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The research is conducted based on analysis of threat, risk and vulnerability in an enterprise network along with countermeasures to overcome the security incidents in an enterprise network. It is clear that most of the businesses are running using internet to store and share data between employees and customers, because data are precious and an asset for an organization. So, there is a high chance of losing data due to threat, risk and vulnerability in an enterprise network. However, there is a need of awareness and understanding between threat, risk and vulnerability including countermeasures to protect data in rest and data in motion in a network. As well as information security aim to protect organizational data from unauthorized access, manipulation and destruction.

The aim of this article is to see if technological innovation has an impact on Pakistan’s manufacturing exports? For this purpose, Pseudo-Poison Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator with time and importer fixed effects has been applied to study adopted gravity model of manufacturing exports of Pakistan to its 65 major import partners over the period 2011-2018.The results show that technological innovation in both Pakistan and its importing partners positively and significantly affect Pakistan’s manufacturing exports. In addition, the outcomes of this study also confirm that the standard gravity variables are the important determinants of manufacturing exports. This article also adds to the existing literature by examining additional aspects of technological innovation. Second, this paper fills a research gap in Pakistan, as there has never been a study on the association between innovation and manufacturing exports. As a consequence, this study will open new avenues for future research.

To compare the change in serum vitamin D levels and to compare the changes in serum levels of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone in vitamin D supplemented and unsupplemented groups after 3 mo.In this randomized, parallel group, nonblinded, controlled trial, 40 children, 2-12 y of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy, and vitamin D sufficient status, and started on valproate monotherapy, were randomized into the intervention group (n = 20), which was given daily oral 600 IU vitamin D supplementation, and the control group (n = 20), which was not given any supplementation. Changes in the biochemical parameters was measured in the two groups after 3 mo.There was a significant reduction in the median (IQR) vitamin D levels in the control group as compared to an increase seen in the intervention group [-6.64 (-8.4, -2.65) vs. 5.66 (1.81, 7.12); p 0.001]. In the control group, 37.5% children developed vitamin D insufficiency and 12.5% developed deficiency whereas only 5% of the intervention group developed vitamin D insufficiency (p = 0.005). There was a significant decrease in ionized calcium (p = 0.02), increase in serum phosphate (p = 0.02), and alkaline phosphatase level (p = 0.003) in the unsupplemented group as compared to the supplemented group.Vitamin D supplementation can reduce the valproate-associated decline in vitamin D levels and the negative impact on other markers of bone mineral metabolism.TCTR20200621002, 19.06.2020, retrospectively registered.

Background and Aims: With the implementation of the COVID-19 lockdown, conventional teaching had to be replaced with online teaching, to ensure the continuity of medical education. This has impacted the clinical training of medical undergraduates. We aimed to explore their perceptions and differences before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey using a self-administered, retrospective pre-post questionnaire, was conducted among students from pre-final and final year between December 2020 and March 2021. Agreement scores with 15-items about the various domains of clinical training were recorded. Open-ended question was asked to know about the reasons for the students’ preferences. Chi-square test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to compare the proportion and medians respectively. Results: We received 1000 responses from students of 191 medical colleges {Median (IQR): 6 (2,10) per college}. Most (81.6%) opined that their experience with clinical training was better before COVID-19 lockdown, irrespective of the mode of teaching in clinical skills (P

SLP is a client-based health profession set up as part of a multidisciplinary team. AHP's acknowledgment of the role of another professional in the team results in quintessential referral among the professionals that can thoroughly benefit clients to receive finer quality services/care. This research focuses on surveying the insight and misconceptions of AHPs regarding SLP responsibilities. One central discussion was conducted among 20 AHP on the basis of a descriptive survey. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted to explore the perception of AHP’s role in SLP. We examined the extent of AHP’s knowledge of the speech-language pathology field. In research 20 AHP (P.T, O.T) were selected through convenient sampling techniques because of suitability for both. The study found mixed results, AHPs (0%) were in the category “No to Little Knowledge”, and AHPs 25% required further updated knowledge and education on best speech therapy requirements/treatment practices. AHPs are merely aware of the existence of this field, they do not know what sort of cases are dealt with by the professionals. AHPs30% are classified under “reasonable knowledge” for being aware of the patient’s basic speech therapy requirements, but will not refer to SLP, or AHPs, and 45% have expert-level knowledge, a clear concept regarding SLP requirements and practices. The study results showed that in Pakistan, AHPs' apprehension regarding clients’ speech needs and SLPs’ role still remain deficient. SLP needs to be promoted constantly for the client’s peak benefit and for the overall field’s progression as it is still a very new profession in Pakistan.

Accurate localization of the pathological parathyroid gland is a prerequisite for minimally invasive surgical management of hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Poor imaging or discordance in odd situations like ectopic adenomas, parathyroid hyperplasia, syndromic HPT results in localization dilemma thus causing failed parathyroidectomy. We studied the impact of Fluoro-Choline (FCH) PET/CT imaging in reduction in localization failure of parathyroid adenoma.We did a retrospective observational study (2018-2021) of HPT among which 97 patients underwent focused parathyroidectomy (FP). All patients had undergone ultrasound imaging and 99mTc-sestaMIBI scan with early SPECT/CT (MIBI). When this preliminary imaging was doubtful or negative or multiple lesions were expected, FCH PET/CT was performed. We compared the localization accuracy of MIBI scan and FCH PET/CT with surgical outcomes as reference standard.MIBI scan showed overall lesion detection rate (LDR) of 88.65% in localization of pathological parathyroid gland in 97 patients. The addition of FCH PET/CT improved the overall lesion detection to 97.9%. The overall possible localization failure was reduced from 11.34 to 2.06% with the addition of FCH PET/CT (p 0.05). Out of 97 patients of FP, 87 patients showed features of parathyroid adenoma. Single hyperplastic gland was seen in 7 patients, lipoadenoma was seen in 1 patient and 1 patient had features suggestive of parathyroiditis on histopathology. FCH PET/CT was a useful adjunct and showed significant reduction in localization failure of parathyroid adenoma.

In this population-based study, the authors constructed age-specific and sex-specific hemoglobin percentiles from values reported for a defined healthy population in the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS). Age-specific and sex-specific 5th percentiles of hemoglobin derived for this healthy population was used as the study cut-off to define anemia. These were compared with the existing WHO cut-offs to assess significant differences between them at each year of age and sex for quantifying the prevalence of anemia in the entire CNNS sample. From the CNNS survey 41210 participants had a hemoglobin value, 8087 of whom were included in this study and comprised the primary analytical sample. Compared with existing WHO cut-offs, the study cut-offs for hemoglobin were lower at all ages, usually by 1–2 g/dL, but more so in children of both sexes aged 1–2 years and in girls aged 10 years or older. Anemia prevalence with the study cut-offs was 19·2 percentage points lower than with WHO cut-offs in the entire CNNS sample with valid hemoglobin values across all ages and sexes (10·8% with study cut-offs vs 30·0% with WHO cut-offs). The authors concluded that these findings support the re-examination of WHO hemoglobin cut-offs to define anemia.

We examine the extent to which General Practitioners (GPs) have knowledge of the speech language pathology field. This was pilot research where 20 pilots were selected through convenience sampling techniques because it is suitable for both. Another study it was a structured questionnaire-based study for general physicians about awareness regarding Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) domain. This pilot study found mixed results that, All the doctors have an understanding of the speech therapy requirements and no doctor (0%) were in the category of “No to Little Knowledge” Most of these general physicians have enough knowledge about SLPs field, about 60% of the doctors required further updated knowledge and education about the best practice speech therapy requirements/treatment. The general practitioners are merely aware that this specialty indeed exists but still do not know what sort of cases that are dealt with by the professionals of this field. 25% of the doctors classified under the Reasonable knowledge, these doctors have knowledge about all the basic requirement of the speech therapy patient requirements but no referring to Speech-language pathologist. However, the need refresher courses/knowledge to be an expert in the field. 15% of the doctors have expert level knowledge and they have clear concept and requirement of the best practices for the speech therapy treatment. Although they all suggested that a health care provider SLP should perform the main role in health domain collaboration with general physicians. The study results showed that in Pakistan, the medicines curriculum (MBBS) has been updated with any chapter regarding the rehabilitation / habitation of this sort. So, most of the general practitioners are unaware about SLP domain, which is basically the key point that plays a significant role in rehabilitation. So, the researcher suggested Pakistan health council to review the official MBBS curriculum and government sector health ministry to work on this specificity.

Rural development generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is considered a "Silver Bullet" for eradicating rural poverty and unemployment, by way of generating demand for a productive labor force in villages. It provides an alternative source of livelihood which will have an impact on reducing migration, restricting child labor, alleviating poverty, and making villages self-sustaining through productive assets creation such as road construction, cleaning up of water tanks, soil, and water conservation work, etc. Which has been considered the largest anti-poverty program in the world. In this paper, based on the secondary data, an attempt has been made to comprehensively understand the development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood on the basis of various secondary data.

All study designs in medical research, barring descriptive studies, involve comparative analysis to achieve its objective/s. Comparisons between groups based on outcomes, or risk factors, or interventions, are the basis of hypotheses in evidence-based medicine. Statistical tests support in making criterion-based decisions about the validity of the hypothesis. A basic knowledge of statistical comparisons helps medical researchers to apply valid statistical tests. Novice medical researchers struggle to decide when, and which statistical test must be applied. There is a need to further reduce the mathematical jargon in statistics related publications for medical researchers. In this article, we aim to provide the readers with practical pointers about the applied aspects of basic statistical comparisons in medical research.

Covid-19 is a respiratory disease caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first identified in Wuhan, China (December 2019). The disease rapidly crossed the barrier of countries, continents and spread globally. Non-pharmaceutical measures such as social distancing, face mask, frequent hand washing and use of sanitizer remained the best available option to prevent the spread of disease. OPD, IPD admissions, elective O. Ts were curtailed. Orthopedic care was only limited to emergency and semi-urgent procedures like necrotizing fasciitis, open fracture, and compartment syndrome. These measures were taken to preserve infrastructure and manpower to manage covid-19 pandemic. The children were thought to have a low susceptibility to covid-19 as compared to an adult. Deferring the patient during pandemic has led to high orthopedic disease burden, morbidity and disease-related sequelae, hence elective care must be resumed with modified hospital infrastructure. Resumption of elective/emergent orthopedic care should be slow, phasic and strategic, much similar to unlocking. Cases must be stratified depending on covid status and severity. Dedicated O.Ts with neutral/negative pressure and HEPA filter for covid positive and suspected patients are to be used. All symptomatic and suspected patients should be investigated for covid-19 by RT-PCR, blood counts and CT scan. Regional anaesthesia should be preferred to General anaesthesia. Power drill/saw/burr/pulse lavage should be minimized to avoid aerosol generation. Postoperatively continuous surveillance and monitoring to be done for covid related symptoms. Medical institutes rapidly shifted to the online mode of education. Blended learning (virtual & physical) and imparting skills have to be continued in post covid phase with equitable distribution of teaching hours to students of different years.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence eco-friendly apparel purchase behaviors concerning Bangladeshi young consumers in light of the theory of planned behavior. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected by a survey among 198 respondents in Bangladesh in terms of consumer attitude, subjective norm (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), environmental concern (EC), environmental knowledge (EK) and purchase intention (PI). Structural equation modeling approach was used to find out the influencing factors. Findings The study reveals that purchase intention is significantly influenced by attitudes, SN, EC and EK of consumers. Consumers perceived behaviors variable is always not an accurate predictor to control actual purchase behavior. SN and EK were found to be highly influential to eco-friendly apparel purchase patterns among young consumers in Bangladesh. Research limitations/implications This study provides key marketing insights for retailers and practitioners on how strategically they can decide for fashion consumers, specifically the young group in Bangladesh. Eco-friendly apparel purchase behaviors will gradually influence the retail business contexts for retailers. The study reveals the need for eco-labeling and marketing strategies of eco-friendly apparel products among young consumers to communicate benefits and green values among wider consumers. Findings were restricted to specific young consumers group in Bangladesh and did not examine purchase behaviors of other consumer segment. Originality/value The study reveals that Bangladeshi young consumers are becoming concerned about purchasing apparel products. It provides valuable insights for entrepreneurs, practitioners and marketers to trace and perceive purchase behavior of the Bangladeshi young consumers while adopting a strategic marketing approach.

Background: Multiple-choice question (MCQ) is frequently used assessment tool in medical education, both for certification and competitive examinations. Ill-constructed MCQs impact the utility of the assessment and thus the fate of examinee. We conducted this study to ascertain whether a short training session for faculty on MCQ writing results in desired improvement in their item-writing skills. Methods: A 1-day workshop on constructing high-quality MCQs was conducted for the faculty as a before-after design, following training session of 3 h duration. 28 participants wrote preworkshop (n = 133) and postworkshop (n = 137) MCQs, which were analyzed and compared for 17 item-writing flaws. A mock test of 100 MCQs (selected by stratified random sampling from all the MCQs generated during the workshop) was conducted for MBBS-passed students for item analysis. Results: Item-writing flaws reduced following the training (15% vs. 27.7%, P < 0.05). Improvement mainly occurred in quality of options; heterogeneity dropped from 27.1% prior to the workshop to 5.8% postworkshop. The proportion of MCQs failing the cover test remained similarly high (68.4% vs. 60.6%), and there was no improvement in writing of the stem before and after the workshop. The item analysis did not reveal any significant improvement in facility value, discriminating index, and proportion of nonfunctioning distractors. Conclusion: A single, short-duration faculty training session is not good enough to correct flaws in writing of the MCQs. There is a need of focused training of the faculty in MCQ writing. Courses with a longer duration, supplemented by repeated or continuous faculty development programs, need to be explored.

Introduction: Faculty development to implement competency-based medical education (CBME) is urgently needed as the Medical Council of India has implemented the competency-based curriculum this year onwards. Objectives: To evaluate a 2-day faculty development workshop in terms of: (a) increase in knowledge about CBME terminology and concepts, (b) self-reported capacity to develop and implement a competency-based module in their respective disciplines, and (c) satisfaction of the participants. Methodology: A single arm interventional study using mixed methods was carried out in which faculty members were purposively identified and requested to volunteer for a two-day faculty development workshop on the development and implementation of CBME. The workshop was evaluated (open-ended and Likert scored items) by the participants for self-reported gain in knowledge, gain in their confidence to develop and implement CBME, and level of satisfaction with respect to the components of the workshop. Quantitative data was analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test and Kruskal–Wallis test. Qualitative data was analyzed by doing content analysis and emerging themes have been presented. Results: Eleven faculty members attended a capacity building workshop for developing and implementing a competency-based curriculum for medical undergraduates. There was a significant improvement in their self-reported knowledge and attitude regarding the competency-based curriculum. New concepts learned fell into four domains: modification of the existing curriculum toward competency-based curriculum, knowledge of CBME, teaching-learning and assessment methods, and beneficial to the students. The participants were highly satisfied with the workshop in its current form. Conclusion: A two-day faculty development workshop can increase the knowledge and understanding of competency-based medical education and can be an important first step in the journey to more specialized training.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic spread in India is steeply rising A 21-day lockdown has been imposed by the Government of India, to curtail its spread This has impacted all walks of life, including availability of food and nutrition related services which would affect nutritional status of children throughout India The two major schemes, i e Integrated Child Development Services Scheme and Mid-day Meal Scheme have been affected leading to risk of worsening of child nutrition Some states have evolved their own strategies to mitigate the effect of lockdown Here we discuss the challenges and way forward for ensuring availability of food for child nutrition during this health crisis No single, optimal response to a public health emergency exists The government and non-government partners must coordinate and scale up child nutrition services in the community through strengthening of public distribution system and home delivery of food parcels wherever feasible for beneficiaries of child nutrition programs © 2020, Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine All rights reserved

Routine immunizations (RI) keep the infectious diseases under control in the community However, during the coronavirus pandemic, to prevent the associated exponential rise in the number of cases, it became necessary to stop routine health services across the country Routine Immunization also had to be discontinued It is to be realized however that the risk of vaccine-preventable diseases is gradually increasing in direct proportion to the delay in administering vaccinations to eligible children It’s likely that we will face outbreaks of VPD if we keep RI halted for weeks together Various dimensions of RI need to be examined from the perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic ranging from vaccine hesitancy to operationalization of services In this article, we highlight this hidden problem, which has the potential to further challenge our already challenged health and healthcare-related situation The domains which deserve careful consideration are discussed to supporting policymakers in making informed decisions in this regard © 2020, Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine All rights reserved

Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been declared by the World Health Organization after it has gripped many countries of the world The exponential increase in the number of cases has resulted in panic and confusion among healthcare workers and the vulnerable population Pregnant and lactating mothers are a vulnerable group and need evidence-based advice to protect the health of the mother and the child Healthcare workers can play an important role in dispelling the myths and misconceptions among pregnant and lactating mothers regarding COVID-19, if they are equipped with scientific information on antenatal care, care at birth, and breastfeeding This review attempts to summarize the published evidence related to antenatal care, care at birth and breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic © 2020, Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine All rights reserved

Background In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of storage time and temperature on commonly performed coagulation tests such as prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in human plasma. Methodology Whole blood samples from 100 patients were collected in a 3.2% sodium citrate vacutainer. The blood was centrifuged within two hours of collection at 2,000 g for 10 minutes, and the platelet-poor plasma (PPP) obtained was analyzed for PT, INR, and APTT tests at zero hours (baseline) and repeated at 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours on a fully automated coagulation analyzer at various storage conditions (room temperature, refrigerator, and freezer). The results were categorized into two groups: group 1 comprised results with normal coagulation profile and group 2 comprised results with abnormal coagulation profile. The percentage change of the results from baseline (zero hours) for PT, INR, and APTT tests was also studied. A percentage change of more than ±10% from baseline was considered as a clinically significant change. Results In this study, a total of 95 PPP samples were evaluated. The median age of all patients was 44 years (range: 19-65 years). The male-to-female ratio was 0.9:1. The baseline PT, INR, and APTT values were 12.1 seconds, 1.06, and 26.5 seconds, respectively, in group 1, whereas the baseline PT, INR, and APTT values were 19.1 seconds, 1.80, and 36.0 seconds, respectively, in group 2. In the freezer, the samples were stable for PT, INR, and APTT tests at 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours showing a change of10% from baseline at all three time-points. In the refrigerator, the samples were stable for PT and INR tests for up to 24 hours showing a change of10% from baseline. In comparison, the samples for the APTT test were not stable at 12 hours, 24 hours, and 36 hours showing a change of 12.1%, 15.5%, and 17.9%, respectively, from the baseline (zero hours). Finally, at room temperature, the samples deteriorated at 12 hours for all coagulation parameters (PT, INR, and APTT). Conclusions The patient plasma samples for PT, INR, and APTT tests could be safely stored for up to 36 hours in the freezer. In the refrigerator, samples for PT and INR tests could be safely stored for up to 24 hours while the samples for APTT deteriorated at 12 hours. All patient samples for PT, INR, and APTT tests deteriorated at 12 hours at room temperature.

The role of plasma therapy in the management of the COVID-19, pandemic has been speculated. However, in view of the varied response regarding its effectiveness from various multicenter studies, there is a need to conduct more single center population-specific studies. We, thus, aimed to assess the role of convalescent plasma therapy in COVID-19 patient management in a single -center.This retrospective study was conducted using records of all COVID-19 patients who received plasma therapy over a period of 6 months in a dedicated COVID-19 hospital in Delhi. Information pertaining to transfusion, disease severity, associated comorbidities, the treatment given and patient outcome were recorded. Data was analyzed using SPSSv23.Of the141 patients who received plasma therapy, 62% were discharged after treatment. Mortality was found to be significantly higher in patients 60 years of age (p 0.001), those with severe COVID-19 infection (p 0.05) and pre-existing renal disease (p 0.05). The admission-transfusion interval was significantly correlated to mortality and was a sensitive parameter for predicting outcome at cut off value of 5 days (p 0.001). There was no significant association of mortality with patient blood group, plasma antibody levels or donor hemoglobin levels.We report improvement and recovery in a large number of patients who received convalescent plasma within the first 5 days of hospitalization with moderate to severe disease. Further research to compare dosage and administration protocols to delineate role of CCP in survival of COVID-19 patients is needed before it is prematurely shelved.

Introduction Post-exposure prophylaxis using rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) is universal recommendation for category III exposures. This study was conducted to determine quantity of RIG used to infiltrate animal bite wounds in relation to longest dimension and area of wound. Methods Children aged 2–18 years reporting within 7 days of category III animal bite were included. eRIG (300 IU/ml) was used in all subjects. A predesigned proforma was filled for clinical and epidemiological details of subjects. Maximum length and width of wounds was measured by using non-stretchable measuring tape. RIG was infiltrated in wounds as per WHO recommendations and volume infiltrated was noted. Results and conclusion A total of 100 subjects were enrolled. The mean (±SD) volume of RIG infiltrated in wounds per unit length was 0.75 (±0.21) ml/cm and per unit area was 3.18 (±1.75) ml/cm2. Regression equations were calculated. Proposed equations y = 0.6x + 0.3, where y is the volume of RIG (ml) and x is the length of the wound (cm) and y = 0.9x + 1.1, where y is the volume of RIG (ml) and x is the area of the wound (cm2) can prove to be a useful tool in RIG volume calculation for primary health care providers.

Background: India has lowly prioritized pet-associated zoonosis as a public health priority because data regarding the same and the susceptible population involved are sparse. Objective: To find the proportion of pet dog ownership in a settled urban colony of East Delhi and to assess awareness regarding canine zoonotic diseases and responsible pet ownership. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 700 participants in an urban colony of East Delhi. Results: The proportion of pet dog owners was 5.4%. Only one-third (34.2%) of the respondents were aware that pets are a source of disease. A majority of pet owners (86.8%) identified rabies as a disease caused by the bite of only stray dogs. The proportion of responsible pet owners was 39.4%. Only one-tenth of surveyed households had registered their pet with the local municipal authorities, despite such registration being a compulsory requirement by law. Conclusion: This study provides us with a better understanding of the lacunae in awareness of zoonotic diseases and its preventive measures among pet owners. All pet owners have a responsibility to ensure that their pets are healthy and free from disease.

Jute-cotton blended denim is a new diversified product for the fashion and clothing sector. Chitosan was incorporated in this blend in order to improve its antimicrobial property. The incorporation...

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has forced medical colleges around the world to shift to online teaching. There is hardly any evidence regarding such rapid transitions to online teaching, especially from resource-poor settings. We share our experience of developing an online teaching program based on teachers' and students' feedback. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mixed methods study was conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown period in a public-funded medical institute of India. Online feedback was obtained 3 weeks after the beginning of emergency remote teaching. The responses by the students and teachers shaped the final online teaching program which reinforced the perceived strengths and addressed the weaknesses. Observations were made for the proportion of scheduled lectures delivered through digital platform and students' attendance in the 1st week and last week of the study period. RESULTS: Feedback was obtained from 367 students and 56 teachers. Around three-fourths of the students (76.7%) and teachers (73.2%) were satisfied with online teaching. The themes generated for benefits of online teaching were similar for both students and teachers, but the perceived challenges differed. Students found online teaching more stressful, and teachers were apprehensive of the new technology and lack of a controlled environment. CONCLUSIONS: A rapid transition to development and implementation of an online teaching program was found to be feasible and acceptable to the primary stakeholders. Not only the content but student engagement and supportive environment for both students and teachers are essential requirements in the context of an online undergraduate teaching program.

This paper deals with the environmental impact of effluents released by denim garment washing factories in Bangladesh. Both untreated and treated effluent samples were collected from five denim washing factories identified as representative cases and were subjected to chemical testing as a part of the case study. The results were compared against the acceptable limits of parameters-chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), the potential of hydrogen (pH) and color. Findings show that COD and BOD values are well within the acceptable limit in all of the factories studied but only 20% of the factories could achieve acceptable DO levels. Around 40–60% of the studied washing factories showed evidence of improved filtration systems for TDS and TSS values, but only 40% of factories produced clear wastewater. 60% of the factories met an acceptable pH level of 6–8 before releasing their effluent to the environment. The study reveals the technical limitations of effluent treatment practices of the denim garment washing factories in Bangladesh. The findings will appeal to all stakeholders, including academics and researchers, to give serious attention to reducing environmental impact of industrial garment washing process. They will help industry practitioners with more comprehensive information to take strategic action in making denim garment washing factories in Bangladesh more sustainable.