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Background: The Head and Neck Cancer Tumor Board is a multispeciality comprehensive conference that brings together experts with different backgrounds to make group decisions about the appropriate treatment. Due to the complexity of the patient cases and the collaboration of different medical disciplines most of these decisions have to be made under uncertainty, i. e., with-out knowing all relevant factors and without being quite sure about the outcome., Methods: To develop effective team decision making under uncertainty, it is necessary to understand how medical experts perceive and handle uncertainties. The aim of this field study was to develop a knowledge base by exploring additionally the factors that influence group decision making processes. A structured nonparticipant observational study was employed to address the research goal. Video data were analyzed by 2 independent observers using an observation checklist. A total of 20 videotaped case discussions were studied. Observations were complemented by a questionnaire gathering subjective evaluations of board members about the process and quality of their decisions (N=15)., Results: The results show that uncertainty is recognized by board members. Reasons for uncertainty may stem from the complexity of the cases (e. g. therapy options) or the assessment from different disciplines coming together at the board., Conclusion: With respect to handling uncertainty and guaranteeing an optimal decision making process potential for improvement could be defined. This pertains to the handling of different levels of competence, the promotion of a positive discussion culture as well as structuring of the decision making process., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)