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College students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often experience increased academic difficulties, which can negatively impact graduation rates, employment, self-esteem, and mental health. ADHD coaching assists students with ADHD to reduce such difficulties. The present study evaluated the processes involved in ADHD coaching by examining undergraduate and graduate level students (n = 23) who attended individualized ADHD coaching sessions for 8 weeks. Specifically, the study examined the types of goals established, the use of weekly objectives (tasks to be completed), barriers to task completion, the use of incentives and consequences to increase motivation, and the role of task enjoyment and therapeutic benefit on task completion. The most common goals involved time management and academic performance. Results showed a significant effect for use of incentives/consequences on weekly task completion. Therapist-coach ratings were predictive of task completion, while client ratings were not. The primary barriers to task completion were lack of motivation and poor time management.

Synthesizes evaluation of drug use programs (N=37) in schools for grades 6-12 by coding program characteristics and calculating weighted effect sizes (WES) for marijuana use. Program type and sample size were found to be significant predictors of program effectiveness. The primary finding for prevention program planning is that interactive cultivation of social skills reduces marijuana use. (Author/JDM)

This study sought to obtain perceptions of whistle-blowing, and to examine the relationship between organisational commitment, corporate ethical values and whistle-blowing among accountants in Barbados. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to accountants working in organisations. As a result, 236 useable responses were obtained. Accountants did not perceive whistle-blowing to be wrong but were still unlikely to blow the whistle. This reluctance was cited as stemming from high personal costs in the form of retaliation and victimisation, a close relationship with the wrongdoer, and publicity that could negatively impact the organisation. Factors cited as encouraging whistle-blowing included job satisfaction, severity of the incident, anonymity, personal beneits and the need to correct wrongdoing that may harm the organisation. Accounting staff were aware of their organisation's code of ethics and encouragement of whistle-blowing, but most seemed to be unaware of adequate mechanisms to protect potential whistle-blowers. Organisational commitment and corporate ethical values were signiicant predictors of internal and external whistle-blowing intentions. To encourage internal whistle-blowing, the organisation should provide training, education, improve the organisation's code of conduct and ethical culture, create acceptance of internal reporting mechanisms, increase job satisfaction, and reward ethical behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C4 photosynthesis involves alterations to leaf development, cell biology and biochemistry. Different lineages of C4 plants use varying mechanisms to generate the C4 pathway. Although the biochemistry of C4 photosynthesis was described around 20 years ago, the phylogenetic distance between Arabidopsis and the traditional C4 models has not facilitated the transfer of knowledge from Arabidopsis research to understanding C4 systems. We show that Cleome, a genus closely related to Arabidopsis, contains species spanning a developmental progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. The majority of species we assessed are C3 plants but have increased venation in leaves. Three C3 species have both increased venation and enlarged bundle sheath cells, and there is also a tendency to accumulate proteins and transcripts needed for C4 photosynthesis. Cleome gynandra shows all the characteristics needed for efficient C4 photosynthesis, including alterations to leaf biochemistry, cell biology and development, and belongs to the NAD-dependent malic enzyme subtype. Combined with its phylogenetic proximity to Arabidopsis, the developmental progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis within the genus provides a potentially excellent new model to increase our understanding of C4 photosynthesis, and provide insights into its evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented which discusses the theme of the issue which focuses on classroom differentiation for diverse literacy learners and also describes the role of literacy in enabling active citizenship.

An introduction is presented which discusses several reports within the issue on topics such as encouraging students to hone their written language skills; right to education and creative and varied writing practices.