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Purpose To provide multidimensional velocity compensation for real-time phase-contrast flow MRI. Methods The proposed method introduces asymmetric gradient echoes for highly undersampled radial FLASH MRI with phase-sensitive image reconstruction by regularized nonlinear inversion (NLINV). Using an adapted gradient delay correction the resulting image quality was analyzed by simulations and experimentally validated at 3 Tesla. For real-time flow MRI the reduced gradient-echo timing allowed for the incorporation of velocity-compensating waveforms for all imaging gradients at even shorter repetition times. Results The results reveal a usable degree of 20% asymmetry. Real-time flow MRI with full velocity compensation eliminated signal void in a flow phantom, confirmed flow parameters in healthy subjects and demonstrated signal recovery and phase conservation in a patient with aortic valve insufficiency and stenosis. Exemplary protocols at 1.4–1.5 mm resolution and 6 mm slice thickness achieved total acquisition times of 33.3–35.7 ms for two images (7 spokes each) with and without flow-encoding gradient. Conclusion Asymmetric gradient echoes were successfully implemented for highly undersampled radial trajectories. The resulting temporal gain offers full velocity compensation for real-time phase-contrast flow MRI which minimizes false-positive contributions from complex flow and further enhances the temporal resolution compared with acquisitions with symmetric echoes. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a rapid diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for whole-brain studies without susceptibility artifacts and measuring times below 3 minutes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proposed method combines a DW spin-echo module with a single-shot stimulated echo acquisition mode MRI sequence. Previous deficiencies in image quality due to limited signal-to-noise ratio are compensated for (1) by radial undersampling to enhance the flip angle and thus the signal strength of stimulated echoes; (2) by defining the image reconstruction as a nonlinear inverse problem, which is solved by the iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method; and (3) by denoising with use of a modified nonlocal means filter. The method was implemented on a 3 T MRI system (64-channel head coil, 80 mT · m gradients) and evaluated for 10 healthy subjects and 2 patients with an ischemic lesion and epidermoid cyst, respectively. RESULTS: High-quality mean DW images of the entire brain were obtained by acquiring 1 non-DW image and 6 DW images with different diffusion directions at b = 1000 s · mm. The achievable resolution for a total measuring time of 84 seconds was 1.5 mm in plane with a section thickness of 4 mm (55 sections). A measuring time of 168 seconds allowed for an in-plane resolution of 1.25 mm and a section thickness of 3 mm (54 sections). Apparent diffusion coefficient values were in agreement with literature data. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method for DW MRI offers immunity against susceptibility problems, high spatial resolution, adequate signal-to-noise ratio and clinically feasible scan times of less than 3 minutes for whole-brain studies. More extended clinical trials require accelerated computation and online reconstruction.

Purpose To develop and evaluate a practical phase unwrapping method for real-time phase-contrast flow MRI using temporal and spatial continuity. Methods Real-time phase-contrast MRI of through-plane flow was performed using highly undersampled radial FLASH with phase-sensitive reconstructions by regularized nonlinear inversion. Experiments involved flow in a phantom and the human aorta (10 healthy subjects) with and without phase wrapping for velocity encodings of 100 cm·s−1 and 200 cm·s−1. Phase unwrapping was performed for each individual cardiac cycle and restricted to a region of interest automatically propagated to all time frames. The algorithm exploited temporal continuity in forward and backward direction for all pixels with a “continuous” representation of blood throughout the entire cardiac cycle (inner vessel lumen). Phase inconsistencies were corrected by a comparison with values from direct spatial neighbors. The latter approach was also applied to pixels exhibiting a discontinuous signal intensity time course due to movement-induced spatial displacements (peripheral vessel zone). Results Phantom and human flow MRI data were successfully unwrapped. When halving the velocity encoding, the velocity-to-noise ratio (VNR) increased by a factor of two. Conclusion The proposed phase unwrapping method for real-time flow MRI allows for measurements with reduced velocity encoding and increased VNR. Magn Reson Med 74:964–970, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Purpose To correct gradient-induced phase errors in radial MRI. Methods Gradient-induced eddy currents affect the MRI data acquisition by gradient delays and phase errors that may lead to severe image artifacts for non-Cartesian imaging scenarios such as radial trajectories. While gradient delays are dealt with by respective shifts of the acquisition window during radial image acquisition, this work introduces a simple method for quantifying and correcting phase errors from the actual data prior to image reconstruction. For a given gradient system, the approach yields a specific phase error per gradient that can be used for correcting the raw data. Results Phantom studies at 9.4 T demonstrated marked improvements in radial image quality. It could be shown that the phase correction is not compromised by data undersampling. Moreover, the selective correction of gradient-induced phase errors retained the phase information caused by different concentrations of a paramagnetic contrast agent. Conclusion The proposed method does not require additional reference measurements and separately corrects for phase errors induced by eddy currents, while retaining the residual phase of the object which may carry physiologic information. Magn Reson Med 71:308–312, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

We investigate the effects of blood flow and extravascular tissue shearing on diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS) signals from deep tissue, using an ex vivo porcine kidney model perfused artificially at controlled arterial pressure and flow. Temporal autocorrelation functions g((1))(τ) of the multiply scattered light field show a decay which is described by diffusion for constant flow, with a diffusion coefficient scaling linearly with volume flow rate. Replacing blood by a non-scattering fluid reveals a flow-independent background dynamics of the extravascular tissue. For a sinusoidally driven perfusion, field autocorrelation functions g((1))(τ, t') depend on the phase t' within the pulsation cycle and are approximately described by diffusion. The effective diffusion coefficient D(eff)(t') is modulated at the driving frequency in the presence of blood, showing coupling with flow rate; in the absence of blood, D(eff)(t') is modulated at twice the driving frequency, indicating shearing of extravascular tissue as the origin of the DWS signal. For both constant and pulsatile flow the contribution of extravascular tissue shearing to the DWS signal is small.

To develop a model-based reconstruction technique for real-time phase-contrast flow MRI with improved spatiotemporal accuracy in comparison to methods using phase differences of two separately reconstructed images with differential flow encodings.The proposed method jointly computes a common image, a phase-contrast map, and a set of coil sensitivities from every pair of flow-compensated and flow-encoded datasets obtained by highly undersampled radial FLASH. Real-time acquisitions with five and seven radial spokes per image resulted in 25.6 and 35.7 ms measuring time per phase-contrast map, respectively. The signal model for phase-contrast flow MRI requires the solution of a nonlinear inverse problem, which is accomplished by an iteratively regularized Gauss-Newton method. Aspects of regularization and scaling are discussed. The model-based reconstruction was validated for a numerical and experimental flow phantom and applied to real-time phase-contrast MRI of the human aorta for 10 healthy subjects and 2 patients.Under all conditions, and compared with a previously developed real-time flow MRI method, the proposed method yields quantitatively accurate phase-contrast maps (i.e., flow velocities) with improved spatial acuity, reduced phase noise and reduced streaking artifacts.This novel model-based reconstruction technique may become a new tool for clinical flow MRI in real time. Magn Reson Med 77:1082-1093, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

To provide multidimensional velocity compensation for real-time phase-contrast flow MRI.The proposed method introduces asymmetric gradient echoes for highly undersampled radial FLASH MRI with phase-sensitive image reconstruction by regularized nonlinear inversion (NLINV). Using an adapted gradient delay correction the resulting image quality was analyzed by simulations and experimentally validated at 3 Tesla. For real-time flow MRI the reduced gradient-echo timing allowed for the incorporation of velocity-compensating waveforms for all imaging gradients at even shorter repetition times.The results reveal a usable degree of 20% asymmetry. Real-time flow MRI with full velocity compensation eliminated signal void in a flow phantom, confirmed flow parameters in healthy subjects and demonstrated signal recovery and phase conservation in a patient with aortic valve insufficiency and stenosis. Exemplary protocols at 1.4-1.5 mm resolution and 6 mm slice thickness achieved total acquisition times of 33.3-35.7 ms for two images (7 spokes each) with and without flow-encoding gradient.Asymmetric gradient echoes were successfully implemented for highly undersampled radial trajectories. The resulting temporal gain offers full velocity compensation for real-time phase-contrast flow MRI which minimizes false-positive contributions from complex flow and further enhances the temporal resolution compared with acquisitions with symmetric echoes.

To develop and evaluate a practical phase unwrapping method for real-time phase-contrast flow MRI using temporal and spatial continuity.Real-time phase-contrast MRI of through-plane flow was performed using highly undersampled radial FLASH with phase-sensitive reconstructions by regularized nonlinear inversion. Experiments involved flow in a phantom and the human aorta (10 healthy subjects) with and without phase wrapping for velocity encodings of 100 cm·s(-1) and 200 cm·s(-1) . Phase unwrapping was performed for each individual cardiac cycle and restricted to a region of interest automatically propagated to all time frames. The algorithm exploited temporal continuity in forward and backward direction for all pixels with a "continuous" representation of blood throughout the entire cardiac cycle (inner vessel lumen). Phase inconsistencies were corrected by a comparison with values from direct spatial neighbors. The latter approach was also applied to pixels exhibiting a discontinuous signal intensity time course due to movement-induced spatial displacements (peripheral vessel zone).Phantom and human flow MRI data were successfully unwrapped. When halving the velocity encoding, the velocity-to-noise ratio (VNR) increased by a factor of two.The proposed phase unwrapping method for real-time flow MRI allows for measurements with reduced velocity encoding and increased VNR.

Purpose: To evaluate the temporal accuracy of a self-consistent nonlinear inverse reconstruction method (NLINV) for real-time MRI using highly undersampled radial gradient-echo sequences and to present an open source framework for the motion assessment of real-time MRI methods. Methods: Serial image reconstructions by NLINV combine a joint estimation of individual frames and corresponding coil sensitivities with temporal regularization to a preceding frame. The temporal fidelity of the method was determined with a phantom consisting of water-filled tubes rotating at defined angular velocity. The conditions tested correspond to real-time cardiac MRI using SSFP contrast at 1.5 T (40 ms resolution) and T1 contrast at 3.0 T (33 ms and 18 ms resolution). In addition, the performance of a post-processing temporal median filter was evaluated. Results: NLINV reconstructions without temporal filtering yield accurate estimations as long as the speed of a small moving object corresponds to a spatial displacement during the acquisition of a single frame which is smaller than the object itself. Faster movements may lead to geometric distortions. For small objects moving at high velocity, a median filter may severely compromise the spatiotemporal accuracy. Conclusion: NLINV reconstructions offer excellent temporal fidelity as long as the image acquisition time is short enough to adequately sample (“freeze”) the object movement. Temporal filtering should be applied with caution. The motion framework emerges as a valuable tool for the evaluation of real-time MRI methods.

To correct gradient-induced phase errors in radial MRI.Gradient-induced eddy currents affect the MRI data acquisition by gradient delays and phase errors that may lead to severe image artifacts for non-Cartesian imaging scenarios such as radial trajectories. While gradient delays are dealt with by respective shifts of the acquisition window during radial image acquisition, this work introduces a simple method for quantifying and correcting phase errors from the actual data prior to image reconstruction. For a given gradient system, the approach yields a specific phase error per gradient that can be used for correcting the raw data.Phantom studies at 9.4 T demonstrated marked improvements in radial image quality. It could be shown that the phase correction is not compromised by data undersampling. Moreover, the selective correction of gradient-induced phase errors retained the phase information caused by different concentrations of a paramagnetic contrast agent.The proposed method does not require additional reference measurements and separately corrects for phase errors induced by eddy currents, while retaining the residual phase of the object which may carry physiologic information.