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Additional file 1. This .pdf file contains supplementary figures and tables (Figures S1���S5, Tables S1, S4 and S5). Figure S1. Orphadata and related study flowchart. Figure S2. Methodology and related study flowchart. Figure S3. Human Phenotype Ontology term co-occurrence for the rare disorder spectrum. Figure S4. Human Phenotype Ontology term co-occurrence focusing on the borderline-common disorders. Figure S5. Distributions of Human Phenotype Ontology term and disorder-associated gene counts. Table S1. Disorder types and data availability. Table S4. Enriched Reactome pathways in borderline-common and ultra-rare disorders. Table S5. Overrepresented Reactome pathways for the rare and ultra-rare disorders.

Additional file 1.

International audience; The epithelium of the intestinal mucosa and the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) constitute an essential physical and immunological barrier against pathogens. In order to study the specificities of the GALT transcriptome in pigs, we compared the transcriptome profiles of jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches (PPs), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and peripheral blood (PB) of four male piglets by RNA-Seq. We identified 1,103 differentially expressed (DE) genes between ileal PPs (IPPs) and jejunal PPs (JPPs), and six times more DE genes between PPs and MLNs. The master regulator genes FOXP3, GATA3, STAT4, TBX21 and RORC were less expressed in IPPs compared to JPPs, whereas the transcription factor BCL6 was found more expressed in IPPs. In comparison between IPPs and JPPs, our analyses revealed predominant differential expression related to the differentiation of T cells into Th1, Th2, Th17 and iTreg in JPPs. Our results were consistent with previous reports regarding a higher T/B cells ratio in JPPs compared to IPPs. We found antisense transcription for respectively 24%, 22% and 14% of the transcripts detected in MLNs, PPs and PB, and significant positive correlations between PB and GALT transcriptomes. Allele-specific expression analyses revealed both shared and tissue-specific cis-genetic control of gene expression.

A better understanding of the mechanisms for resistance to pathogens along with the characterization of the immune capacity has become a priority for research in breeding. The overall objective of this PhD project was to use phenotyping, genetic and genomic information to study the genetic architecture of the immune capacity in the pig and to contribute to the identification of genetic markers and blood biomarkers that predict variations of immune parameter levels. The study was focused on three complementary axes and the results obtained were based on the use of data collected as part of the IMMOPIG and SUS_FLORA projects financed by the ANR, for which 450 and 560 piglet cohorts were sampled at 60 days of age, three weeks after vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.We analyzed the genetic determinism of gene expression in the blood using an eGWAS (60K SNP genotyping and blood transcriptome for 242 animals) confirmed in part by an allele specific expression (ASE) of transcripts (RNA-Seq on 38 animals). The eGWAS results showed multiple local (n=2839) and distant associations between the SNP polymorphisms and transcription variations, spread over all the chromosomes. The ASE analyses confirmed the cis genetic control of gene expression, with allele regulation being found for 763 genes. The biological functions associated were notably associated with RNA processing and immunity. The region of the major histocompatibility complex was found particularly rich in eQTL signals and genes with ASE in the blood.We studied the co-variations between immune parameters and blood transcriptomes for 243 individuals. The immune parameters included the blood count, cell subpopulation characterization by flow cytometry, serum assays (reactive C protein, haptoglobin, antibodies specific for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae), immune response after in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood (phagocytosis, IL1b, IL2, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNFa, INFg cytokines). We confirmed the heritability of numerous immune parameters and identified covariations with gene profiles, providing hypotheses on biomarker candidates.We also led a functional analysis on four animals at 70 days-of-age in order to characterize and compare the transcriptome profiles of peripheral blood and three gut-associated lymphoid tissues (mesenteric lymph nodes, jejunal and ileal Payer’s patches). The RNA-Seq data showed differential expression between tissues; this number was more limited between the two types of Peyer’s patches. Interestingly, among the biological functions enriched by the differentially expressed genes between the Peyer’s patches, we identified the Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte differentiation pathways, which was in agreement with an over-abundance of B lymphocytes in the ileal Peyer’s patches.Together these results provide new information on the understanding of the genetic determinism of immune parameter variations in the pig, the search for causal polymorphisms of these variations and the identification of relevant blood biomarkers for phenotyping immune competence.; Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de résistance aux agents pathogènes couplée à une caractérisation de la capacité immune devient un axe de recherche prioritaire en élevage. L’objectif global de la thèse est d’exploiter des informations de phénotypage, de génétique et de génomique pour étudier l’architecture génétique de la capacité immune chez le porc et contribuer à l’identification de marqueurs génétiques et de biomarqueurs sanguins prédictifs de variations de niveaux de paramètres immuns. Le projet s’articule autour de trois axes complémentaires et les résultats obtenus sont basés sur l’exploitation des jeux de données issus des projets IMMOPIG et SUS_FLORA financés par l’ANR, pour lesquels des cohortes de 450 et 560 porcelets ont été prélevés à 60 jours d’âge, trois semaines après une vaccination contre Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.Nous avons analysé le déterminisme génétique de l’expression des gènes dans le sang par une analyse eGWAS (génotypage 60K SNP et transcriptome du sang pour 242 animaux) validée pour partie par une étude de la régulation spécifique d’allèles (ASE) des transcrits (RNA-Seq sur 38 animaux). Les résultats d’eGWAS mettent en évidence de multiples associations locales (n=2839) et à distance (n=1752) entre des polymorphes SNP et des variations de transcription, réparties sur l’ensemble des chromosomes. Les analyses ASE confirment l’importance du contrôle génétique en cis, avec une régulation allélique trouvée pour 763 gènes. Les fonctions biologiques associées sont notamment reliées au processing des ARN et à l’immunité. La région du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité a été trouvée particulièrement riche en eQTL et ASE. L’ensemble de ces données a permis d’établir, pour le porc, une première cartographie des eQTL et gènes soumis à ASE dans le sang.Nous avons étudié les co-variations entre des paramètres immunitaires et le transcriptome du sang pour 243 individus. Les paramètres immunitaires incluent la numération formule sanguine, la caractérisation de sous-populations cellulaires par cytomètre de flux, des dosages sériques (protéine C réactive, haptoglobine, anticorps spécifiques anti Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae), des dosages de réponse suite à des stimulations in vitro du sang total (phagocytose, cytokines IL1b, IL2, IL6, IL8, IL10, TNFa, INFg). Nous avons confirmé l’héritabilité de nombreux paramètres immuns et identifié des covariations avec des profils géniques, offrant des hypothèses sur des biomarqueurs candidats.Nous avons également conduit une analyse fonctionnelle sur quatre animaux de 70 jours d’âge pour caractériser et comparer les profils de transcrits du sang et de trois tissus lymphoïdes associés au tube digestif (ganglion mésentérique, plaques de Peyer jéjunales et iléales). Les données RNA-Seq ont mis en évidence des différentiels d’expression entre les tissus, ce nombre étant plus limité entre les deux types de plaques de Peyer. De manière tout à fait intéressante, parmi les fonctions biologiques enrichies par les gènes différentiellement exprimés entre les deux plaques de Peyer, sont identifiées les voies de différenciation lymphocytaires Th1 et Th2, en cohérence avec une surabondance de lymphocytes B dans les plaques de Peyer iléales.L’ensemble de ces résultats apporte des informations nouvelles pour avancer dans la compréhension du déterminisme génétique des variations de paramètres immunitaires chez le porc, la recherche de polymorphismes causaux de ces variations et l’identification de biomarqueurs sanguins pertinents pour phénotyper la compétence immunitaire.

Background Efforts to improve sustainability in livestock production systems have focused on two objectives: investigating the genetic control of immune function as it pertains to robustness and disease resistance, and finding predictive markers for use in breeding programs. In this context, the peripheral blood transcriptome represents an important source of biological information about an individual’s health and immunological status, and has been proposed for use as an intermediate phenotype to measure immune capacity. The objective of this work was to study the genetic architecture of variation in gene expression in the blood of healthy young pigs using two approaches: an expression genome-wide association study (eGWAS) and allele-specific expression (ASE) analysis. Results The blood transcriptomes of 60-day-old Large White pigs were analyzed by expression microarrays for eGWAS (242 animals) and by RNA-Seq for ASE analysis (38 animals). Using eGWAS, the expression levels of 1901 genes were found to be associated with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). We recovered 2839 local and 1752 distant associations (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism or SNP located less or more than 1 Mb from expression probe, respectively). ASE analyses confirmed the extensive cis-regulation of gene transcription in blood, and revealed allelic imbalance in 2286 SNPs, which affected 763 genes. eQTLs and ASE-genes were widely distributed on all chromosomes. By analyzing mutually overlapping eGWAS results, we were able to describe putative regulatory networks, which were further refined using ASE data. At the functional level, genes with genetically controlled expression that were detected by eGWAS and/or ASE analyses were significantly enriched in biological processes related to RNA processing and immune function. Indeed, numerous distant and local regulatory relationships were detected within the major histocompatibility complex region on chromosome 7, revealing ASE for most class I and II genes. Conclusions This study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first genome-wide map of the genetic control of gene expression in porcine peripheral blood. These results represent an interesting resource for the identification of genetic markers and blood biomarkers associated with variations in immunity traits in pigs, as well as any other complex traits for which blood is an appropriate surrogate tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4354-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.