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Delivering high-intensity occupational therapy can improve functional outcomes for patients and reduce length of stay. However, there is little published evidence of this in the aged rehabilitation setting. This study aims to explore the association between intensity of occupational therapy interventions and functional outcomes in geriatric rehabilitation inpatients.A prospective cohort study was conducted with adult inpatients admitted to a geriatric rehabilitation program. The intervention was the intensity of occupational therapy measured as high (≥30 minutes per day) versus low (lt;30 minutes per day). The primary outcome measured was change in functional performance, defined as a minimum of half a point improvement in the Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and/or the Lawton and Brody Scale of Instrumental ADL (IADL) at admission to rehabilitation, discharge and 3months post-discharge.A total of 693 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 82.2 years (standard deviation [SD] = 7.9), 57% were females, and 64% had cognitive impairment. Patients (n = 210) who received greater than or equal to 30 minutes of occupational therapy daily were more likely to have clinically relevant functional improvements.; for both ADL (odds ratio [OR] = 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24-2.83) and IADL (OR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.96-4.61), after adjusting for age, sex, severity of function (ADL ≤ 2) at admission, frailty and cognitive impairment. Improvements in ADL and IADL were maintained for at least 3 months following discharge.This study found that geriatric rehabilitation inpatients who received higher intensity of occupational therapy interventions were more likely to functionally improve than those who received lower intensity. Further research is required to determine if other factors, such as therapy type, influence functional outcomes.

Existing theoretical evidence indicates sensorimotor retraining is beneficial following wrist injury. However, there are no large cohort studies applying the knowledge in a clinical setting.To Determine the clinical benefits of sensorimotor rehabilitation following distal upper extremity injury.Prospective cohort study.A sensorimotor rehabilitation program was evaluated following distal upper extremity injury. A battery of clinical and patient-rated outcome measures (PROM) were taken before and after group completion.Ninety-three patients, 49 males (53%) and 44 females (47%), completed the program. There were statistically significant improvements in 12 clinical measures. However, improvements in 11 of the clinical measures only had a small effect size (0.5). Joint position sense had the greatest clinical change with a median improvement of 4° on the left and 3.9° on the right, and these had moderate effect sizes of 0.5 and 0.7, respectively. There were statistically significant improvements in all PROMs. PRWE had a median improvement of 21 (ES = 1.2). UEFI showed median improvements of 19.7 (ES = 1.4) and NRS (pain) median improved 2.5 (ES = 1.2). All PROM improvements had mean change greater than associated MCIDs.These results indicate the benefits of sensorimotor group rehabilitation and supports existing literature regarding the importance of sensorimotor control for JPS accuracy and function. Group based sensorimotor programs present an efficient and low-cost opportunity to provide intervention to patients following upper extremity injury.A sensorimotor group rehabilitation program may improve patient outcomes following distal upper extremity injury.Level 2b prospective cohort.

Purpose Survivors of stroke experience poor oral health during and following hospitalisation. Health professionals consistently report that oral hygiene is complex. Interventions aiming to improve the delivery of oral hygiene care by health professionals rarely use a theoretically driven approach. This study reports the first phase in an intervention development and uses the action, actor, context, target, time (AACTT) framework and theoretical domains framework (TDF) to understand who needs to do what differently in the delivery of oral hygiene care with hospitalised stroke survivors. Method Mixed methods including analysis of oral health policies and clinical guidelines using the AACTT framework, focus group discussions using the TDF and audit of 60 medical records. Results Policies and guidelines lack specificity regarding what oral hygiene care is and who should be responsible. Health professionals have low beliefs in their capabilities and experience numerous contextual barriers. More than 40% of patients had no documented evidence of oral hygiene care. Conclusion This study used a theoretically driven approach to identify barriers and enablers to health professional delivery of oral hygiene care with stroke survivors. Interventions aiming to improve clinical practice should target beliefs about capabilities, improved access to resources and detailed oral hygiene clinical guidelines.Implications for rehabilitationSurvivors of stroke experience poor oral health which can contribute to further strokes, cardiovascular disease and mortality.Health care professionals report difficulties in delivering oral hygiene care to hospitalised stroke survivors and clinical guidelines lack detail regarding oral health assessments, interventions and training.Interventions aiming to improve the delivery of oral hygiene care should target health professional beliefs about their capabilities using strategies such as behavioural practice.Resources specific to oral hygiene care for more complex patients, including suctioning toothbrushes, should be readily accessible for health professional use.Clinical guidelines and policies on oral hygiene care should include detail about training content, assessments tools and how to adapt information for patients with complex impairments.

Objective The objectives of this systematic review were to describe the current dose and content of usual care upper limb motor intervention for inpatients following stroke and examine if context factors alter dose and content. Data sources A systematic search (EMBASE, MEDLINE) was completed from January 2015 to February 2023 (PROSPERO CRD42021281986). Methods Studies were eligible if they reported non-protocolised usual care upper limb motor intervention dose data for stroke inpatients. Studies were rated using the Johanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Data were descriptively reported for dose dimensions of time (on task or, in therapy) and intensity (repetitions, repetition/minute), content (intervention type/mode), and context (e.g., severity strata). Results Eight studies were included from four countries, largely reflecting inpatient rehabilitation. Time in therapy ranged from 23 to 121 min/day. Time on task ranged from 8 to 44 min/day. Repetitions ranged from 36 to 57/session, and 15 to 282/day. Time on task was lowest in the stratum of people with severe upper limb impairment (8 min/day), the upper limit for this stratum was 41.5 min/day. There was minimal reporting of usual care content across all studies. Conclusion Upper limb motor intervention dose appears to be increasing in usual care compared to prior reports (e.g., average 21 min/day and 23 to 32 repetitions/session). Context variability suggests that doses are lowest in the stratum of patients with a severely impaired upper limb. Consistent reporting of the multiple dimensions of dose and content is necessary to better understand usual care offered during inpatient rehabilitation.

Evidence suggests that patients with upper limb impairment following a stroke do not receive recommended amounts of motor practice. Robotics provide a potential solution to address this gap, but clinical adoption is low. The aim of this study was to utilize the technology acceptance model as a framework to identify factors influencing clinician adoption of robotic devices into practice.Mixed methods including survey data and focus group discussions with allied health clinicians whose primary caseload was rehabilitation of the neurologically impaired upper limb. Surveys based on the technology acceptance measure were completed pre/post exposure to and use of a robotic device. Focus groups discussions based on the theory of planned behaviour were conducted at the conclusion of the study.A total of 34 rehabilitation clinicians completed the surveys with pre-implementation data indicating that rehabilitation clinicians perceive robotic devices as complex to use, which influenced intention to use such devices in practice. The focus groups found that lack of experience and time to learn influenced confidence to implement robotic devices into practice.This study found that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of a robotic device in clinical rehabilitation can be improved through experience, training and embedded technological support. However, training and embedded support are not routinely offered, suggesting there is a discordance between current implementation and the learning needs of rehabilitation clinicians.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONPatients do not receive adequate amounts of upper limb motor practice following a stroke, and although robotic devices have the potential to address this gap, clinical adoption is low.The technology acceptance model identified that clinicians perceive robotic devices to be complex to use with current implementation efforts failing to consider their training needs.Implementation adoption of robotic devices in rehabilitation should be supported with adequate training and technological support if sustainable practice change is to be achieved.

Background Implementation research may play an important role in reducing research waste by identifying strategies that support translation of evidence into practice. Implementation of healthcare interventions is influenced by multiple factors including the organisational context, implementation strategies and features of the intervention as perceived by people delivering and receiving the intervention. Recently, concepts relating to perceived features of interventions have been gaining traction in published literature, namely, acceptability, fidelity, feasibility, scalability and sustainability. These concepts may influence uptake of healthcare interventions, yet there seems to be little consensus about their nature and impact. The aim of this paper is to develop a testable conceptual framework of implementability of healthcare interventions that includes these five concepts. Methods A multifaceted approach was used to develop and refine a conceptual framework of implementability of healthcare interventions. An overview of reviews identified reviews published between January 2000 and March 2021 that focused on at least one of the five concepts in relation to a healthcare intervention. These findings informed the development of a preliminary framework of implementability of healthcare interventions which was presented to a panel of experts. A nominal group process was used to critique, refine and agree on a final framework. Results A total of 252 publications were included in the overview of reviews. Of these, 32% were found to be feasible, 4% reported sustainable changes in practice and 9% were scaled up to other populations and/or settings. The expert panel proposed that scalability and sustainability of a healthcare intervention are dependent on its acceptability, fidelity and feasibility. Furthermore, acceptability, fidelity and feasibility require re-evaluation over time and as the intervention is developed and then implemented in different settings or with different populations. The final agreed framework of implementability provides the basis for a chronological, iterative approach to planning for wide-scale, long-term implementation of healthcare interventions. Conclusions We recommend that researchers consider the factors acceptability, fidelity and feasibility (proposed to influence sustainability and scalability) during the preliminary phases of intervention development, evaluation and implementation, and iteratively check these factors in different settings and over time.

Evaluating progress throughout a patient's rehabilitation episode is critical for determining the effectiveness of the selected treatments and is an essential ingredient in personalised and evidence-based rehabilitation practice. The evaluation process is complex due to the inherently large human variations in motor recovery and the limitations of commonly used clinical measurement tools. Information recorded during a robot-assisted rehabilitation process can provide an effective means to continuously quantitatively assess movement performance and rehabilitation progress. However, selecting appropriate motion features for rehabilitation evaluation has always been challenging. This paper exploits unsupervised feature learning techniques to reduce the complexity of building the evaluation model of patients’ progress. A new feature learning technique is developed to select the most significant features from a large amount of kinematic features measured from robotics, providing clinically useful information to health practitioners with reduction of modeling complexity. A novel indicator that uses monotonicity and trendability is proposed to evaluate kinematic features. The data used to develop the feature selection technique consist of kinematic data from robot-aided rehabilitation for a population of stroke patients. The selected kinematic features allow for human variations across a population of patients as well as over the sequence of rehabilitation sessions. The study is based on data records pertaining to 41 stroke patients using three different robot assisted exercises for upper limb rehabilitation. Consistent with the literature, the results indicate that features based on movement smoothness are the best measures among 17 kinematic features suitable to evaluate rehabilitation progress.

Purpose: Despite their promise to increase therapy intensity in neurorehabilitation, robotic devices have not yet seen mainstream adoption. Whilst there are a number of contributing factors, it is obvious that the treating clinician should have a clear understanding of the objectives and limitations of robotic device use. This study sought to explore how devices can be developed to support a clinician in providing clinical best practice.Methods and Materials: A user-centred design study of a robotic device was conducted, involving build-then-use iterations, where successive iterations are built based on feedback from the use cycle. This work reports results of an analysis of qualitative and quantitative data describing the use of the robotic device in the clinical sessions, and from a focus group with the treating clinicians.Results and Conclusions: The data indicated that use of the device did not result in patient goal-setting and may have resulted in poor movement quality. Therapists expected a higher level of autonomy from the robotic device, and this may have contributed to the above problems. These problems can and should be addressed through modification of both the study design and device to provide more explicit instructions to promote clinical best practice.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONEncouraging clinical best practice when using evaluating prototype devices within a clinical setting is important to ensure that best practice is maintained - and can be achieved through both study and device designSupport from device developers can significantly improve the confidence of therapists during the use of that device in rehabilitation, particularly with new or prototype devicesEnd effector-based robotic devices for rehabilitation show potential for a wide variety of patient presentations and capabilities.

Rationale, aims and objectives There is a high prevalence of upper limb impairment following a stroke in both the acute and chronic phases of recovery. Evidence suggests that patients do not receive recommended amounts of task specific practice. Robotics provide a potential solution to address this gap but clinical adoption is low. Studies have found that adoption of technology is largely determined by perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. The aim of this study was to utilise the extended technology acceptance model (TAM2) as a framework to identify factors influencing clinician adoption of a robotic device into clinical practice. Methods Mixed methods study including survey data and focus group discussions across two health services. Participants were allied health professionals whose primary caseload is rehabilitation of the neurologically impaired upper limb. TAM2 surveys were collected pre/post exposure to and use of a robotic device for a period of 3-months. Focus groups were conducted at conclusion of the 3-month period of using the robotic device. Results A total of 34 rehabilitation clinicians completed the pre/post TAM2 surveys. Results indicate that following exposure to the robotic device, there was a statistically significant change in perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Two focus groups with 12 participants revealed that lack of experience and protected time to learn how to use such devices were strong moderators of perceived behavioural control. Conclusion This study found that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use can be moderated through experience. Clinicians reported a need for embedded technological support during the introductory phase of a robotic device in order to acquire the skills for safe and effective use. However, embedded support is rarely offered, suggesting there is a discordance between current implementation of robotic devices into practice and the learning needs of rehabilitation clinicians.

In this chapter, author provide a systems approach to practice-based research motivated by the paradigm of cumulative scientific progress. This process aims at continuously building knowledge, explaining why and how things work, and providing crucial insights for improving processes and solving practice problems. This demands a systems perspective on practice, where many decision-makers interact in the system, not always pursuing common goals. This chapter takes advantage of advances in areas of causal inference, in particular structural causal models. The importance of contextualization of treatment and causal effects points to the benefits of theory-based causal models that unify the focus on effectiveness with the causally explanatory nature of structural models. Practice-based research originates in the practice space and is driven by practical issues that are of importance in real-world contexts.

Objective To explore if there is a relationship between allied health professionals' confidence to perform a range of evidence-based practice (EBP) activities and the time since they graduated from their entry-level degree and the presence of postgraduate qualifications. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Allied health professionals from two Australian public metropolitan health services, including acute, subacute, and community settings. Participants Sample of 288 (n = 288) allied health professionals from the disciplines of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech pathology, social work, dietetics/nutrition, and other. Main outcome measure Cross-sectional survey including 12 questions measuring respondents' confidence to conduct a range of EBP activities. Results Allied health professionals begin to lose confidence related to EBP activities within the first 5 years of clinical practice, particularly for those activities involving critical analysis of published studies. Respondents with postgraduate qualifications were more likely to report greater confidence with EBP activities, suggesting that higher level qualifications protect against the effect of degradation of EBP skills and confidence over time. Conclusions Allied health professionals' confidence to perform EBP activities degrades over time, particularly for those individuals with no postgraduate qualifications. Registration and accreditation bodies along with allied health professional employers should explore potential strategies to preserve and enhance EBP skills, confidence, and behaviours.

Evidence-based practice can improve patient outcomes and safety and reduce variation in health care delivery. Published studies suggest that allied health professionals experience many barriers with the implementation of evidence-based practice. This thesis describes a quasi-experimental study that aimed to enhance the uptake of evidence-based practice with a large group of allied health professionals. A tailored intervention was developed to address the barriers identified in phase 1 of the study. Evaluation showed an improvement in the propensity of allied health professionals to engage in evidence-based practice, including using research studies to support clinical decision making.

Research suggests that allied health professionals agree with evidence-based practice (EBP); however, implementation of research findings into clinical practice is poor. Interventions aimed at improving EBP have been largely unsuccessful. Implementation science research suggests that a theory-driven approach is critical when attempting to modify behaviour of healthcare professionals.To explain allied health professionals' EBP behaviours utilising the theory of planned behaviour.Focus groups.Ten focus groups with a total of 49 participants were conducted and consisted of discipline-specific and multidisciplinary teams. Participants had positive attitudinal beliefs but low normative beliefs, particularly in relation to the perception that the workplace did not value engagement in EBP activities. The organisational context was a strong moderator of perceived behavioural control, more so than internal variables such as skills. An additional theme was identified and related to the sense of dissonance participants experienced due to their awareness of the knowledge-behaviour gap.This study found that allied health professionals have positive attitudes towards EBP but low normative beliefs and low perceived behavioural control. Organisation-specific factors outside the control of the participants were found to have the greatest impact on intention to participate in EBP.

Background - Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with upper limb deficits affecting an estimated 30% to 60% of survivors. The effectiveness of upper limb rehabilitation relies on numerous factors, particularly patient compliance to home programs and exercises set by therapists. However, therapists lack objective information about their patients’ adherence to rehabilitation exercises as well as other uses of the affected arm and hand in everyday life outside the clinic. We developed a system that consists of wearable sensor technology to monitor a patient’s arm movement and a Web-based dashboard to visualize this information for therapists. Objective - The aim of our study was to evaluate how therapists use upper limb movement information visualized on a dashboard to support the rehabilitation process. Methods - An interactive dashboard prototype with simulated movement information was created and evaluated through a user-centered design process with therapists (N=8) at a rehabilitation clinic. Data were collected through observations of therapists interacting with an interactive dashboard prototype, think-aloud data, and interviews. Data were analyzed qualitatively through thematic analysis. Results - Therapists use visualizations of upper limb information in the following ways: (1) to obtain objective data of patients’ activity levels, exercise, and neglect outside the clinic, (2) to engage patients in the rehabilitation process through education, motivation, and discussion of experiences with activities of daily living, and; (3) to engage with other clinicians and researchers based on objective data. - A major limitation is the lack of contextual data, which is needed by therapists to discern how movement data visualized on the dashboard relate to activities of daily living. Conclusions - Upper limb information captured through wearable devices provides novel insights for therapists and helps to engage patients and other clinicians in therapy. Consideration needs to be given to the collection and visualization of contextual information to provide meaningful insights into patient engagement in activities of daily living. These findings open the door for further work to develop a fully functioning system and to trial it with patients and clinicians during therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of a technology-assisted programme to intensify upper limb rehabilitation after stroke and other neurological conditions in an Australian community cohort. METHODS: A "Hand Hub" was established in a tertiary hospital. Intervention was delivered via individual or group sessions for a period of up to 6 weeks, in addition to the patients' regular therapy. Patients were assessed before and after the programme using validated measures. RESULTS: A total of 92 participants completed both assessments (mean age 57 years (standard deviation 17 years), 58% male and 88% with stroke). Post-intervention, participants showed significant improvement in arm function and strength (p

A new neuro-rehabilitation system is proposed to address the movement quality of post-stroke patients. The system is designed to be used concurrently with existing upper-extremity virtual rehabilitation devices, and to aide correction of compensatory trunk and shoulder movements. A 3D sensor is utilised to estimate the movement of the shoulder, and an auditory cue is given to the patient when the system estimates that a compensatory movement has been made. The results of preliminary trials of this system on a single patient are presented.

To determine the relationship between the severity of distance and near-vision impairment on vision-specific quality of life (QoL) and depression in residential care residents.Residents from three low-level residential care facilities in Victoria (Australia) were recruited. All participants were assessed for cognitive impairment, distance and near-vision impairment (VI), and depression. Sociodemographic and other clinical data were also collected. The subscales of the Nursing Home Vision-Targeted Health-Related Quality-of-Life questionnaire (NHVQoL) were the main outcome measures and were validated by Rasch Analysis.Seventy-six residents were enrolled. The mean +/- SD of the participants' age was 83.9 +/- 9.9 years, and most were women (n = 44; 60%); 46.4% (n = 35) had binocular presenting VI (6/12), and 59% (n = 44) had at least mild near VI (worse than N8); 16% (n = 14) recorded depression symptoms, although depression was not associated with VI (P0.05). In linear regression models, distance and near VI was independently associated with poorer QoL on seven of the eight subscales of the NHVQoL scale (P0.05). The beta coefficients ranged from -12.3 to -80.2, which suggests that, on average, people with vision loss had poorer QoL, ranging between 12 and 80 points (scale range: 0-100) than did those with no VI. The QoL aspects most affected by vision loss were related to general vision, reading, hobbies, emotional well-being, and social interaction.VI remains a major form of disability in individuals living in residential care facilities and affects vision-specific functioning and socioemotional aspects of daily living. A larger study is needed to confirm these findings.