Search

Supplemental methods, results, figures tables and code for complement the main document

Orientador: Wagner dos Santos Oliveira Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química Resumo: O presente trabalho é um estudo de previsão tecnológica para bombas de calor e sua sinergia com energias renováveis. A previsão da evolução das tecnologias é uma atividade relevante para indústria e governos. Existem diversas metodologias à disposição para realizar este tipo de estudo. O domínio dessas metodologias pode trazer ganhos à sociedade ou ser uma condição necessária para a perenidade de empresas. A segurança energética é um tema relevante que induz a procura por alternativas às energias não renováveis. O estudo buscou avaliar a tendência e o potencial de sinergia das energias renováveis nos equipamentos de condicionamento de ar para uso residencial num futuro probabilístico de 20 a 30 anos, analisando o potencial de entrada no mercado de tecnologias movidas a calor de fontes renováveis nas residências, assim como buscou avaliar possíveis mudanças nas configurações desses equipamentos. O trabalho consultou especialistas do mundo todo, identificando-os por clima. Os sistemas foram avaliados por partes, considerando as tecnologias movidas a calor em conjunto com o ciclo de compressão de vapor, assim como a importância do desempenho técnico e financeiro. A divisão dos sistemas por partes buscou realçar eventuais mudanças estruturais necessárias à introdução de uma nova tecnologia, enquanto a avaliação simultânea dos ciclos e dos desempenhos técnico e econômico teve como objetivo identificar os pesos relativos desses parâmetros. A segregação dos especialistas por clima buscou identificar a importância relativa do clima perante os demais fatores na adoção de uma determinada tecnologia. A metodologia Delphi foi utilizada para este estudo de previsão tecnológica, no qual foram aplicadas as seguintes condições de contorno: mercado residencial e ambiente sem mudanças significativas no sistema regulatório existente. A maioria dos especialistas identificou o ciclo de compressão de vapor com dissipação de calor diretamente para o ar como a tecnologia dominante no mercado residencial para o futuro de 20 a 30 anos. O ciclo de absorção apareceu como o segundo maior resultado para o futuro avaliado. Os resultados por clima não trouxeram diferenças significativas, o que pode indicar que a utilização de tecnologias globais ou as condições econômicas, políticas, sociais e tecnológicas do país possuem uma relevância maior que o seu clima. A comparação de tecnologias é realizada principalmente pelo fator econômico, pelos custos de investimento e operação, tudo somado a uma avaliação de desempenho ampla, como o fator de desempenho sazonal. A energia solar térmica para aquecimento de água aparece como um provável padrão para as novas construções. No aspecto de aplicação da tecnologia, observou-se que o uso de perguntas no formato matriz aumenta a complexidade do questionário para o participante e também a análise dos resultados. O uso de perguntas abertas e lista não fechada é um instrumento eficaz para receber as contribuições dos especialistas. O estudo foi encerrado na segunda rodada, pela estabilidade obtida nos resultados, assim como não foi observada divergência entre os especialistas que participaram das duas rodadas com os que participaram apenas da segunda Abstract: The present work is a technological forecasting study for heat pumps and the possible synergy with renewable energy. The prediction of the technological development is a relevant activity for industry and governments. There are several methodologies available to perform this type of study. Mastery of these methodologies can bring gains to society or be a necessary condition for the survival of companies. Energy security is an important issue which induces the search for alternatives to non-renewable energy. The study sought to evaluate the trend and synergy potential of renewable energy in air conditioning equipment for residential use in a 20-30 year future assessing the potential market of renewable heat driven technologies in households, as well as changes in equipment design. Experts around the world were consulted and identified by climate. The systems were evaluated by parts, considering the heat driven technologies along with vapor compression cycle, as well as the importance of the technical and financial performance. The block approach aimed to highlight any structural changes necessary for the introduction of a new technology, while simultaneous evaluation of cycles and technical and economic performances was intended to identify the relative weights of these parameters. Segregation by climate experts sought to identify the relative importance of climate compared to other factors in the adoption of a particular technology. The Delphi methodology was used for this forecast. The boundary conditions were: residential market without significant changes in the existing regulatory system. Most experts identified the vapor compression cycle with heat rejection directly into the air as the dominant technology in the residential market for the 20-30 year future. The absorption cycle appeared as the second- largest measured results for this future. Results by weather brought no significant differences, which may indicate technologies will be applied worldwide and country specific economic political, social and technological environment stage may have a greater relevance than its climate. The comparison of technologies is carried out mainly by economic performance, investment costs and operation, and broad performance evaluation, such as seasonal performance factor. Solar water heating appears as a likely standard for new constructions. In the methodological side, the use of questions in matrix format increases the complexity to participants and also to the analysis. The use of open questions and lists are an effective instrument to receive contributions from experts. The study was terminated in the second round, as stability in the results was observed as well as no difference among experts who participated in both rounds with those who participated only in the second round Mestrado Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais Mestre em Engenharia Química

Zygophylax naomiae Campos, P��rez, Puce & Marques, sp. nov. Plate 1 A���F; Table 1, 2 Zygophylax ? geniculata Millard, 1968: 264-266, fig 3; Millard, 1975: 195���197, fig. 64 [non Zygophylax geniculata (Clarke, 1894)]. Type series. Holotype���eleven small fragments of a colony, without gonophores (ZMUC-HYD 270). Type locality. Off Cape Peninsula, South Africa, 34��23���S; 18��08��� E, 287 m. Material examined. Holotype���Fragments of colony, 18 December 1929, Coll. T. Mortensen Exp. 1929, St. 58, 287 m, 34��23���S 18��08���E, South Africa, Det. N.H. Millard as ��� Zygophylax? geniculata ��� (ZMUC-HYD 270). Description. Small fragments of a colony, up to 50 mm high. Stem most polysiphonic composed by main and parallel secondary axial tubes with some nematothecae, terminal portion of stem monosiphonic bearing nodes and internodes. Branches up to second order, sub-opposite hydrocladia with axillary hydrothecae, branching off stem at angles of 70���80��; nodes irregularly distributed marking rectilineous internodes with a slight constriction above axillary hydrotheca, each bearing one to three hydrothecae. Hydrothecae of stem and hydrocladia free, biserially arranged, slightly turned into frontal direction placed on conspicuous apophyses (Pl. 1A), two hydrothecae between each pair of hydrocladia, some hyrothecae placed at proximal portion of stem. Hydrothecae tubular, narrowing basally, slightly swollen at median region, consequently adcauline and abcauline walls slightly convex; rim smooth, plane of aperture perpendicular to hydrothecal long axis; 1���2 renovations common (Pl. 1D); diaphragm thick, oblique to rectilineous, with large circular hydropore; pedicel on distinct apophyses, long, with 2���8 segments (Pl. 1B���D). Nematothecae tubular, on hydrothecal apophyses and on secondary axial tubes, rim smooth; pedicel with 4���15 segments (Pl. 1E���F). No gonophores present. Measurements. Stem: distance between two subsequent hydrotheca 338���468 ��m; diameter 104���1,482 ��m; distance between subsequent hydrocladia on the same side 2.2���2.6 mm. Hydrocladia: length 3.0��� 9.1 mm; diameter at base 104 ��m. Hydrothecae: lenght of adcauline wall from rim to diaphragm 250���290 ��m; lenght from base budding of the axis to rim 450���660 ��m; diameter at rim 120 ��m; diameter at diaphragm 60���80 ��m; lenght of pedicel on adcauline side 190���370 ��m; diameter at apophysis 60 ��m. Nematothecae: lenght 120���290 ��m; diameter at rim 50 ��m. Etimology. The specific name was given in honour of Dr Naomi A. H. Millard, one of the founders of the Zoological Society of South Africa and of the Zoologica Africana Journal (now African Zoology), for her numerous contributions to the study of hydroids, especially in southern Africa and adjacent oceans. Geographical distribution. West Off Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Remarks. The lack of gonothecae in the descriptions of new species has historically caused taxonomic difficulties within the genus, such as for Zygophylax pinnata (Sars, 1874) and Zygophylax brownei Billard, 1924 (cf. Schuchert, 2000). However, trophosomes may present unique and diagnostic characters, like in Zygophylax recta Jarvis, 1922, Zygophylax tottoni Rees & Vervoort, 1987, Zygophylax binemathophorata Vervoort & Watson, 2003 and Zygophylax kakaiba Campos et al., 2016. The uniqueness of a trophosomal character supports the description of this new species. Zygophylax naomiae sp. nov. may be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the strong pattern of annulations of the hydrothecae pedicels (2���8 segments) and nematothecae (4���15 segments), with no equivalents within Zygophylax. Annulated pedicels are largely used in the taxonomy of many taxa, both in leptothecates (e.g., Campanulariidae, cf. Cunha et al., 2017), and anthoathecates (e.g., Eudendriidae, cf. Marques et al., 2000; Puce et al., 2005). The annulation pattern of the nematothecal pedicels of Z. naomiae sp. nov. is unique within the genus. This pattern shall not be confused with the bilobed or trilobate aspect presented by the nematothecae of some species, such as Zygophylax cervicornis (Nutting, 1905) (e.g., Vervoort & Watson, 2003) and Zygophylax curvitheca Stechow, 1913 (NMS 1959.33.305), associated to renovations of nematotheca and consisting of subtle sinuosities of the perisarc, not forming segments. The pedicels of Z. stechowi, a species only recorded for its type locality (Sagami Bay, Japan; see Jaderholm, 1919), are somewhat similar, but they have a smaller number of annulations (up 4) that are not well demarcated, being related to the regenerative processes of the colony (Table 1). Moreover, the nematothecae of Z. stechowi are short and rounded, with smooth pedicels [Hirohito, 1995; corroborated by the examination of the type material UP- STY 2133, Table 1, and additional material ZMA 5144 (70 ��m length; 50 ��m diameter at rim)], and located at the proximal half of the hydrothecal pedicel, whereas those of Z. naomiae sp. nov. are located at the apophysis. Annulations at the hydrothecal pedicels are also described for Zygophylax unilateralis Totton, 1930, a species distinguished by the curved shape of the hydrothecal walls and by the hydrothecae turned all to one of the facies of the colony. Besides, we observed that the holotype BMNH 29.10.28.77 has a variation of this character, with pedicels completely smooth, or slightly wrinkled, or ringed only proximally, or even ringed to almost all of its extension. This variation may suggest that the different patterns of annulations could be associated with processes of regeneration of the colonies and their hydrothecae. Anyhow, the segments of Z. naomiae sp. nov. are better defined and demarcated than those of Z. stechowi and Z. unilateralis. Millard (1968, 1975) studied the type material of Z. naomiae sp. nov. and assigned that to Zygophylax ? geniculata, not confirming the identification due to the lack of fertile materials. Although Z. geniculata may have rings at the hydrotecal pedicels, the annulation is not always present (like observed in the type material MCZ-CNID 2283). Also, hydrothecae of Z. geniculata are distinctly oriented to different planes of the colony whereas those of Z. naomiae sp. nov. are arranged at the same plane, and the nematothecae of Z. geniculata are rare on secondary axial tubes and hydrothecal pedicels. Millard (1975) also pointed out that the specimen presently described had similarities with Zygophylax bifurcata Billard, 1942, because of its bifurcated hydrocladia and the shape of the nematothecae, but the dimensions of the hydrothecae of Z. naomiae sp. nov. are larger (Table 1). Millard (1968) considered the presence of segments in the specimen ZMUC-HYD 270 associated with the process of colony regeneration. We disagree with this hypothesis because of the high frequency of segmented pedicels in hydrothecae and nematothecae and for its strong segmentation, distinct from the wrinkled perisarc commonly found in regenerative pedicels/hydroids. A comparison of the main morphological structures and measurements of Zygophylax naomiae sp. nov. with related congeners are detailed in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. gophylax geniculata (Clarke, 1894), and Zygophylax bifurcata Billard, 1942 (in ��m)., Published as part of Campos, Felipe Ferreira, P��rez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania & Marques, Antonio Carlos, 2020, A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus, pp. 535-552 in Zootaxa 4779 (4) on pages 537-540, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3839510, {"references":["Millard, N. A. H. (1968) South African hydroids from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Java-South Africa expedition, 1929 - 1930. Videnskalbelige. Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk. Forening i Kjobenhavn, 131, 251 - 288.","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of Southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Clarke, S. F. (1894) Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried out by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer \" Albatross \", during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N. commanding. The hydroids. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 25, 71 - 77.","Sars, G. O. (1874) Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania, 1873, 91 - 150.","Billard, Α. (1924) Note critique sur divers genres et especes d'hydroides avec la description de trois especes nouvelles. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 31 (2), 53 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 117788","Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85 (5 - 6), 411 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00364827.2000.10414592","Jarvis, F. E. (1922) The hydroids from the Chagos, Seychelles and other islands and from the coasts of British East Africa and Zanzibar. Transactions Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 18, 331 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1922. tb 00553. x","Rees, W. J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1 - 209.","Vervoort, W. & Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538.","Campos, F. F., Marques, A. C., Puce, S. & Perez, C. D. (2016) Zygophylax kakaiba, a new species of hydroid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from the Philippine Islands. Zootaxa, 4088 (3), 438 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4088.3.9","Cunha, A. F., Collins, A. G. & Marques, A. C. (2017) Phylogenetic relationships of Proboscoida Broch, 1910 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): are traditional morphological diagnostic characters relevant for the delimitation of lineages at the species, genus, and family levels? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 106, 118 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.09.012","Marques, A. C., Pena-Cantero, A. L. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Mediterranean species of Eudendrium Ehrenberg, 1834 (Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae, Eudendriidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Zoology, 252, 197 - 213. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.2000. tb 00615. x","Puce, S., Cerrano, C., Marques, A. C. & Bavestrello, G. (2005) Eudendrium klausi (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), a new species of hydroid from Belize. Journal of Marine Biologal Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 291 - 305. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315405011185 h","Nutting, C. (1905) Hydroids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the steamer Albatross in 1902. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23 (3), 931 - 959.","Stechow, E. (1913) Neue Genera thecater Hydroiden aus der Familie der Lafoeiden und neue Species von Thecaten aus Japan. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 43 (3), 137 - 144.","Jaderholm, Ε. (1919) Zur Kenntis der Hydroidenfauna Japans. Arkiv for Zoologi, 12 (9), 1 - 34.","Hirohito, H. M. (1995) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Part II, Thecata. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 355 pp.","Billard, Α. (1942) Note sur une nouvelle espece et une nouvelle variete de Zygophylax (hydroides). Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France, 67, 34 - 36.","Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Reports. British Antarctic (' Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252."]}

Zygophylax africana Stechow, 1923 Plate 2 A���G Zygophylax africana Stechow, 1923: 106���107; Stechow, 1925: 445���446, fig. 18; Millard, 1964: 15���18, fig. 4a���f; Millard, 1968: 263; Millard, 1973: 28, fig. 4b; Millard, 1975: 189���190, fig. 62a���e; Millard, 1977a: 106; Millard, 1978:199; Gravier-Bonnet, 1979: 29; Millard, 1980: 131; Hirohito, 1983: 22���24, fig. 6; Rees & Vervoort, 1987: 75; Hirohito, 1995: 136���138, fig 40 a���e; Calder & Vervoort, 1998: 28; Bouillon et al., 2006: 341; Ruthensteiner et al., 2008: 25; Altuna, 2012: 5���8, figs. 2, 3. Zygophylax africanus Vervoort & Watson, 2003: 69. [incorrect subsequent spelling] Type Series. Holotype���colony pieces on some substratum in alcohol (ZSM 20040731). Paratypes���slides with colony branches (ZSM 20041574; ZSM 20043579) (Ruthensteiner et al., 2008). Type Locality. Valdivia, St. 92, North of Agulhas Bank, 33��41���S 18��00���E, Cape Town, South Africa, 178 m, 26 October 1898. Material examined. Cape Town, South Africa, 34��23���S 18��08���E, 287 m, 18 December 1929, Det. N.H. Millard, fertile colony (ZMUC-HYD 268); Coll. Benthedi, St. S 97, Indian Ocean, ��les Glorieuses, off nothern Madagascar, 11��32���S 47��16���E, 715 m, 07 April 1977, without gonophores (RMNH-Coel. slide 250); St. FA 131, La Reunion Island, Indian Ocean, 20��52.2���S 55��05.9���E, 675���720 m, 01 September 1982, fertile colony (RMNH-Coel. slide 259); St. IIC 176, as ��� Z. africana var. irregularis ���, La Reunion Islands, Indian Ocean, 21��01.7���S 55��10.6���E, 165���195 m, 08 September 1982, fertile colony (RMNH-Coel. slide 251). Description of additional material (ZMUC-HYD 268). Stem weakly polysiphonic, without nodes and internodes; branches of first order with numerous hydrocladia, all at same plane; hydrothecae and nematothecae irregulary arranged. Hydrocladia mostly monosiphonic, some polysiphonic basally (Pl. 2A���B). Hydrothecae tubular, widening distally, adcauline wall convex, abcauline wall concave (Pl. 2C); pedicel continuous to apophysis; diaphragm thick, oblique in relation to hydrothecal long axis; renovations common (up to 6) (Pl. 2D); two rows of hydrothecae at same plane, turned to one side of the colony. Nematotheca insertion scar on hydrothecal apophysis; one or two cylindrical preserved nematothecae observed on apophysis (Pl. 2D���E). Gonosome aggregated in dense clusters into coppinia, gonothecae surrounding branch with nematophorous tubules provided nematothecae and hydrothecae (Pl. 2F); each gonothecae with two long horn-shaped projections with large oval apertures on their tips (Pl. 2G). Measurements of additional material. Stem: distance between two subsequent hydrothecae 156���260 ��m; diameter 156���312 ��m; distance between subsequent hydrocladia on the same side 1.4���1.6 mm. Hydrocladia: lenght 3.3���9.6 mm; diameter at base 78���182 ��m. Hydrothecae: lenght of adcauline wall from rim to diaphragm 270���300 ��m / with renovations 350���370 ��m; diameter at rim 90���100 ��m; diameter at diaphragm 60���70 ��m; length of pedicel on adcauline side 40���60 ��m. Nematothecae: lenght 90���120 ��m; diameter at rim 30 ��m. Coppinia: maximal diameter of gonothecae 170 ��m. Geographical distribution. Bay of Biscay, Iberian Peninsula, 593���790 m (Altuna, 2012); Cape Town and Agulhas Bank, South Africa, 137���363 m (Stechow, 1923; Millard, 1964, 1975); La Reunion Island 165���195 m (present study); Izu-Niijima and Sagami Bay, Japan, 50���103 m (Hirohito 1983, 1995). Remarks. There are many citations to the species in the literature, but Z. africana is basically known from a few records composing a disjunct distribution, viz. South Africa (Millard, 1975), Japan (Hirohito 1995), and Iberian Peninsula (Altuna, 2012). Herein we add a record for the Indian Ocean (RMNH-Coel. slide 251). Unfortunately, the type series of Z. africana could not be accessed. Stechow (1923) described Z. africana, comparing that with Zygophylax valdiviae Stechow, 1923 and Z. convallaria (Allman, 1877). Among these species, Z. convallaria presents larger and sigmoid hydrothecae with the adcaulinar wall more sinuous, nematothecae more elongated, gonothecae not adnate with short projections of the distal end, as we observed in the specimens ROMIZ B1921 and USNM 52473. On the other hand, Z. valdiviae has smaller dimensions than Z. africana, with more rectilineous walls of hydrothecae (Stechow, 1925). Unfortunately, Z. valdiviae is only known from the original description based on material lacking gonosome (Stechow, 1923). Zygophylax africana was also described from infertile material (Stechow, 1923, 1925), but its gonosome was subsequently described (Millard, 1964, 1975; Hirohito, 1983), being similar to the coppinia of the specimen ZMUC-HYD 268 studied by us. Rees & Vervoort (1987) remarked about the affinities between Z. africana and Cryptolaria Busk, 1857, with apedicellate hydrotheca, based on the secondary axial tubes of the stem and hydrocladia extending over the pedicels of hydrothecae. Subsequently, Millard (1964) suggested that both Cryptolaria and Zygophylax should be united. However, this character is variable and related to the stage of development of the colony���young colonies have fewer secondary axial tubes on all planes of the colony resulting in non-immersed hydrothecae. This is clear in the specimen ZMUC-HYD 268, with monosiphonic hydrocladia and few polysiphonic stem and ramifications, resulting in few immersed hydrothecae with conspicuous pedicel. Zygophylax sagamiensis Hirohito, 1983 is also a species with similar trophosome to that of Z. africana, what can be seen by some previous misidentifications (e.g., Ritchie, 1911; Watson, 1973). The shape and size of the hydrothecae of Z. africana and Z. sagamiensis are indeed similar, hindering the identification of infertile specimens, but the gonosomes are distinct, with gonothecae with two projections oriented to opposite directions in Z. africana and only one projection in Z. sagamiensis (Hirohito, 1995; Vervoort, 2006). In addition, the gonothecae of Z. sagamiensis are completely adnate to each other, and only the tubular processes are free, presenting a polygonal aspect on a superior view, whereas those of Z. africana have the most distal third of the gonothecae completely free. Nevertheless, in one gonotheca of the specimen Z. sagamiensis (RMNH-Coel. slide 5352), we observed two projections horn-shaped of equal size, contrary to the pattern of the majority of the gonothecae of the same colony in which the pattern with only one projection dominates. However, this pattern might be a small intraspecific variation. The apical tubular processes of the gonothecae of Z. africana are usually elongated in South Africa (Millard, 1964, 1975; ZMUC-HYD 268). However, specimens from the Bay of Biscay have gonothecae with shorter and thicker projections, suggested to be a variable intraspecific character (Altuna, 2012). Gonothecae with two apical projections in opposite directions are present in other species of the genus Zygophylax, such as Z. convallaria, Z. bifurcata, Zygophylax levinseni (Saemundsson, 1911), Zygophylax curvitheca Stechow, 1913, among others, but the degree of proximity between the gonothecae, and the size and curvature of the projections are variable among them., Published as part of Campos, Felipe Ferreira, P��rez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania & Marques, Antonio Carlos, 2020, A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus, pp. 535-552 in Zootaxa 4779 (4) on pages 540-543, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3839510, {"references":["Stechow, E. (1923) Uber Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, nebst Bemerkungen uber einige andre Formen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 56, 1 - 20.","Stechow, E. (1925) Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer ' Valdivia' 1898 - 1899, 27, 383 - 546.","Millard, N. A. H. (1964) The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part II. The Lafoeidae, Syntheciidae and Sertulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 48 (1), 1 - 56.","Millard, N. A. H. (1968) South African hydroids from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Java-South Africa expedition, 1929 - 1930. Videnskalbelige. Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk. Forening i Kjobenhavn, 131, 251 - 288.","Millard, N. A. H. (1973) Auto-epizoism in South African hydroids. In: Recent trends in research in coelenterate biology. Proceedings of The Second International Symposium on Cnidaria, Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 20, 23 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 175792","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of Southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Millard, N. A. H. (1977 a) Hydroida. The South African Museum's Meiring Naude cruises. Part 3. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (5), 105 - 131.","Millard, N. A. H. (1978) The geographical distribution of southern African hydroids. Annals of the South African Museum, 74, 159 - 200.","Gravier-Bonnet, N. (1979) Hydraires semi-profonds de Madagascar, (Coelenterata Hydrozoa),, etude systematique et ecologique. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 169, 3 - 76.","Millard, N. A. H. (1980) Hydroida. The South African Museum's Meiring Naude cruises. Part 11. Annals of the South African Museum, 82 (4), 129 - 153.","Hirohito, H. M. (1983) Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 83 pp.","Rees, W. J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1 - 209.","Hirohito, H. M. (1995) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Part II, Thecata. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 355 pp.","Calder, D. R. & Vervoort, W. (1998) Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 319, 1 - 65.","Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591.","Ruthensteiner, B., Reinicke, G. & Straube, N. (2008) The Type Material of Hydrozoa described by Eberhard Stechow in the Zoologische Staatssammlung Munchen. Spixiana, 31, 3 - 27.","Altuna, A. (2012) New records of bathyal Leptolida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) from the Bay of Biscay and the north- western Iberian Peninsula (northeastern Atlantic). Zootaxa, 3565 (1), 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3565.1.1","Vervoort, W. & Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538.","Busk, G. (1857) Zoophytology. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 5, 172 - 174.","Ritchie, J. (1911) Contribution to our knowledge of the hydroid fauna of the west of Scotland. Being an account of the collections made by Sir John Murray, K. C. B., on S. Y. \" Medusa \". Annals of Scottish natural History, 20 (80), 217 - 225.","Watson, J. E. (1973) Hydroids. In: Pearson Island Expedition, 1969 - 9. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 97 (3), pp. 153 - 200.","Vervoort, W. (2006) Leptolida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands [Anthoathecata, various families of Leptothecata and addenda]. Zoologische Mededelingen, 80, 181 - 318.","Saemundsson, B. (1911) Bidrag til Kundskaben om de islandske Hydroider. Part II. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn, 63, 67 - 107.","Stechow, E. (1913) Neue Genera thecater Hydroiden aus der Familie der Lafoeiden und neue Species von Thecaten aus Japan. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 43 (3), 137 - 144."]}

Zygophylax crozetensis Millard, 1977 Plate 3 A���D Zygophylax crozetensis Millard, 1977b: 3, 15���18, fig. 4; Millard, 1979: 140; Van Pra��t, 1979: 883���884, fig. 24; Rees & Vervoort, 1987: 85; Calder & Vervoort, 1998: 28; Vervoort & Watson, 2003: 69. Type Series. Holotype���fertile colony in alcohol (MNHN H.01577). Paratype���fertile colony in alcohol (SAM- H2779); three slides with fertile colony branches (3 RMNH-Coel. slides 114). Type Locality. ���Marion Dufresne��� Sta. 26/64-B, Orques Channel, Crozet Island, Indian Ocean, 46��24.8��� S 51��59.1��� E, 180 m. Material examined. Paratype���Coll. Marion Dufresne, Sta. 26/64-B, 46��21.8���S, 51��52.1���E, 180 m, 20 April 1974, fertile colony (3 RMNH-Coel. slides 114). Description of paratype. Stem polysiphonic composed by several secondary axial tubes along all extension, decreasing number distally; stem and hydrocladia with distinct apophyses budding off obliquely upwards in relation to main axis, in several planes (Pl. 3A); variable number of free hydrothecae between each pair of sub-opposite hydrocladia. Hydrocladia rectilineous attached to stem without apophysis, arising at angles 65�����70�� in relation to stem; few irregular nodes/internodes observed, slightly oblique on main axial tube and on distal region of hydrocladia; some hydrocladia covered by secondary tubes with nematothecae and scar at insertion; weakly polysiphonic at proximal region, stem monosiphonic distally. Hydrothecae tubular, adcauline wall slightly convex, abcauline wall slightly concave (Pl. 3B); rim without renovations; diaphragm as thickened oblique perisarcal ring; pedicel from smooth to wrinkled at different degrees, sometimes with distinct annulations (Pl. 3B���C). Nematothecae pedicellated, on hydrothecal apophysis and secondary axial tubes, cylindrical to tubular, with constriction on proximal third (Pl. 3D); nematotheca on hydrothecal apophysis long, surpassing level of hydrothecal diaphragm. Gonosome aggregated into coppinia, thin gonothecae in dense clusters, distal part with free tubular processes pointing obliquely upwards, each process with one elliptical aperture; nematophorous tubules projecting among gonothecae with nematothecae and hydrothecae. Measurements. Stem: diameter 140���590 ��m; distance between subsequent hydrocladia at same side 1.1���2.3 mm. Hydrocladia: lenght 2.9���7.8 mm; diameter at base 170���250 ��m. Hydrothecae: length of adcauline wall from rim to diaphragm 330���740 ��m; diameter at rim 150 ��m; diameter at diaphragm 90 ��m; lenght of pedicel on adcauline wall 80���150 ��m; diameter at apophysis 70���100 ��m. Nematothecae: lenght 110���120 ��m; diameter at rim 50���60 ��m. Geographical distribution. Only known from the type locality. Remarks. Unfortunately, we did not study the entire colony of the type material of Z. crozentensis because it was not found in the collection of the MNHN (Paris, France), even though holotype and paratype were listed for that collection (Van Pra��t, 1979). The paratype specimens deposited in the South African Museum (SAM) were also not available for loan. However, we had access to permanent slides of the paratype deposited in the RMNH. Millard (1977b) described Z. crozetensis with hydrotecae similar to many congeners, especially Z. africana, from which it differs by its totally adnate gonothecae while in Z. africana the gonothecae are not entirely fused. Mil- lard (1977b) emphasizes that many species of Zygophylax from the southern hemisphere have similar trophosomes, but different gonosomes. Indeed, Z. crozetensis have similar hydrothecae to its congeners, but their trophosome differ by the irregular pattern of hydrocladia around the colony axis. The hydrothecae of the non-fascicled hydrocladia of Z. crozetensis are arranged alternate and on a single plane, whereas those of the fascicled branches are in many directions. The multiplanar pattern is similar to that of Zygophylax armata (Ritchie, 1907) from the South Atlantic, specially comparing to its polysiphonic axis. Another similar character between these two species is the coppinia formed by densely aggregated gonothecae with pointed projections at their distal ends. In contrast, Z. crozetensis is characterized by some of its hydrotecal pedicels being wrinkled at different degrees, while in the same colony some pedicels of the monosiphonic regions of the hydrocladia are totally smooth, as observed in the specimen RMNH-Coel. slide 114. Although Millard (1977b) did not cite this feature in the original description of the species, she represented one of the pedicels of the type material wrinkled with a strong proximal constriction. On a highly polysiphonic region in the specimen RMNH-Coel. slide 114, the most proximal third of the stem had numerous, long and well wrinkled pedicels, many without hydrothecae due to the bad state of conservation of the material. Zygophylax crozetensis also resembles Z. sagamiensis in the coppinia and the wrinkled pattern of some hydrothecal pedicels, but the hydrothecae of the latter are arranged in one plane and either oriented to one side (cf. RMNH-Coel. slide 5352) or both sides of the colony (Hirohito, 1995)., Published as part of Campos, Felipe Ferreira, P��rez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania & Marques, Antonio Carlos, 2020, A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus, pp. 535-552 in Zootaxa 4779 (4) on pages 543-544, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3839510, {"references":["Millard, N. A. H. (1977 b) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47.","Millard, N. A. H. (1979) Type specimens of Hydroida (Coelenterata) in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 77 (8), 133 - 150.","Van Praet, M. (1979) Les types de polypes d'Hydraires conserves au Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 4 (1), 871 - 940.","Rees, W. J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1 - 209.","Calder, D. R. & Vervoort, W. (1998) Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 319, 1 - 65.","Vervoort, W. & Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538.","Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45, 519 - 545. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0080456800022821","Hirohito, H. M. (1995) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Part II, Thecata. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 355 pp."]}

Zygophylax geminocarpa Millard, 1958 Zygophylax geminocarpa Millard, 1958: 177���179, fig. 4 d���g; Millard, 1975: 195, fig. 63 d���g; Rees & Vervoort, 1987: 84; Calder & Vervoort, 1998: 28; Vervoort & Watson, 2003: 69. Type series. Holotype ��� eight fertile stems in alcohol and two whole mounts (SAM H59) (Millard, 1979). Type locality. Coll. Pieter Faure, St. 12308, Off Port Shepstone, Natal, South Africa, 30��53���S, 30��28���E, 66 m, 14 March 1901. Geographical distribution. Only known from type locality. Remarks. This is the remaining species for southern Africa but, unfortunately, the type and additional materials of this species could not be accessed. Zygophylax geminocarpa Millard (1958) resembles Z. crozetensis in its short hydrothecal pedicel, arrangement of hydrothecae and shape of hydrothecal walls with the abcauline wall almost rectilineous and adcauline wall convex for most of its length, besides of the elongated gonotheca fused to each other for about 3/4 of length, and the similar measurements of the trophosome. Zygophylax geminocarpa was described by Millard (1958) as ���Cauline hydrothecae almost completely immersed in the peripheral tubes of the stem. Nematotheca 1���4 on each hydrothecal apophysis (usually 2), and an irregular number on the peripheral tubes of the stem. Gonothecae not collected in coppiniae, but attached to one another in pairs, and arranged in dense clusters around the main stem and principal branches. Each gonotheca very large, elongated, round in section, tapering to the base, and, more rapidly, to the tip, fused to its twin for about 3/4 of length and then free. Scattered nematothecae borne on lower half. The gonothecae are not fully mature and have no openings to the exterior, nor can the sex be determined���., Published as part of Campos, Felipe Ferreira, P��rez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania & Marques, Antonio Carlos, 2020, A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus, pp. 535-552 in Zootaxa 4779 (4) on page 549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3839510, {"references":["Millard, N. A. H. (1958) Hydrozoa from the coasts of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part I. Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 44 (5), 165 - 226.","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of Southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Rees, W. J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1 - 209.","Calder, D. R. & Vervoort, W. (1998) Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 319, 1 - 65.","Vervoort, W. & Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538.","Millard, N. A. H. (1979) Type specimens of Hydroida (Coelenterata) in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 77 (8), 133 - 150."]}

Campos, Felipe Ferreira, Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania, Marques, Antonio Carlos (2020): A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus. Zootaxa 4779 (4): 535-552, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5

Zygophylax millardae Rees & Vervoort, 1987 Plate 5 A���D; Table 3 ? Zygophylax biarmata: Jarvis, 1922: 335 Zygophylax ? antipathes: Millard, 1975: 190���192, fig. 62 f���g. Zygophylax millardae Rees & Vervoort, 1987: 86���89, fig. 14; Calder & Vervoort, 1998: 28; Vervoort & Watson, 2003: 69. Type series. Holotype���four fragments of a colony in alcohol, without gonophores (BMNH 1984.1.1.18); Paratypes���slide with a colony branch, without gonophores (RMNH-Coel. slide 16520); slide with a fertile colony branch (RMNH-Coel. 16521). Type locality. John Murray Exp., Sta 112, Zanzibar Archipelago, Tanzania, 05��04���18������S 39��14���12������E, 14 January 1934, 73��� 165 m. Material examined. Paratypes���John Murray Exp., Sta 112, Zanzibar, 05��04���18������S 39��14���13������E, 15 January 1934, 73��� 165 m (RMNH-Coel. slide 16520); John Murray Exp., Sta 112, Zanzibar, 05��04���57������S 39��13���18������E, 15 January 1934, 113 m (RMNH-Coel. 16521); fragmented colony in alcohol, off northern Zanzibar, Tanzania, 05��04���57������S 39��13���18������E, 15 January 1934 (BMNH 1984.1.1.19); slide with a colony branch, Salomon Atoll, Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean, 220 m (BMNH 1923.2.15.118). Description of holotype and paratype (RMNH-Coel. slide 16521). Colony attached to substratum by flattened disk formed by stolonal tubes. Stem weakly polysiphonic up to basalmost hydrocladium; sub-opposite hydrocladia pinnately disposed along stem; some hydrocladia with axillary hydrothecae, others arising direct from stem. Hydrocladia with distinct transversal septa; upright or slightly geniculate (Pl. 5A); hydrothecae of stem and hydrocladia on conspicuous apophyses arranged in two alternate series at same plane (Pl. 5B). Hydrothecae tubular to funnel-shaped; adcauline wall convex, more pronounced at basal half; abcauline wall rectilineous; plane of aperture perpendicular to hydrothecal length axis; renovations frequent, up to 5 (Pl. 5C); diaphragm thick, rectilineous to oblique; pedicel short, rectilineous, smooth. One short cylindrical nematotheca on hydrothecal apophyses; some rare wholes observed on secondary axial tubes (Pl. 5D). No coppinia. Measurements. Stem: distance between two subsequent hydrothecae 780���936 ��m; diameter 156���416 ��m; distance between subsequent hydrocladia at the same side 6.6��� 3.6 mm. Hydrocladia: diameter at base 104 ��m. Hydrothecae: length of adcauline wall from rim to diaphragm 350���370 ��m/with renovations 450���510 ��m; diameter at rim 170���180 ��m; diameter at diaphragm 85���90 ��m; lenght of pedicel on adcauline side 160��� 121 ��m. Nematothecae: lenght 70 ��m; diameter at rim 50 ��m. Geographical distribution. Zanzibar, Tanzania, 73���165 m (Rees & Vervoort, 1987); Mozambique and off Natal, southern Africa, 6���110 m (Millard, 1975); Amirante Islands and Atol Providence, Seychelles, 37���183 m; Salomon Islands, Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean 110���219 m (Jarvis, 1922). Remarks. Millard (1975) identified material collected in Natal and Mozambique as Zygophylax ? antipathes. However, Z. antipathes has branches arising from stem in several directions and larger hydrothecae with shorter pedicels (Rees & Vervoort, 1987). Rees & Vervoort (1987) also studied the material identified as Z. biarmata by Jarvis (1922), concluding that it could also belong to Z. millardae. These species are similar in many trophosomal characters (geniculate pattern of hydrocladia, convex adcaulinar wall and slightly concave abcaulinar wall, developed and continuous hydrothecal pedicels, hydrothecal rim with renovations, sometimes duplicate diaphragms and tubular nematothecae on apophyses or on hydrothecal pedicel), but are differentiated mainly by the larger measurements of Z. millardae hydrothecae (Table 3). Unfortunately, Z. millardae has been described from infertile material and with trophosome characters similar to those of other species. Thus, hydrothecal dimensions (cf. Ramil & Vervoort 1992 for Z. levinseni / Z. elongata; Vervoort & Watson, 2003 for Z. antipathes / Z. rufa) are important to differentiate the species, preventing them to be synonymized., Published as part of Campos, Felipe Ferreira, P��rez, Carlos Daniel, Puce, Stefania & Marques, Antonio Carlos, 2020, A new species of Zygophylax (Quelch, 1885) (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from South Africa, with taxonomic notes on the southern African species of the genus, pp. 535-552 in Zootaxa 4779 (4) on page 547, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/3839510, {"references":["Rees, W. J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1 - 209.","Jarvis, F. E. (1922) The hydroids from the Chagos, Seychelles and other islands and from the coasts of British East Africa and Zanzibar. Transactions Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 18, 331 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1922. tb 00553. x","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of Southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Calder, D. R. & Vervoort, W. (1998) Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 319, 1 - 65.","Vervoort, W. & Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538.","Ramil, F. & Vervoort, W. (1992) Report on the Hydroida collected by the \" BALGIM \" expedition in and around the Strait of Gibraltar. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 277, 3 - 262."]}

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) aims to analyze the environmental viability of projects, but exhibits problems that compromise its quality, such as the fragmented, technocratic and positivist vision. The prediction of environmental impacts can be improved using the ecosystem approach, considering the processes and the ecosystem services affected. The present work applied this approach in the expansion project of the Port of São Sebastião (São Paulo, Brazil), in which the EIA was judicially questioned, based on documental analysis and discussion by specialists. Unlike foreseen in the EIA, the analysis of oceanographic processes showed direct and indirect impacts on ecosystem services and benefits, irreversible and/or of great magnitude. The analysis also allowed an improvement to the comprehension not only on the effects on the environmental components and processes (hydrodynamics, sediment dynamics and biodiversity), but also on human well-being, evidencing the benefits of applying the ecosystem approach in the EIA. Abstract La Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) busca analizar la viabilidad ambiental de emprendimientos económicos, no obstante muestra problemas que comprometen su calidad, como su visión fragmentada, tecnocrática y positivista. El mejoramiento de las EIAs se puede beneficiar del enfoque ecosistémico, al considerar los procesos y servicios ecosistémicos afectados. El presente trabajo aplicó este enfoque en el proyecto de expansión del Puerto de São Sebastião (São Paulo, Brasil), cuya EIA fue cuestionada judicialmente, utilizando análisis documental y discusión por especialistas. A diferencia de los señalado por la EIA, el análisis de los procesos oceanográficos evidenció impactos directos e indirectos en los servicios y beneficios ecosistémicos, de gran magnitud y/o irreversibles. Este análisis permitió una mejor comprensión de los efectos del proyecto de expansión del puerto en componentes y procesos ambientales (hidrodinámica, dinámica de sedimentos y biodiversidad) y en el bienestar humano, colocando en evidencia los beneficios del uso del enfoque ecosistémico. Resumo A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA) visa analisar a viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos, mas exibe problemas que comprometem sua qualidade, como a visão fragmentada, tecnocrática e positivista com que os estudos são realizados. O aprimoramento das AIAs pode beneficiar-se da abordagem ecossistêmica, quando leva em conta os processos e serviços ecossistêmicos afetados. O presente trabalho aplicou essa abordagem ao projeto de expansão do Porto de São Sebastião (São Paulo, Brasil), cuja AIA foi questionada judicialmente, utilizando análise documental e discussão por especialistas. Diferentemente do reportado na AIA, a análise dos processos oceanográficos evidenciou impactos diretos e indiretos nos serviços e benefícios ecossistêmicos, de grande magnitude e/ou irreversíveis. Essa análise permitiu o aprofundamento da compreensão dos efeitos do projeto de expansão do porto nos componentes e processos ambientais (hidrodinâmica, dinâmica sedimentar e biodiversidade) e também no bem-estar humano, evidenciando os benefícios do uso da abordagem ecossistêmica aplicada.

Amorim, Dalton S., Santos, Charles Morphy D., Krell, Frank-Thorsten, Dubois, Alain, Nihei, Silvio S., Oliveira, Otto M. P., Pont, Adrian, Song, Hojun, Verdade, Vanessa K., Fachin, Diego A., Klassa, Bruna, Lamas, Carlos José E., Oliveira, Sarah S., De Carvalho, Claudio J. B., Mello-Patiu, Cátia A., Hajdu, Eduardo, Couri, Márcia S., Silva, Vera C., Capellari, Renato S., Falaschi, Rafaela L., Feitosa, Rodrigo M., Prendini, Lorenzo, Pombal Jr, José P., Fernández, Fernando, Rocha, Rosana M., Lattke, John E., Caramaschi, Ulisses, Duarte, Marcelo, Marques, Antonio Carlos (2016): Timeless standards for species delimitation. Zootaxa 4137 (1): 121-128, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4137.1.9

The collapse of the Fundão tailings dam at Mariana (State of Minas Gerais, Brazil) started a huge human tragedy and likely the most serious environmental disaster in recent Brazilian history. The dam had contained waste from processing iron ore from mines owned by Samarco, a joint venture company of the Brazilian Vale S.A. and the Anglo-Australian BHP Billiton Ltd. Following ineffective attempts to contain the disaster, after 16 days the mud flood reached the sea, where its impact is expected to affect thousands of marine fauna and flora species. Here, we provide an example of one of these species, the cnidarian Kishinouyea corbini Larson 1980 (Staurozoa), emblematic because it is extremely rare, poorly studied, and its known distribution overlaps the threatened area on the Brazilian coast. Based on this case, we discuss the need for efforts to monitor and minimize the possible impacts of this socio-environmental crime, as well as to identify and punish all responsible players in this tragedy, including negligent licensing and supervisory state agencies, in order to prevent future similar tragedies. O colapso da barragem de rejeitos de Fundão, em Mariana (Minas Gerais, Brasil) iniciou uma enorme tragédia humana e, provavelmente, o mais grave desastre ambiental da história recente do Brasil. A barragem continha rejeitos do processamento de minério de ferro de minas de propriedade da Samarco, uma empresa controlada pela brasileira Vale S.A. e pela anglo-australiana BHP Billiton Ltda. Apesar de tentativas ineficazes para conter o desastre, após 16 dias a lama atingiu o mar, onde provavelmente afetará milhares de espécies da fauna e flora marinhas. Este ponto de vista fornece um exemplo de uma dessas espécies, o cnidário Kishinouyea corbini Larson 1980 (Staurozoa), emblemática pois é extremamente rara, insuficientemente estudada e sua distribuição conhecida para a costa brasileira sobrepõe a área ameaçada pelo desastre. Com base neste caso, discutimos a necessidade de esforços para monitorar e minimizar os possíveis impactos desse crime socioambiental, bem como para identificar e punir todos os responsáveis por esta tragédia, incluindo agências estatais de fiscalização e licenciamento negligentes, a fim de evitar futuras tragédias semelhantes.

Campos, Felipe Ferreira, Marques, Antonio Carlos, Puce, Stefania, Pérez, Carlos Daniel (2016): Zygophylax kakaiba, a new species of hydroid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from the Philippine Islands. Zootaxa 4088 (3): 438-444, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.9

Zygophylax kakaiba Campos, Marques, Puce & Pérez, sp. nov. Plate 1 (A–F) Material examined. Holotype: the Philippine Islands, 6°1’N, 121°28’E, 580 m, 5.vii.1889, no gonophores (ZMA Coel. 5147). Description. Colony erect, 15 mm high, almost planar, pinnate (Pl. 1A). Main stem polysiphonic, not divided into nodes and internodes, weakly polysiphonic distally; main stem and secondary tubes associated up to distal third (Pl. 1B). Apical monosiphonic axis of colony ~3 mm, not divided into nodes and internodes. Hydrocladia sub-opposite, slightly turned towards frontal direction, arising at angles of ca. 75–80° in relation to long axis of stem; two hydrothecae between each pair of hydrocladia. Main stem and hydrocladia straight or slightly geniculate (Pl. 1C). Some proximal hydrocladia with one secondary additional tube at proximal region. Hydrothecae arranged biserially, alternate, arising at angles of ~45–50° in relation to axis. Hydrothecal aperture turned towards adcauline direction due to an adcauline abrupt torsion at hydrothecal distal third, consequently hydrothecae concave under rim; plane of aperture parallel in relation to proximal and median hydrothecal axis. Axillar hydrothecae adcauline in relation to main stem (Pl. 1D). Hydrothecae tubular, adcauline wall convex at different degrees up to distal third; abcauline wall slightly concave or almost straight, some hydrothecal walls slightly sigmoid due to a more accentuated concavity. Some hydrothecae with internal perisarcal projection arising obliquely from adcauline wall to abcauline wall, generally at proximal third (Pl. 1E). Diaphragm distinct, oblique. Pedicel short, straight, continuous to apophyses. Rim smooth, some slightly everted, up to 4 renovations, but not significantly increasing length of hydrotheca. One or two axillar nematothecae cylindrical at junction between hydrotheca and axis, but most hydrothecae without nematothecae because they commonly breake off (Pl. 1F). Rare preserved nematothecae on secondary tubes, but some circular insertion scars visible. Perisarc yellowish. Despite good preservation, no integer hydranths have been found. Gonothecae not present. Measurements (in µm). Stem: diameter 170–300; distance between consecutive hydrothecae 150–290; distance between consecutive hydrocladia on same side 1310–1510. Hydrocladium: diameter at base 200–230; length 2340–4470. Hydrotheca: length of adcauline wall from diaphragm (measured as a straight line) 290–330; diameter at rim 120–130; diameter at diaphragm 90–100; length of pedicel (on adcauline wall) 90–180. Nematotheca: length 50–170; diameter at rim 20–25. Etymology. In Tagalog, a native language of The Philippines, the word kakaiba means “weird”, used here as a reference to the unique and abrupt torsion of the distal third of hydrothecae in relation to the axis towards adaxial side. Distribution. The Philippines Islands, channel between Sulu and Bagalo islands (6°1’N, 121°28’E), at 580 m deep.

The collapse of the Fundão tailings dam at Mariana (State of Minas Gerais, Brazil) started a huge human tragedy and likely the most serious environmental disaster in recent Brazilian history. The dam had contained waste from processing iron ore from mines owned by Samarco, a joint venture company of the Brazilian Vale S.A. and the Anglo-Australian BHP Billiton Ltd. Following ineffective attempts to contain the disaster, after 16 days the mud flood reached the sea, where its impact is expected to affect thousands of marine fauna and flora species. Here, we provide an example of one of these species, the cnidarian Kishinouyea corbini Larson 1980 (Staurozoa), emblematic because it is extremely rare, poorly studied, and its known distribution overlaps the threatened area on the Brazilian coast. Based on this case, we discuss the need for efforts to monitor and minimize the possible impacts of this socio-environmental crime, as well as to identify and punish all responsible players in this tragedy, including negligent licensing and supervisory state agencies, in order to prevent future similar tragedies.

Imazu, Maurício Antunes, Ale, Ezequiel, Genzano, Gabriel Nestor, Marques, Antonio Carlos (2014): A comparative study of populations of Ectopleura crocea and Ectopleura ralphi (Hydrozoa, Tubulariidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 3753 (5): 421-439, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3753.5.2

Ectopleura crocea (L. Agassiz, 1862) (Figures 3���5; Tables 1���8) Parypha crocea L. Agassiz, 1862: 249, pls 23 - 2 a. Tubularia mesembryanthemum Allman 1871: 418, figs. 83���84; Hargitt 1927: 494; Yamada 1959: 16; Schmidt 1971: 32, pl. 2 B; Hirohito 1988: 18, fig. 4, pl. 1, fig. B. Tubularia crocea; Torrey 1902: 42, pl. 3, figs. 22���23; Rees 1963: 1223; Brinckmann-Voss 1970: 28, text-fig. 30���34; Calder 1971: 24, pl. 1 C; Genzano, Cuartas & Excoffon 1991: 69, pl. 5 C; Blanco 1994: 182; Genzano & Zamponi 2003: 306, 307, 309, Tables 2-3; Demicheli & Scarabino 2006: 530. Tubularia ralphi Bale 1884: 42; Watson 1980: 60, fig. 25���37; Watson 1982: 85, fig. 4.6.b, Plate 7.5. Tubularia gracilis von Lendenfeld 1885: 597, fig. 51���52. Tubularia sagamina Stechow 1907: 194; Yamada 1959: 16. Tubularia australis Stechow 1925: 196. Tubularia warreni Ewer 1953: 351, text-fig. 1���4; Millard 1959: 299; Millard 1966: 435; Millard 1975: 35, frontispiece, fig. 15 A���G. Ectopleura warreni; Migotto & Silveira 1987: 101, fig. 3; Migotto 1996: 25; Grohmann et al. 1997: 230, Table 1; Rosso & Marques 1997: 417, 420, 421, Table 1, Figure 4. Ectopleura crocea; Petersen 1990: 174, fig. 27; Schuchert 1996: 107, figs. 64 a���g; Schuchert 2001: 43; Bouillon et al. 2004: 104, fig. 55 E���F; Genzano et al. 2009: 37, 40, Tables 2-3, Fig. 3; Schuchert 2010: 357 -362, fig. 6. Ectopleura ralphi; Petersen 1990: 175; Schuchert 1996: 109; Migotto, Marques & Flynn 2001: 289, 290, 293- 297, figs. 5-6, Table 1. Pinauay ralphi; Marques & Migotto 2001: 475, 478, 480, figs. 2 B, 3, Table 1; Migotto, Marques, Morandini & Silveira 2002: 10; Marques & Migotto 1994: 173, 174, Tables 15.1, 15.2; Grohmann 2006: 103, 104, Tables 1-2; Oliveira, Marques & Migotto, 2006: 4, 10, fig. 5, Table 1; Oliveira & Marques 2007: 31; Grohmann 2007: page not numbered; Silveira & Morandini 2011: 5. Pinauay crocea; Marques & Migotto 2001: 480. Examined material. Brazil: State of Rio de Janeiro, Maca��, Cavaleiros Beach, 22 �� 24 ���S 41 �� 47 ���W, 15.viii. 2008, on rock, 95 % ethanol, coll. A.C. Morandini (MZUSP 1633); State of S��o Paulo: S��o Vicente, Vacas Beach, 23 o 58 S 46 o 23 W, 05.ix. 1991, intertidal fringe, on rock, under Phragmatopoma stripe, at the same level of Eudendrium, 4 % formalin, coll. A.C. Marques (MZUSP 414); Itanha��m, Saudade Beach, 24 o 10 'S 46 o 45 'W, 26.viii. 1991, intertidal fringe, on rock, under Phragmatopoma stripe, 4 % formalin, coll. A.C. Marques (MZUSP 406); Peru��be, Centro Beach, 24 o 19 'S 46 o 58 'W, 12.viii. 1992, intertidal fringe, on rock, sheltered place, forming an abundant stripe below Phragmatopoma, 18 o C, 28 ���, 4 % formalin, coll. A.C. Marques (MZUSP 433); Peru��be, Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station, 24 �� 34 ���S 47 �� 14 ���W, 15.ix. 2008, on rock, 95 % ethanol, coll. J.M.M. Nogueira (MZUSP 1636); Canan��ia, Argol��o Rocky Shore near S��o Jo��o Hill, 25 o00'S 47 o 57 'W, 25.viii. 1992, intertidal fringe, on rock, 19 o C, 28 ���, 4 % formalin, coll. A.C. Marques (MZUSP 444); State of Paran��: Mel Island, Encantadas Rock, 25 o 34 'S 48 o 18 'W, 06.viii.1988, 4% formalin, coll. M.A. Haddad (MZUSP 1750); Paranagu��, Yacht Club Paranagu��, 25 �� 30 ���S 48 �� 29 ���W, 10.x. 2007, on artificial substrate, 95 % ethanol, coll. M.A. Haddad, (MZUSP 1637); Guaratuba, bottom trawling net, 4 km of shore, 25 o 52 'S 48 o 33 'W, 01.xii.2003, 4% formalin, coll. M.A. Haddad (MZUSP 1751); State of Santa Catarina: Itapo��, Itapema beach, 26 o05'S 48 o 36 'W, 04.vi.2004, 4% formalin, coll. M.A. Haddad (MZUSP 1752); Penha, on a culture of mussels, 26 o 45 'S 48 o 38 'W, 17.vi.2005, 4% formalin, coll. M.A. Haddad (MZUSP 1753); Bombas, Bombas Beach, 27 o07���S 48 o 30 W, 03.xii.2006, 4% formalin, coll. M.A. Imazu (MZUSP 1754) and 95 % ethanol, coll. E. Ale, (MZUSP 1638). Argentina: Mar del Plata, Punta Cantera, 38 o04'S 57 o 32 'W, 26.i. 2002, intertidal fringe, 4 % formalin, coll. G. Genzano (MZUSP 1755), 95 % ethanol, coll. G. Genzano (MZUSP 1639). Type specimens: Ectopleura ralphi, type specimen lost, a neotype was proposed based on specimens from Australia, Victoria, Port Phillip, Yarra River Entrance Beacon, 03.iv.1977, 1��� 2m, on mussel and ascidia, formaldehyde (NMV G 3227) (Watson 1980). Ectopleura crocea, we found no reference concerning the material described by L. Agassiz, from the port of Boston. It may be lost. Description. Colonies dioecious, up to 55 mm high. Hydrorhiza and hydrocaulus with well-developed perisarc. Unbranched erect hydrocauli arising from stolonial hydrorhiza. Hydrocaulus��� coenosarc split into two longitudinal chambers with basal diameter 200���420 ��m, apical 340���1000 ��m; distal region of hydrocaulus with globular expansion supporting terminal hydranth. Hydranth with one whorl of aboral and one whorl of oral tentacles; oral tentacles adnate to hypostome up to the mouth region, circular in transversal section; aboral tentacles quadrangular in transversal section. Unbranched blastostyles of gonosomes arising immediately above aboral whorl of tentacles; main axis of each blastostyle supporting gonophores. Female gonophore cryptomedusoid, oval, with eight distal laterally compressed crests surrounding terminal aperture, terminal region of spadix projecting to outside. Male gonophore cryptomedusoid, spherical to oval, without distal crests. Early released actinulae with 8��� 11 aboral capitate tentacles. Aboral tentacles with four types of nematocysts: O-basitrichous isorhizas, rare and not measured (Figure 3 A); basitrichous isorhizas, common, 6.45���12.19 X 2.84���6.04 ��m (Figure 3 B); desmonemes, abundant, spherical to oval, 3.50���6.81 X 2.41���5.13 ��m (Figure 3 C); small stenoteles, abundant, 5.02���7.82 X 3.66���8.09 ��m (Figure 3 E). Oral tentacles with three types of nematocysts: O-basitrichous isorhiza, rare and not measured (Figure 3 A); basitrichous isorhizas, rare, 7.06���14.73 X 2.87���7.1 ��m; large stenoteles, abundant, 7.36���12.5 X 6.07���11.38 ��m and small stenoteles 4.93���7.93 X 3. 2���7.13 ��m (Figure 3 D). Distribution in the South Western Atlantic Ocean. Brazil: States of Esp��rito Santo (Grohmann et al. 1997, Grohmann 2006), S��o Paulo (Migotto & da Silveira 1987, Migotto 1996, Rosso & Marques 1997, Migotto et al. 2001, 2002, Marques & Migotto 2004, Oliveira et al. 2006, Oliveira & Marques 2007, Silveira & Morandini 2011), Paran�� (Haddad, 1992), Santa Catarina (Miranda et al. 2011) and Rio Grande do Sul (Migotto & Silveira 1987) (see Migotto et al. 2002, Marques et al. 2003). Uruguay (Demicheli & Scarabino 2006). Argentina: Provinces of Buenos Aires (Blanco 1994, Genzano et al. 1991, 2009, Genzano 1994, 1998, Genzano & Rodriguez 1998), R��o Negro and Chubut (Blanco 1994, Genzano et al. 1991), Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego (Oliveira et al. submitted). Remarks. General morphology. The species E. crocea and E. ralphi are morphologically similar and have been considered sister-taxa (Marques & Migotto, 2001) or synonyms (Bouillon et al. 2006, Schuchert 2010). Historically, subtle differences have been cited to differentiate the species (Table 1). For instance, Petersen (1990) differentiated the two species by describing E. crocea as having more aboral and oral tentacles than E. ralphi. However, this relationship appears to vary (Table 1). Indeed, characters related to the tentacles are generally variable (Tables 1���2; see also Agassiz 1862, Hargitt 1927, Ewer 1953, Calder 1971, Schmidt 1971, Migotto & Silveira 1987, Hirohito 1988). The SWAO specimens all have hydroucauli that broaden distally (Table 3), as described for E. crocea (Hirohito 1988, Schuchert 1996), although specimens with the same diameter throughout the hydrocaulus were reported by Petersen (1990). Each polyp is gonochoristic, although settlement of actinulae on already developed hydrocauli (Rungger 1969) may promote pseudo-hermaphroditism, a strategy also reported for other hydroids (Brinkmann-Voss 1970, Sommer 1990, Marques 2001, Schuchert 2010, Nawrocki & Cartwright 2012). There are inconsistencies in the description of the blastostyles, either characterized as unbranched (Ewer 1953 and Millard 1966 for E. ralphi; Brinckmann-Voss 1970, Hirohito 1988, and Petersen 1990 for E. crocea) or branched (Bale 1884, Millard 1975, Watson 1980, Migotto & Silveira 1987, and Petersen 1990 for E. ralphi; Schuchert 1996 for E. crocea) (Table 4). Descriptions of the neotype of E. ralphi from Melbourne (Australia) have different ways to describe the blastostyles, characterized either as ���[...] only occasionally branched��� (Schuchert 1996: 109; our underline) or as ���mature blastostyles branched [...]��� (Watson 1980: 61), or (���usually unbranched, but some branching can occur���, Schuchert 2010, p. 359). Specimens from SWAO have unbranched blastostyles (Figure 4 A���B), similar to those described by Allman (1871) and contrasting with the long bunches of gonophores described for other localities (Calder 1971, Millard 1975, Watson 1982, Petersen 1990). Millard (1959) commented on the difficulty of differentiating primary and secondary pedicels, which may explain the challenges of characterizing the ramification of blastostyles. (shaded rows), expressed as minimum���maximum values. Length and diameter are given in millimeters. T = Tubularia; E = Ectopleura. Hydranth Tentacles Locality length diameter aboral oral (n) number length number length Hydrocaulus Gonophores Locality length diameter length diameter (n) proximal medial distal S��o Vicente 14���35 240���300 300���400 340���540 260���500 180���300 (10) (20.7 �� 6.17) (280 �� 23.09) (350 �� 28.67) (436 �� 65.18) (368 �� 68.77) (228 �� 39.1) Author Female Male Blastostyles Actinulae (Original reference to species) gonophore gonophore Agassiz (1862) (Paripha 6���10 crests no crests simples or branched crocea) Allman (1871) 8 apical processes 4 small tubercles no oral tentacles (T. mesembryanthemum) Bale (1884) (T. ralphi) 4 tubercles branched Allen (1900) (Paripha crocea) 6���8 crests no crests branched Torrey (1902) (T. crocea) 8 crests top spherical, smooth or with processes Stechow (1907) (T. sagamina) 8 tubercles 6 tentacless Stechow (1925) (T. australis) 4 small tubercles 8 aboral, 5 oral tentacles Hargitt (1927) (T. mesembryanthemum) The morphology of the female gonophores (Figure 4 C) is a diagnostic feature for E. crocea (Rees & Thursfield 1965, Schmidt 1971, Petersen 1990, Schuchert 2001, 2010). Nevertheless, some variation may be observed, mainly because of the development of the gonophores, or due to their contraction (Torrey 1902, Schuchert 1996). It is hard to identify tubulariids without gonophores (Watson 1982), and this may be the cause of misidentifications between E. crocea and Ectopleura larynx (Ellis & Solander, 1786), especially for the Northwestern Atlantic (e.g. Fraser 1944). Male gonophores do not present apical crests (Figure 4 B; see also Agassiz 1862, Brinckmann-Voss 1970, Calder 1971, and Schuchert 1996, 2010 for E. crocea; Ewer 1953, Watson 1980, 1982, Migotto & Silveira 1987 for E. ralphi), although in some cases they are described with small apical processes, varying in size and development between colonies, and even in the same colony (Table 4) (Allman 1871, Hirohito 1988, and Petersen 1990 for E. crocea; Stechow 1925 and Millard 1975 for E. ralphi). Larval characters, such as tentacles, were already used to separate E. ralphi and E. crocea. A vague note in Schuchert (1996: 109, appears to refer to the observations of someone else) states that ���the actinulae of E. ralphi, however, are reported to have rudiments of oral tentacles which are absent from E. crocea ���. Other data refer to variations in morphology and number of tentacles of the actinulae (Ewer 1953, Brinckmann-Voss 1970, Millard 1975, Watson 1980, 1982, Migotto & Silveira 1987, Petersen 1990, Schuchert 1996, 2010; see Table 4). Presumably ���the oral tentacles will develop anyway immediately after the release of the actinula and the presence or absence in liberated ones is thus only a matter of timing��� (Shuchert 2010, p. 361), an interpretation that attenuates the importance of the variation. The actinulae of the SWAO present 8���10 (Brazil) or 8���11 (Argentina) capitate aboral tentacles, depending on their development, and do not have rudiments of oral tentacles (Figure 4 D��� E), but the variability of this character was never strictly assessed. Detailed studies on anatomical and histological characters have corroborated previous observations. Among these, the histological preparations confirmed that the oral tentacles are circular in a transversal section (Figure 5 A���B), while the aboral tentacles are squared (Figure 5 C), as described by Petersen (1990) for E. crocea. Also, transversal sections of the hydrocaulus have shown that its coenosarc is split into two longitudinal chambers (Figure 5 D), as already noted before (Ewer 1953 for E. ralphi; Allman 1871 and Schuchert 1996 for E. crocea), although this feature was considered to be inconstant in number and size (Millard 1959, 1975 for E. ralphi; Campbell & Campbell 1968, Hirohito 1988, and Petersen 1990 for E. crocea). Cnidome. The cnidome was uniform throughout all studied populations from SWAO (Figures 3 A, B, D, E). Literature data for E. crocea present few discrepancies (Table 5, contrasting with Table 6), for instance a cnidome restricted to stenoteles and desmonemes (Brinckmann-Voss 1970) and a potential contamination by microbasic euryteles (Schuchert 1996; in Schuchert 2010, p. 360, they are referred to ���rare euryteles���). Schuchert (1996) length 8.0��� 9.5 9.0��� 9.5 6.5 ���7.0 5.0���6.0 5.0��� 5.5 9.0 (Ectopleura crocea) width 7.0��� 9.5 3.0���4.0 5.0��� 5.5 3.5���4.5 3.0��� 3.5 4.0 S��o Vicente Itanha��m Peru��be Canan��ia Ilha do Mel Basitrichous length 8.58���10.74 6.45���10.41 7.77���12.12 8.45���10.55 * 1 8.14���11.86 (9.43 �� 0.48) (8.39 �� 0.67) (9.39 �� 0.67) (9.41 �� 0.46) (9.76 �� 0.8) Stenoteles length 5.57���7.34 5.59���7.22 5.31���7.43 5.45���7.82 5.48���7.64 (6.29 �� 0.32) (6.29 �� 0.31) (6.36 �� 0.37) (6.52 �� 0.44) (6.45 �� 0.41) (small) width 4.2���5.96 4.27���5.5 4.14���6.67 4.33���6.05 4.49���6.04 (4.93 �� 0.31) (4.85 �� 0.27) (5.07 �� 0.4) (5.06 �� 0.36) (5.27 �� 0.32) Basitrichous length 7.06���11.6 7.67���10.21 7.22���10.78 8.2���9.03 * 2 7.68���11.97 (9.32 �� 0.74) (8.67 �� 0.4) (9.46 �� 0.63) (8.62 �� 0.59) (9.79 �� 0.79) width 2.87���5.24 3.19���4.81 3.04���4.94 3.75���4.09 * 2 2.94���5.67 (3.95 �� 0.46) (3.91 �� 0.31) (3.91 �� 0.37) (3.92 �� 0.24) (4.46 �� 0.49) Oral Stenoteles length 7.37���11.88 7.43���11 7.36���11.37 8.27���11.47 * 3 7.99���11.72 (9.72 �� 0.89) (9.53 �� 0.58) (9.68 �� 0.68) (10.2 �� 0.77) (10.61 �� 0.59) tentacles (large) width 6.07���10.29 6.45���9.86 6.53���10.4 6.21���10.31 * 3 7.07���10.42 (8.36 �� 0.86) (8.23 �� 0.66) (8.81 �� 0.71) (8.79 �� 0.86) (9.37 �� 0.6) Stenoteles length 5.22���7.31 5.34���6.96 5.52���7.93 5.66���7.2 * 4 5.64���7.47 (6.19 �� 0.4) (6.06 �� 0.3) (6.29 �� 0.49) (6.4 �� 0.37) (6.42 �� 0.38) (small) width 4.24���6.5 4.1���6.45 4.33���7.02 4.34���5.82 * 4 4.41���6.46 (5.03 �� 0.37) (4.84 �� 0.32) (5.14 �� 0.53) (5.06 �� 0.34) (5.3 �� 0.45) Guaratuba Itapo�� Penha Bombas Mar del Plata Basitrichous length 8.04���12.19 8.91���11.91 8.65���11.56 7.37���10.61 7.81���10.43 (9.94 �� 0.75) (10.6 �� 0.6) (10.12 �� 0.58) (9.24 �� 0.56) (9.37 �� 0.52) width 3.06���5.87 3.73���5.82 3.37���5.29 3.54���5.33 3.17���5.26 (4.41 �� 0.5) (4.69 �� 0.4) (4.4 �� 0.4) (4.28 �� 0.37) (4.35 �� 0.43) Aboral Desmoneme length 3.94���6.81 4.57���6.66 4.51���6.6 4.67���6.54 4.02���6.17 (5.14 �� 0.53) (5.46 �� 0.39) (5.67 �� 0.41) (5.68 �� 0.44) (5.2 �� 0.37) tentacles width 2.53���4.49 3.2���5.13 3.2���4.9 3.2���4.85 3.08���4.36 (3.67 �� 0.46) (4.14 �� 0.33) (4.12 �� 0.38) (4.08 �� 0.31) (3.67 �� 0.28) Stenotele length 5.02���7.3 5.77���7.31 5.37���7.66 5.13���7.69 5.26���6.96 (6.19 �� 0.47) (6.62 �� 0.3) (6.47 �� 0.42) (6.4 �� 0.42) (6.17 �� 0.32) (small) width 3.66���5.69 4.83���8.09 4.3���6.06 4.27���6.04 4.24���5.78 (4.72 �� 0.42) (5.49 �� 0.47) (5.01 �� 0.35) (5.0�� 0.37) (4.88 �� 0.3) Basitrichous length 7.9���11.16 7.72���13.05 7.94���11.38 7.8���11.34 7.65���14.73 (9.38 �� 0.7) (10.38 �� 0.7) (9.7 �� 0.77) (9.39 �� 0.65) (9.32 �� 0.94) width 2.87���5.18 3.51���5.56 3.42���5.52 3.41���5.73 3.28���7.1 (4.21 �� 0.45) (4.55 �� 0.47) (4.28 �� 0.41) (4.23 �� 0.4) (4.24 �� 0.55) Oral Stenotele length 8.64���11.87 8.19���12.15 9.25���12.5 8.98���12.22 8.68���12.09 (10.31 �� 0.58) (10.29 �� 0.84) (10.8 �� 0.56) (10.3 �� 0.63) (10.42 �� 0.71) tentacles (large) width 7.64���9.87 7.05���11.16 8.19���11.38 7.64���10.38 7.69���10.49 (8.67 �� 0.56) (9.19 �� 0.8) (9.76 �� 0.61) (9.09 �� 0.52) (8.98 �� 0.59) Stenotele length 5.03���7.08 5.09���7.37 5.28���7.22 4.93���7.48 5.23���7.26 (6.12 �� 0.41) (6.4 �� 0.46) (6.32 �� 0.38) (6.18 �� 0.47) (6.19 �� 0.37) (small) width 3.2 ��� 3.2 ���6.00 4.21���7.13 4.43���5.78 3.9���6.02 4.05���5.84 (4.6 �� 0.43) (5.34 �� 0.4) (5.07 �� 0.32) (4.95 �� 0.43) (4.96 �� 0.38) The basitrichous isorhizas found in SWAO specimens were characterized for ��� Tubularia larynx ��� Ellis & Solander, 1786, Published as part of Imazu, Maur��cio Antunes, Ale, Ezequiel, Genzano, Gabriel Nestor & Marques, Antonio Carlos, 2014, A comparative study of populations of Ectopleura crocea and Ectopleura ralphi (Hydrozoa, Tubulariidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, pp. 421-439 in Zootaxa 3753 (5) on pages 424-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/227863, {"references":["Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV, Part III. Little Brown & Company, Trubner & Company, Boston, London, 398 pp.","Allman, G. J. (1871) A monograph of the gymnoblastic or tubularian hydroids. Ray Society, London, 450 pp.","Hargitt, C. W. (1927) Some hydroids of South China. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 67, 491 - 520.","Yamada, M. (1959) Hydroid fauna of Japanese and its adjacent waters. Publications from the Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, 9, 1 - 101.","Schmidt, H. E. (1971) Some new records of hydroids from the Gulf of Aqaba with zoogeographical remarks on the Red Sea area. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 13, 27 - 51.","Hirohito, Emperor Showa (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 179 pp.","Torrey, H. B. (1902) The Hydroida of the Pacific Coast of North America with special reference to the species in the collection of the University of California. University of California Publications, Zoology, 1, 1 - 104.","Rees, W. J. (1963) Tubularia crocea L. Agassiz in British waters. Nature, 197, 1223. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / 1971223 a 0","Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I: Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli, 39, 1 - 96.","Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of Southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Papers in Marine Science, 1, 1 - 125.","Genzano G. N., Cuartas, E. I. & Excoffon, A. C. (1991) Porifera y Cnidaria de la Campana OB 05 / 88, en el Atlantico Sur. Thalassas, 9, 63 - 78.","Blanco, O. M. (1994) Enumeracion sistematica y distribucion geografica preliminar de los hydroida de la Republica Argentina, suborden Athecata (Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae), Thecata (Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae) y Limnomedusae. Revista del Museo de La Plata, seccion Zoologia, 14, 181 - 216.","Genzano, G. N. & Zamponi, M. O. (2003) Hydroid assemblages from Mar del Plata, Argentina, at depths between 0 and 500 m. Distribution and biological substrata. Oceanologica Acta, 25, 303 - 313.","Demicheli, M. & Scarabino, F. (2006) Invertebrados bentonicos de La Paloma (Rocha, Uruguay). In: Menafra, R., Rodriguez- Gallego, L., Scarabino, F. & Conde, D. (Eds.), Bases para la conservacion y el manejo de la costa uruguaya. Vida Silvestre, Montevideo, Uruguay, pp. 523 - 534.","Bale, W. M. (1884) Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Thomas Richards, Government Printer, Sydney, 237 pp.","Watson, J. E. (1980) The identity of two tubularian hydroids from Australia with a description and observations on the reproduction of Ralpharia. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 41, 53 - 63.","Watson, J. E. (1982) Hydroids (class Hydrozoa). In: Shepherd, S. A. & Thomas, I. M. (Eds.), Handbook of the flora and fauna of South Australia. Part 1, Marine invertebrates of southern Australia. Government Printer, South Australia, pp. 77 - 113.","von Lendenfeld, R. (1885) The Australian Hydromedusae. Part V. The Hydromedusinae, Hydrocorallinae and Trachymedusae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 9, 581 - 634.","Stechow, E. (1907) Neue japanische Athecata und Plumulariidae aus der Sammlung Dr. Doflein. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 32, 192 - 200.","Stechow, E. (1925) Hydroiden von West und Sudwestaustralien nach den Sammlungen von Prof. Dr. Michaelsen und Prof. Dr. Hartmeyer. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 50, 191 - 269.","Ewer, D. W. (1953) On a new tubularian hydroid from Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum, 3, 351 - 357.","Millard, N. A. H. (1959) Hydrozoa from the coast of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part II: Gymnoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 44, 297 - 313.","Millard, N. A. H. (1966) The Hydrozoa of the South and West Coast of South Africa. Part III. The Gimnoblastea and small families of Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 48, 427 - 487.","Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513.","Migotto, A. E. & da Silveira, F. L. (1987) Hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) do litoral sudeste e sul do Brasil: Halocordylidae, Tubulariidae e Corymorphidae. Iheringia. Serie Zoologia, 66, 95 - 115.","Migotto, A. E. (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 306, 1 - 125.","Grohmann, P. A., Souza, M. M. & Nogueira, C. C. (1997) Hydroids from the vicinity of a large industrial area in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil. In: Hartog, J. C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, pp. 227 - 232.","Rosso, S. & Marques, A. C. (1997) Patterns of intertidal hydrozoan distribution along the coast of Sao Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. In: Hartog, J. C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology. Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, pp. 415 - 422.","Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 1 - 231. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1990. tb 01862. x","Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 160.","Schuchert, P. (2001) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184.","Bouillon, J., Medel, M. D., Pages, F., Gili, J. M., Boero, F. & Gravili, C. (2004) Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina, 68 (2), 5 - 438. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2004.68 s 25","Genzano, G. N., Giberto, D., Schejter, L., Bremec, C. & Meretta, P. (2009) Hydroids assemblages in SW Atlantic (34 º - 42 º S): richness and settlement substrata. Marine Ecology, 30 (1), 33 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2008.00247. x","Schuchert, P. (2010) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Capitata Part 2. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 117, 337 - 555.","Migotto, A. E., Marques, A. C. & Flynn, M. N. (2001) Seasonal recruitment of hydroids (Cnidaria) on experimental panels in the Sao Sebastiao channel, southeastern Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science, 68, 287 - 298.","Migotto, A. E., Marques, A. C., Morandini, A. C. & da Silveira, F. L. (2002) Checklist of the Cnidaria Medusozoa of Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 2, 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032002000100010","Grohmann, P. A. (2006) Importancia dos acompanhamentos de longa duracao no estudo da biodiversidade: exemplo da fauna de hidroides (Cnidaria) da Baia do Espirito Santo. Floresta & Ambiente, 13 (2), 97 - 112.","Oliveira, O. M. P., Marques, A. C. & Migotto, A. E. (2006) Chave de identificacao dos hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) epifiticos do canal de Sao Sebastiao (SE, Brasil). Biota Neotropica, 6 (2), 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032006000200025","Oliveira, O. M. P. & Marques, A. C. (2007) Epiphytic hydroids (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata and Leptothecata) of the world. Check List, 3 (1), 21 - 38.","Grohmann, P. A. (2007) Hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) da Baia de Guanabara, RJ - Ilhas do Governador e Paqueta. Proceedings of the XII Colacmar, 2007. Colacmar, Florianopolis, page not numbered.","Silveira, F. L. & Morandini, A. C. (2011) Checklist dos Cnidaria do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1 a), 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032011000500016","Marques, A. C. & Migotto, A. E. (2004) Hidrozoarios (Cnidaria) marinhos bentonicos da Estacao Ecologica Jureia-Itatins. In: Marques, O. A. V. & Duleba, W. (Eds.), Ambiente, Flora e Fauna da Estacao Ecologica Jureia-Itatins. Holos, Ribeirao Preto, pp. 170 - 176.","Miranda, T. P., Haddad, M. A., Shimabukuro, V., Dubiaski-Silva, J. & Marques, A. C. (2011) Fauna de hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) da regiao de Bombinhas, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 11 (3), 331 - 353. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032011000300027","Marques, A. C., Morandini, A. C. & Migotto, A. E. (2003) Synopsis of knowledge on Cnidaria Medusozoa from Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 3, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032003000200007","Genzano, G. N. (1994) La comunidad hidroide del intermareal de Mar del Plata (Argentina). I. Estacionalidad, abundancia y periodos reproductivos. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 35, 289 - 303.","Genzano, G. N. & Rodriguez, G. M. (1998) Association between hydroid species and their substrates from the intertidal zone of Mar del Plata (Argentine). Miscellania Zoologica, 21, 21 - 29.","Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194, 1 - 591.","Rungger, D. (1969) Autotomy in Tubularia crocea and its ecological and physiological significance. Pubblicazioni Stazione zoologica di Napoli, 37, 95 - 139.","Allen, C. M. (1900) A contribution to the development of Paripha crocea. Biological Bulletin, 1 (6), 291 - 315.","Rees, W. J. & Thursfield, S. (1965) The hydroid collections of James Ritchie. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B (Biology), 69, 34 - 220. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080455 x 00010122","Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic Coast of North America. The University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 634 pp.","Campbell, R. D. & Campbell, F. (1968) Tubularia regeneration: radial organization of tentacles, gonophores and endoderm. Biological Bulletin, 13, 245 - 251.","Ostman, C., Myrdal, M., Nyvall, P., Lindstrom, J., Bjorklund, M. & Aguirre, A. (1995) Nematocysts in Tubularia larynx (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Scandinavia and the northern coast of Spain. Scientia Marina, 59, 165 - 179.","Cutress, C. E. (1955) An interpretation of the structure and distribution of cnidae in Anthozoa. Systematic Zoology, 4, 120 - 137. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2411864","England, K. W. (1991) Nematocysts of sea anemones (Actiniaria, Ceriantharia and Corallimorpharia: Cnidaria): nomenclature. Hydrobiologia, 216 / 217, 691 - 697. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00026532","Hewitt, C. L. (2002) Distribution and biodiversity of Australian tropical marine bioinvasions. Pacific Science, 56, 213 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1353 / psc. 2002.0016","Ruiz, G. M., Huber, T., Larson, K., McCann, L., Steves, B., Fofonoff, P. & Hines, H. A., 2006. Biological invasions in Alaska's coastal marine ecosystems: establishing a baseline. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater, Maryland, USA, 112 pp.","Mead, A., Carlton, J. T., Griffiths, C. L. & Rius, M. (2011) Revealing the scale of marine bioinvasions in developing regions: a South African re-assessment. Biological Invasions, 3, 1991 - 2008. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 011 - 0016 - 9","Rocha, R. M., Vieira, L. M., Migotto, A. E., Amaral, A. C. Z., Ventura, C. R. R., Serejo, C. S., Pitombo, F. B., Santos, K. C., Simone, L. R. L., Tavares, M., Lopes, R. M., Pinheiro, U. & Marques, A. C. (2013) The need of more rigorous assessments of marine species introductions: a counter example from the Brazilian coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 67, 241 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2012.12.009"]}