Talic, Irma, Scherer, Ronny, Marsh, H. W., Greiff, Samuel, Möller, Jens, Niepel, Christoph, Talic, Irma, Scherer, Ronny, Marsh, H. W., Greiff, Samuel, Möller, Jens, and Niepel, Christoph
Marsh, H. W., Pekrun, R, Parker, P. D., Murayama, Kou, Guo, J., Dicke, T., and Arens, A. K.
Subjects
education
Abstract
This study extends the classic constructive dialogue/debate between self-concept and self-efficacy researchers (Marsh, Roche, Pajares & Miller, 1997) regarding the distinctions between these two constructs. The study is a substantive-methodological synergy, bringing together new substantive, theoretical and statistical models, and developing new tests of the classic jingle-jangle fallacy. We demonstrate that in a representative sample of 3,350 students from math classes in 43 German schools, generalized math self-efficacy and math outcome expectancies were indistinguishable from math self-concept, but were distinct from test-related and functional measures of self-efficacy. This is consistent with the jingle-jangle fallacies that are proposed. On the basis of pre-test-variables, we demonstrate negative frame-of-reference effects in social (big-fish-little-pond effect) and dimensional (internal/external frame-of-reference effect) comparisons for three self-concept-like constructs in each of the first four years of secondary school. In contrast, none of the frame-of-reference effects were significantly negative for either of the two self-efficacy-like constructs in any of the four years of testing. After controlling for pre-test variables, each of the three self-concept-like constructs (math self-concept, outcome expectancy, and generalized math self-efficacy) in each of the four years of secondary school was more strongly related to post-test outcomes (school grades, test scores, future aspirations) than were the corresponding two self-efficacy-like factors. Extending discussion by Marsh et al. (1997) we clarify distinctions between self-efficacy and self-concept; the role of evaluation, worthiness, and outcome expectancy in self-efficacy measures; and complications in generalized and global measures of self-efficacy.
University students viewed a videotaped lecture which was experimentally manipulated to vary in content coverage and lecturer expressiveness and then completed an objective exam. Some students were given external incentive to do well. Results indicate that better performance was associated with added incentive, better content coverage, and more lecturer expressiveness. (Author/MBR)
Describes research leading to the development of SEEQ (Students' Evaluations of Educational Quality), a program which collects college students' evaluations of teacher effectiveness. Three tables, a 29-item reference list, and appendices outlining the information contained in the SEEQ survey and in the SEEQ summary report are included. (JL)
Student ratings of their own self-concept were moderately correlated with teacher ratings of their self-concept, with academic achievement test results, and with teacher ratings of academic ability. These findings provide strong support for the multidimensionality of self-concept. The Self Description Questionnaire used in the study is included. (RM)
Xu, M.K. (Kate), Morin, A. J. S. (Alexandre), Marsh, H. W. (Herbert), Richards, M. (Martin), Jones, P. B. (Peter), Xu, M.K. (Kate), Morin, A. J. S. (Alexandre), Marsh, H. W. (Herbert), Richards, M. (Martin), and Jones, P. B. (Peter)
Abstract
The factorial structure of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) has been frequently studied in diverse samples but no study has examined its psychometric properties from large, population-based samples. In particular, important questions have not been addressed such as the measurement invariance properties across parental and offspring gender. We evaluated the PBI based on responses from a large, representative population-based sample, using an exploratory structural equation modeling method appropriate for categorical data. Analysis revealed a three-factor structure representing “care,” “overprotection,” and “autonomy” parenting styles. In terms of psychometric measurement validity, our results supported the complete invariance of the PBI ratings across sons and daughters for their mothers and fathers. The PBI ratings were also robust in relation to personality and mental health status. In terms of predictive value, paternal care showed a protective effect on mental health at age 43 in sons. The PBI is a sound instrument for capturing perceived parenting styles, and is predictive of mental health in middle adulthood.
Marsh, H. W., Polman, Remco C.J., Marsh, H. W., and Polman, Remco C.J.
Abstract
This study investigated physical self-perceptions (PSPP and PIP) and the relationship between physical self-perceptions and body composition measures (BMI, WHR, percentage body fat) in fitness instructors (n = 36), regular exercisers (n = 29) and non-exercisers (n = 35). Gender differences were apparent in the physical self-perceptions, males scoring higher on the attractive body, sports competence and physical self-worth sub-scales of the PSPP. Fitness instructors rated their bodily attractiveness, physical condition and physical strength significantly higher and perceived them as more important than the regular and non -exercisers. Also, fitness instructors and regular exercisers had higher levels of physical self-worth and sports competence and perceived sports competence as more important than the non-exercisers. Relationships between physical self-perceptions and body composition were found. For females higher fat percentage or BMI values were negatively associated with most of the sub-domains of the PSPP. It was concluded that participation in regular exercise is associated with more positive physical self- perceptions that might contribute to a ‘life-time’ commitment to exercise participation. Secondly, more longitudinal research is required to investigate the relationship between physical self-perceptions and changes in body composition. Finally, it was suggested that exercise programs should promote competence and should be conducted in a relatively ‘body neutral’ environment. Such an approach would propagate a more intrinsically motivated orientation to exercise participation and might have a more pronounced effect on physical self-perceptions and global physical self-esteem RE>
A seal which increases in effectiveness with increasing pressure is presented. The seal's functional capability throughout both static and dynamic operation makes it particularly useful for sealing ball valve ports. Other features of the seal include the ability to seal two opposed surfaces simultaneously, tolerance of small misalignments, tolerance of wide temperature ranges, ability to maintain positive sealing contact under conditions of internal or external pressurization, and ability to conform to slight irregularities in seal or surface contours.
Ported ball valves are sealed under both static and dynamic load conditions by a line-pressure responsive double-acting seal. The top of the seal engages the ported ball at the outer circumferential edge of the seal upper end, and the bottom of the seal seats on a flat circular land with a continuous wall.
Recent work on low-frequency sound absorption in the ocean and laboratory has been examined with regard to temperature dependence, pH dependence, boron concentration, and pressure effects in an effort to arrive at a practical expression consistent with existing knowledge for use in sonar prediction and design applications. It is found that, over the range of pH observed in the ocean, the maximum absorption per wavelength depends exponentially on the pH at the sound-channel axis depth. The relaxation-frequency dependence on temperature is examined in terms of the temperature dependence of seawater viscosity and the activation energy of the relaxation process. The relaxation-frequency dependence on the square root of the salinity is consistent with available data and theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Measurements of the rise time of pulses from explosive sources in sea water show persistent anomalies owing to finite amplitude. This leads to apparent absorption values that are too small at high frequencies and, consequently, too large at low frequencies. The nonacoustic behavior is consistent with the empirical peak pressure and rise-time scaling laws of Arons. The status of development of a comprehensive finite-amplitude theory is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Results of experimental studies of sound reverberation from the ice in the Arctic are presented and interpreted. The ice causes reverberation levels as much as 40 dB greater than those encountered from the icefree sea surface. An rms roughness of 3 m is indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Some results of a four-year experimental study of sound propagation in the Arctic are presented and interpreted. The duration, form, and intensity of waves received at distances up to 1400 km are explained using ray theory and modes, in which source characteristics, refraction, scattering at the ice surface, and bottom effects are important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
A quantitative theory for backscattering or reverberation caused by the irregular sea surface is developed and compared with experimental results. Experimental results for forwardscattering or surface loss are also presented to compare with earlier theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The problem which Lord Rayleigh considered (reflection from a corrugated surface) and which several have treated approximately in recent years, is developed in a general form. An exact solution is obtained by extensive use of Wiener's generalized harmonic analysis. This solution is readily extended to include electromagnetic waves, general elastic waves, and nonplanar, nonharmonic sources. Numerical evaluation of the formulas is considered by means of an operational representation, from which various types of successive approximations can be constructed. Applications can be of special interest in scatter communications and in underwater sound transmission and reverberation. Experimental evidence from the latter area indicates that a rather detailed theory is necessary for an adequate account of the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CT, Marsh, H. W., Bell, T. G., Horton, C. W., AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CT, Marsh, H. W., Bell, T. G., and Horton, C. W.
Abstract
Contents: Part I Theory Intensity of Reflection Distortion of Reflected Wave Sound scattering Summary Part II Field data Dependence of Bbottom Loss on frequency and grazing angle Lateral variability Effect of scattering Summary and conclusions Part III Model studies Scale models and their uses Scale model studies of reflection from sand surfaces Reflection from plane and sinusoidal surfaces Reflection from rough surfaces Summary., Presented at the Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America (68th), 21-24 Oct 1964 held at Austin, TX.
AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CT, Mellen, R. H., Marsh, H. W., AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CT, Mellen, R. H., and Marsh, H. W.
Abstract
A summary of the U.S. Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory experimental program to investigate acoustic phenomena in the Arctic is given. As the sound velocity is an increasing function of depth, propagation is characterized by upward refraction and surface reflection. A rough-surface model of the ice cover accounts for both forward and back-scatter. The roughness-wavelength spectrum calculated from reverberation measurements is similar to that for the sea surface although the level is higher. Forward scatter loss depends on total roughness and is responsible for severe attenuation of high frequencies. Propagation and reverberation data both imply an R.M.S. roughness of from two to three meters, which is consistent with under-ice profile measurements. Propagation of explosive waves is described by normal mode and ray theories. At short ranges convergence zones are observed. Because the ice cover shows a 'critical angle' dependence, the time dispersion of the wave train at long range in deep water is well defined. In shallow water, the bottom may produce reflection modes, or reduced dispersion of the refracted mode.
NAVY UNDERWATER SOUND LAB NEW LONDON CT, Marsh,H W, NAVY UNDERWATER SOUND LAB NEW LONDON CT, and Marsh,H W
Abstract
The problem which Lord Rayleigh considered, (Reflection from a Corrugated Surface) and which several have treated approximately in recent years, is developed in a general form. An exact solution is obtained by extensive use of Wiener's Generalized Harmonic Analysis. This solution is readily extended to include electromagnetic waves, general elastic waves, and non-planar, non-harmonic sources. Numerical evaluation of the formulae is considered by means of an operational representation, from which various types of successive approximations can be constructed. Applications can be of special interest in scatter communications and in underwater sound transmission and reverberation. Experimental evidence from the latter area indicates that a rather detailed theory is necessary for an adequate account of the situation. (Author)
NAVY UNDERWATER SOUND LAB NEW LONDON CT, Marsh, H. W., Jr., Schulkin, Morris, NAVY UNDERWATER SOUND LAB NEW LONDON CT, Marsh, H. W., Jr., and Schulkin, Morris
Abstract
The Project AMOS work which was carried out through the period 1 January 1953 - 31 December 1954 is summarized. This is a final report of the AMOS deepwater acoustic measurements which began in June 1949. During the period covered by this report, the Underwater Sound Laboratory carried out a number of studies and analyses of AMOS data; these are included herein as Studies A through J. The major study is an analysis of sound transmission at frequencies between 2 and 25 kc based on all the AMOS data and on other data available in the classified and nonclassfied literature. Propagation-loss prediction charts based on this analysis are presented as a function of certain environmental parameters. An error study of the propagation analysis is presented next. The AMOS propagation analysis then is used to construct lateral range curves for hull-mounted, echo-ranging sonars at various frequencies and various figures of merit for submarines at periscope depth and at the depth which is best for avoiding detection. A comparison is made of measured and predicted ranges for a number of sonar systems. Studies of AMOS low-frequency noisemaker data analysis, ray tracing in the ocean, and bottom reflecion in deep water are also presented, and a summary of Cruise TWELVE, which was completed early in this period, is included. (Author)
AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CT, MARSH, H. W., SCHULKIN, M., AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CT, MARSH, H. W., and SCHULKIN, M.
Abstract
The subject "Underwater Sound" covers phenomena as complex and diverse as the imagination and patience of the investigator will allow. An important part of the subject deals with the sonar parameters, in the form of loss or strength coefficients. During the twenty years that appreciable effort has been expended in experimentation and analysis, the great emphasis has been in two areas; a) Quantitative investigation of the sonar parameters; b) Quantitative investigation of the ocean environment. Knowledge of the environment has been applied to the estimation of the parameters, and to the description of other aspects of underwater sound.
AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CT, MARSH, H. W., AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CT, and MARSH, H. W.
Abstract
A commentary is presented on recent work published on underwater sound reverberation. The commentary is followed by a comprehensive bibliography covering current work available on the subject. (Author)
AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CONN, Marsh,H. W., Mellen,R. H., AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CONN, Marsh,H. W., and Mellen,R. H.
Abstract
A unified model of the equilibrium surface, including turbulence, is proposed. The model is based upon interpretations of a variety of measurements, including physical (wave staff); optical glitter and slope; radar and sonar scatter and acoustic ambient noise. (Author)
NAVY UNDERWATER SOUND LAB NEW LONDON CONN, Marsh,H. W. , Jr, NAVY UNDERWATER SOUND LAB NEW LONDON CONN, and Marsh,H. W. , Jr
Abstract
In many wave problems, ray methods are convenient and accurate. Exact in the limit of high frequency, and employing simple formulae, these methods lose utility at low frequencies or because of inadequate numerical schemes for interpreting them. Correction terms are given which permit an extension of ray methods to lower frequencies (and at the same time providing an estimation of the validity of the high frequency limit). Some useful formulae and numerical schemes for ray tracing and the quantitative evaluation of refraction (spreading) and interference are given.
AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CONN, Marsh,H. W., Mellen,R. H., AVCO MARINE ELECTRONICS OFFICE NEW LONDON CONN, Marsh,H. W., and Mellen,R. H.
Abstract
The document reports on three separate studies conducted during fiscal year 1966. Part I, Some stochastic structures for modeling underwater sound, discusses simulation of propagation, reverberation and ambient noise with an underlying stochastic description of the sea surface. Part II, Spectra of the dynamic sea surface proposes a unified model of the equilibrium sea surface, including turbulence and based on observations of several different features of the sea. Part III, System parameters for ultrasonic explosive echo-ranging, illustrates the significance of high frequencies (up to 40 kHz) to permit improved directional discrimination. (Author)