when are exposed to external stimulus. Inside this wide group, shape-memory polyurethanes can be found which possess shape-memory effect. Thanks to this effect, when they are exposure to a heat source their original shape is change into a temporary one. Once the new shape is achieved, the heat source is removed in order to fix them in the new shape. Finally, reheating again their original shape is recovered. In this work, shape-memory polyurethanes (SMPU) have been synthesised using poly(methyl ether)glycol, isophorone diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate, and castor oil and 1,4-butanediol as chain-extenders. Biocompatible SMPUs were achieved using natural origin castor oil reagent during the synthesis. All polyurethanes have been characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermomechanical analysis (TMA) in order to know their physical-chemical features. FTIR technique was used for monitoring the reactions and to confirm that the isocyanate groups had completely reacted. DMA was used to know the glass transition temperature. It was check that decreasing the poliol molecular weight or increasing the stoichiometry value the glass-transition temperature value increases. Finally with TMA was evaluated that all synthesised polyurethanes had shape-memory effect. Polyurethanes can be applied in many application, thus, the objective has been the process of making biocompatible smart-textile. The process of getting textile started transforming the polymer into fibres. Due to this, electrospinning and extrusion techniques have been applied to process the fibres. Finally, fibres are woven to get textile using different methods.; Material berrien ikerketak material adimenduen sorkuntza ekarri du. Material horiek, modu itzulgarrian beren propietate bat edo gehiago aldatzeko gai dira

Erditze goiztiarraren mehatxua (EGM) prozesu kliniko sintomatikoa eta multifaktoriala da non, tratamendurik gabe edo tratamenduaren huts egitearen ondorioz, erditze prozesua hasten den, betiere haurdunaldiko 22. astea eta 37. astea bitartean. EGMa mundu mailako osasun arazoa da. Amarengan eta umekiarengan dituen ondorioez gain, ekonomikoki gastu handia eragiten duen arazoa da. Erizainak paper garrantzitsua jokatzen du arrisku faktoreen prebentzioan, antzemate goiztiarrean eta laguntza emozionala ematen. Helburu orokorra. Erditze goiztiarraren mehatxuari buruzko informazioa eta emakumearengan eta umekiarengan eragin ditzakeen ondorioak aztertzea, erizain bezala eman beharreko zainketa egokiak zeintzuk diren ezagutzeko. Metodologia. Errebisio bibliografiko bat egin da. Horretarako, osasun zientzietako datu-base ezberdinak erabili dira: Dialnet, Cuiden, Medes, Pubmed, Cochrane eta BVS (Biblioteca Virtual de la Salud). Horrez gain, gaiarekin erlazionatutako bi web-orri eta bi liburu erabili dira. Emaitzak. Datu-base ezberdinetatik guztira 27 artikulu lortu dira. Prozesu kliniko honetan hainbat arrisku faktorek eragiten dute. Gainera hainbat zeinu, sintoma eta ondorio agertzen dira. Diagnostikoari dagokionez, bi kliniken agerpena beharrezkoa da. Erizaintza-zainketen inguruan, erizainak paper garrantzitsua du EGMa diagnostikatu aurretik eta diagnostikatu ondoren. Diagnostikoaren aurretik, prebentzioa eta osasun heziketa eginbehar garrantzitsuenak izango dira. Diagnostikatu ondoren, berriz, laguntza emozionala, amaren eta umekiaren etengabeko ebaluazioa eta erditze prestaketa. Erizaintza-zainketak dituen ondorioei dagokienez, prozesuaren diagnostiko goiztiarra aurkitzen da. Honi esker, haurdun dagoen emakumeari tratamendua era goiztiarrean administratu ahalko zaio, eta ondorioz, konplikazioak murriztu. Hortaz gain, laguntza emozionalari esker, amak sufri ditzakeen ondorioak murriztuko dira. Ondorioak. EGMa gaur egungo osasun arazoa da umekiaren hilkortasun eta morbilitatea

El presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado (en adelante denominado TFG) consiste en la traducción de la obra francesa La Mort du Bœuf Gras, una tragedia cómica escrita por el dramaturgo Toussaint-Gaspard Taconnet en 1767. Para ello, se empleará la combinación idiomática francés-español. De la misma manera, hemos realizado un análisis traductológico detallado en el que se exponen las diferentes dificultades halladas a lo largo del proceso de traducción, así como las decisiones traductológicas tomadas al respecto. Asimismo, se proporcionará un corpus organizado en unidades bitextuales paralelas (francés-español), con el fin de ilustrar algunos de los aspectos tratados durante este trabajo y mostrar algunos de los resultados de la traducción. Con la ayuda del soporte bibliográfico (Vázquez-Ayora, 1977; Hurtado Albil, 2001 y Newmark, 1992 entre otros) empleado para este TFG, se ha elaborado una clasificación personal de los ítems taxonómicos que atienden a diferentes procedimientos y estrategias de traducción, por lo que hemos clasificado los casos y fenómenos más relevantes observados a lo largo de la traducción en nueve grandes categorías: transposición, modulación, equivalencia, amplificación, omisión, adaptación, condensación, explicitación y compensación. Debido a la restricción de caracteres del presente trabajo, se expondrá únicamente una muestra reducida de todo lo analizado. Además, se han descifrado y examinado los manuscritos hallados en la edición de la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia (en adelante BNF), que han resultado de gran interés para ahondar en el contenido de la obra y extraer algunas conclusiones. Por último, cabe destacar que este trabajo además de verter luz en cuanto a las cuestiones planteadas en la introducción, pretende mostrar el proceso de traducción de la obra La Mort du Bœuf Gras y los procedimientos traductológicos que se han llevado a cabo en ella.