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1. Retracing Participants in Longitudinal Studies: Trekking the Timescape of Fieldwork

Author

Ellis, Sophie, Lanskey, Caroline, Markson, Lucy, Souza, Karen, Barton-Crosby, Jennifer, and Lösel, Friedrich

Abstract

Retaining participants in longitudinal studies is important but challenging when retracing them after a substantial gap between study phases. Utilising our nine year mixed-methods longitudinal study of 54 families affected by paternal imprisonment, we qualitatively analysed our processes and experiences of retracing participants after a seven year gap in contact. Paying attention to the spatio-temporal features that are traditionally an analytical focus of qualitative longitudinal research helped to enhance our retention rates, and our fieldwork strategies can be more deeply understood as part of the 'timescape' of qualitative longitudinal research. In this paper, we describe the spatio-temporal contours that shaped our efforts, successes and failures, and distil the material practices that they led to during our 'tracking treks' through the timescape of longitudinal fieldwork.

Published
2023
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7. Retracing participants in longitudinal studies: Trekking the timescape of fieldwork.

Author

Ellis, Sophie, Lanskey, Caroline, Markson, Lucy, Souza, Karen, Barton-Crosby, Jennifer, and Lösel, Friedrich

Subjects
LONGITUDINAL method, FIELD research, HIKING, QUALITATIVE research
Abstract

Retaining participants in longitudinal studies is important but challenging when retracing them after a substantial gap between study phases. Utilising our nine year mixed-methods longitudinal study of 54 families affected by paternal imprisonment, we qualitatively analysed our processes and experiences of retracing participants after a seven year gap in contact. Paying attention to the spatio-temporal features that are traditionally an analytical focus of qualitative longitudinal research helped to enhance our retention rates, and our fieldwork strategies can be more deeply understood as part of the 'timescape' of qualitative longitudinal research. In this paper, we describe the spatio-temporal contours that shaped our efforts, successes and failures, and distil the material practices that they led to during our 'tracking treks' through the timescape of longitudinal fieldwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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9. The mental health trajectories of male prisoners and their female (ex-)partners from pre- to post-release

Author

Souza, Karen, Lanskey, Caroline, Ellis, Sophie, Lösel, Friedrich, Markson, Lucy, Barton-Crosby, Jenni, Souza, Karen [0000-0003-3381-7984], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Family Health, Male, Mental Health, family resilience, prisoner re-entry/resettlement, Prisoners, Prisons, Humans, Female, Resilience, Psychological, Child
Abstract

BACKGROUND: There are high rates of mental disorders among prisoners. Prisoners are also likely to have difficulties with intimate relationships, perhaps related to the imprisonment, but their mental health may be relevant. There is a dearth of research on intimate relationship qualities and mental health of offenders and their partners over time. AIMS: To explore mental health and relationship trajectories among men in prison, and their partners, before the men's release, through a time 6 months post-release, and then again 8 years later, and to test associations between relationship quality and mental health. METHOD: Data stem from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)-funded longitudinal 'Families and Imprisonment Research' (FAIR) project on paternal imprisonment and family resilience. Inclusion criteria for the study were men serving a short- to medium-term prison sentence who were within 4 months of release; with a current or ex-partner with whom they have at least one child; and for whom there were data on mental health and relationship factors during imprisonment, and at 6 months and 8 years post-release. Similar data were also obtained for their (ex-)partners. RESULTS: The main sample comprised 39 men and 39 women who were in the same 'family set' for the first two waves, and after 8 years, 26 men and 30 women were retained. Just over 40% of the men and their (ex-)partners each disclosed that they had a mental health problem preceding his release. Proportions fluctuated slightly over time, with some dissonance between self-perceived disorder and self-ratings on a symptoms rating scale. Twenty-nine couples sustained their relationship during the transition between prison and release, but after 8 years, only four remained together. There was little evidence of association between measures of mental health and relationship quality among either the men or their partners. CONCLUSIONS: The findings challenge assumptions about the extent to which partners can play fully supportive roles in a former prisoner's transition from institutional life back into the community, as partners are also likely to be experiencing difficulties during this time. Thus, former prisoners and their families should be afforded equal access to support and assistance during offender rehabilitation.

Published
2021
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10. Prisoners��� Families, Penal Power, and the Referred Pains of Imprisonment

Author

Lanskey, Caroline, Losel, Friedrich, Markson, Lucy, and Souza, Karen

Subjects
humanities, health care economics and organizations
Abstract

This chapter develops the analysis of the ���punishment beyond the legal offender���. It illustrates how parental imprisonment was experienced differently within and across families, and while not all experiences were negative, there were common experiences of hardship. The chapter considers these personal and social hardships ���referred pains of imprisonment���. Its analysis shows how these experiences were shaped by the direct contact families had with criminal justice agents, the strength of the relationship with the imprisoned parent, and the anticipated and actual response of others within the local community. The chapter introduces a distinction between ���acute��� pains that were experienced in the early stages of engagement with the criminal justice process (the arrest, trial, and removal of the father from the family) and ���chronic��� pains that persisted and burdened family members over the longer term.

Published
2021
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13. Effects of gaze aversion on visual-spatial imagination

Author

Markson, Lucy and Paterson, Kevin B.

Subjects
Gaze -- Psychological aspects, Cognitive psychology -- Research, Imagination -- Management, Imagination (Philosophy) -- Management, Company business management, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

The effects of gaze-aversion on the cognitive performance and visual-spatial imagination are examined. Findings show that having eye-contact with another person interrupts imagination, but averting gaze does not, supporting the argument that gaze-aversion provides positive cognitive functions.

Published
2009

15. The impact of contextual family risks on prisoners' children's behavioural outcomes and the potential protective role of family functioning moderators

Author

Markson, Lucy, Lamb, Michael E, Lösel, Friedrich, Lamb, Michael [0000-0002-6792-3526], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
behavioural development, children of prisoners, cumulative risk, family functioning protective factors, resilience
Abstract

Research suggests that children of prisoners have an increased risk for behavioural and emotional problems. However, in a resilience approach, one should expect heterogeneous outcomes and thus apply a contextualized perspective. As this is rarely acknowledged in empirical research, the present study sought to fill this gap using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study on 801 children of imprisoned fathers. We explored the extent to which cumulative family risks measured during the first year of life (e.g., poverty and mental health problems) predicted behavioural outcomes at age 9 and whether potentially protective aspects of family functioning moderated the impact of these risk factors. Cumulative risk significantly predicted behavioural outcomes, but the associations were weak. No strong evidence of moderation was found. At low risk, mother-child closeness moderated behavioural outcomes. There was also some evidence of moderation by accumulated protective factors. Potential implications for policy and practice and challenges for further research are discussed.

Published
2016

16. Male prisoners’ family relationships and resilience in resettlement

Author

Markson, Lucy, Lösel, Friedrich, Souza, Karen, and Lanskey, Caroline

Subjects
ddc:150, Philosophische Fakultät und Fachbereich Theologie
Abstract

Theories of social bonding and social capital support the argument that positive family relationships are important for resilience in resettlement after release from prison. However, this topic has rarely been addressed in prospective longitudinal studies of resettlement processes. This study gathered interview data from 39 family pairs of British male prisoners and their (ex-)partners before and after release. Questions on the father’s relationship, involvement and contact with the family were used as an index to predict seven resettlement outcomes. At the bivariate level and after control of pre-prison risk variables, family relationships predicted positive outcomes with finding accommodation, alcohol and drug use, the extent to which ex-prisoners felt they were coping with resettlement challenges and the quality of post-release family relations. In contrast, difficulties with employment and finance were neither related to previous family relations nor to the other resettlement outcomes. The findings suggest no general protective influence of family relationships during resettlement, but a strong effect on social and emotional aspects. Theoretical issues, limitations and potential practical consequences are discussed.

Published
2015

23. Re-framing the Analysis: A 3-dimensional Perspective of Prisoners' Children's Well-being.

Author

Lanskey, Caroline, Lösel, Friedrich, Markson, Lucy, and Souza, Karen A.

Subjects
CHILDREN, WELL-being, CHILD welfare, PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation, FATHERS, LONGITUDINAL method, TIME, THEMATIC analysis, GROUNDED theory, PRISONERS, PSYCHOLOGY
Abstract

This article highlights three dimensions to understanding children's well-being during and after parental imprisonment which have not been fully explored in current research. A consideration of 'time' reveals the importance of children's past experiences and their anticipated futures. A focus on 'space' highlights the impact of new or altered environmental dynamics. A study of 'agency' illuminates how children cope within structural, material and social confines which intensify vulnerability and dependency. This integrated perspective reveals important differences in individual children's experiences and commonalities in broader systemic and social constraints on prisoners' children. The paper analyses data from a prospective longitudinal study of 35 prisoners' children during and after their (step) father's imprisonment to illustrate the arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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24. Effects of social gaze on visual-spatial imagination

Author

Buchanan, Heather, Markson, Lucy, Bertrand, Emma, Greaves, Sian, Pamar, Reena, Paterson, Kevin B., Buchanan, Heather, Markson, Lucy, Bertrand, Emma, Greaves, Sian, Pamar, Reena, and Paterson, Kevin B.

Abstract

Previous research suggests that closing one’s eyes or averting one’s gaze from another person can benefit visual-spatial imagination by interrupting cognitive demands associated with face-to-face interaction (Markson and Paterson, 2009). The present study further investigated this influence of social gaze on adults’ visual-spatial imagination, using the matrix task (Kerr, 1987, 1993). Participants mentally kept track of a pathway through an imaginary 2-dimensional (2D) or 3-dimensional (3D) matrix. Concurrent with this task, participants either kept their eyes closed or maintained eye contact with another person, mutual gaze with a person whose eyes were obscured (by wearing dark glasses), or unreciprocated gaze toward the face of a person whose own gaze was averted or whose face was occluded (by placing a paper bag over her head). Performance on the 2D task was poorest in the eye contact condition, and did not differ between the other gaze conditions, which produced ceiling performance. However, the more difficult 3D task revealed clear effects of social gaze. Performance on the 3D task was poorest for eye contact, better for mutual gaze, and equally better still for the unreciprocated gaze and eye-closure conditions. The findings reveal the especially disruptive influence of eye contact on concurrent visual-spatial imagination and a benefit for cognitively demanding tasks of disengaging eye contact during face-to-face interaction.

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25. Effects of social gaze on visual-spatial imagination

Author

Buchanan, Heather, Markson, Lucy, Bertrand, Emma, Greaves, Sian, Pamar, Reena, Paterson, Kevin B., Buchanan, Heather, Markson, Lucy, Bertrand, Emma, Greaves, Sian, Pamar, Reena, and Paterson, Kevin B.

Abstract

Previous research suggests that closing one’s eyes or averting one’s gaze from another person can benefit visual-spatial imagination by interrupting cognitive demands associated with face-to-face interaction (Markson and Paterson, 2009). The present study further investigated this influence of social gaze on adults’ visual-spatial imagination, using the matrix task (Kerr, 1987, 1993). Participants mentally kept track of a pathway through an imaginary 2-dimensional (2D) or 3-dimensional (3D) matrix. Concurrent with this task, participants either kept their eyes closed or maintained eye contact with another person, mutual gaze with a person whose eyes were obscured (by wearing dark glasses), or unreciprocated gaze toward the face of a person whose own gaze was averted or whose face was occluded (by placing a paper bag over her head). Performance on the 2D task was poorest in the eye contact condition, and did not differ between the other gaze conditions, which produced ceiling performance. However, the more difficult 3D task revealed clear effects of social gaze. Performance on the 3D task was poorest for eye contact, better for mutual gaze, and equally better still for the unreciprocated gaze and eye-closure conditions. The findings reveal the especially disruptive influence of eye contact on concurrent visual-spatial imagination and a benefit for cognitively demanding tasks of disengaging eye contact during face-to-face interaction.

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26. Effects of social gaze on visual-spatial imagination

Author

Buchanan, Heather, Markson, Lucy, Bertrand, Emma, Greaves, Sian, Pamar, Reena, Paterson, Kevin B., Buchanan, Heather, Markson, Lucy, Bertrand, Emma, Greaves, Sian, Pamar, Reena, and Paterson, Kevin B.

Abstract

Previous research suggests that closing one’s eyes or averting one’s gaze from another person can benefit visual-spatial imagination by interrupting cognitive demands associated with face-to-face interaction (Markson and Paterson, 2009). The present study further investigated this influence of social gaze on adults’ visual-spatial imagination, using the matrix task (Kerr, 1987, 1993). Participants mentally kept track of a pathway through an imaginary 2-dimensional (2D) or 3-dimensional (3D) matrix. Concurrent with this task, participants either kept their eyes closed or maintained eye contact with another person, mutual gaze with a person whose eyes were obscured (by wearing dark glasses), or unreciprocated gaze toward the face of a person whose own gaze was averted or whose face was occluded (by placing a paper bag over her head). Performance on the 2D task was poorest in the eye contact condition, and did not differ between the other gaze conditions, which produced ceiling performance. However, the more difficult 3D task revealed clear effects of social gaze. Performance on the 3D task was poorest for eye contact, better for mutual gaze, and equally better still for the unreciprocated gaze and eye-closure conditions. The findings reveal the especially disruptive influence of eye contact on concurrent visual-spatial imagination and a benefit for cognitively demanding tasks of disengaging eye contact during face-to-face interaction.

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27. Effects of social gaze on visual-spatial imagination

Author

Buchanan, Heather, Markson, Lucy, Bertrand, Emma, Greaves, Sian, Pamar, Reena, Paterson, Kevin B., Buchanan, Heather, Markson, Lucy, Bertrand, Emma, Greaves, Sian, Pamar, Reena, and Paterson, Kevin B.

Abstract

Previous research suggests that closing one’s eyes or averting one’s gaze from another person can benefit visual-spatial imagination by interrupting cognitive demands associated with face-to-face interaction (Markson and Paterson, 2009). The present study further investigated this influence of social gaze on adults’ visual-spatial imagination, using the matrix task (Kerr, 1987, 1993). Participants mentally kept track of a pathway through an imaginary 2-dimensional (2D) or 3-dimensional (3D) matrix. Concurrent with this task, participants either kept their eyes closed or maintained eye contact with another person, mutual gaze with a person whose eyes were obscured (by wearing dark glasses), or unreciprocated gaze toward the face of a person whose own gaze was averted or whose face was occluded (by placing a paper bag over her head). Performance on the 2D task was poorest in the eye contact condition, and did not differ between the other gaze conditions, which produced ceiling performance. However, the more difficult 3D task revealed clear effects of social gaze. Performance on the 3D task was poorest for eye contact, better for mutual gaze, and equally better still for the unreciprocated gaze and eye-closure conditions. The findings reveal the especially disruptive influence of eye contact on concurrent visual-spatial imagination and a benefit for cognitively demanding tasks of disengaging eye contact during face-to-face interaction.

Full Text
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28. Effects of social gaze on visual-spatial imagination

Author

Buchanan, Heather, Markson, Lucy, Bertrand, Emma, Greaves, Sian, Pamar, Reena, Paterson, Kevin B., Buchanan, Heather, Markson, Lucy, Bertrand, Emma, Greaves, Sian, Pamar, Reena, and Paterson, Kevin B.

Abstract

Previous research suggests that closing one’s eyes or averting one’s gaze from another person can benefit visual-spatial imagination by interrupting cognitive demands associated with face-to-face interaction (Markson and Paterson, 2009). The present study further investigated this influence of social gaze on adults’ visual-spatial imagination, using the matrix task (Kerr, 1987, 1993). Participants mentally kept track of a pathway through an imaginary 2-dimensional (2D) or 3-dimensional (3D) matrix. Concurrent with this task, participants either kept their eyes closed or maintained eye contact with another person, mutual gaze with a person whose eyes were obscured (by wearing dark glasses), or unreciprocated gaze toward the face of a person whose own gaze was averted or whose face was occluded (by placing a paper bag over her head). Performance on the 2D task was poorest in the eye contact condition, and did not differ between the other gaze conditions, which produced ceiling performance. However, the more difficult 3D task revealed clear effects of social gaze. Performance on the 3D task was poorest for eye contact, better for mutual gaze, and equally better still for the unreciprocated gaze and eye-closure conditions. The findings reveal the especially disruptive influence of eye contact on concurrent visual-spatial imagination and a benefit for cognitively demanding tasks of disengaging eye contact during face-to-face interaction.

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29. The impact of contextual family risks on prisoners' children's behavioural outcomes and the potential protective role of family functioning moderators.

Author

Markson L, Lamb ME, and Lösel F

Abstract

Research suggests that children of prisoners have an increased risk for behavioural and emotional problems. However, in a resilience approach, one should expect heterogeneous outcomes and thus apply a contextualized perspective. As this is rarely acknowledged in empirical research, the present study sought to fill this gap using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study on 801 children of imprisoned fathers. We explored the extent to which cumulative family risks measured during the first year of life (e.g., poverty and mental health problems) predicted behavioural outcomes at age 9 and whether potentially protective aspects of family functioning moderated the impact of these risk factors. Cumulative risk significantly predicted behavioural outcomes, but the associations were weak. No strong evidence of moderation was found. At low risk, mother-child closeness moderated behavioural outcomes. There was also some evidence of moderation by accumulated protective factors. Potential implications for policy and practice and challenges for further research are discussed.

Published
2016
Full Text
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