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Objective: Aim: The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the expression of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, macrophages in the post-traumatic regenerate of the mandible rats under conditions of filling a bone defect with hydroxyapatite-containing osteotropic material and thymalin injecting the surrounding soft tissues., Patients and Methods: Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted on 48 mature rats of the WAG population weighing 160-180 grams. Four groups were formed. Group 1 included 12 rats with a simulated holey defect in the lower jaw. Group 2 included 12 rats with a simulated holey defect in the lower jaw followed by its closure with hydroxyapatite-containing osteotropic material (bone graft "Biomin GT"). Group 3 included 12 rats with a simulated holey defect in the lower jaw with injecting the surrounding soft tissues with thymalin. Group 4 included 12 rats with a simulated holey defect in the lower jaw followed by its closure with hydroxyapatite-containing osteotropic material (bone graft "Biomin GT") and injecting the surrounding soft tissues with thymalin. The material for the morphological study was a fragment of the lower jaw from the area of the simulated holey defect. An immunohistochemical study was aperformed using monoclonal antibodies to CD68, CD20, CD163, CD86, CD3., Results: Results: A comprehensive experimental and morphological study conducted by the authors revealed that thymalin injection of the soft tissues surrounding the bone defect of the lower jaw, filled with hydroxyapatite-containing osteotropic material "Biomin GT", stimulates local immune reactions in the post-traumatic regenerate, which is manifested, firstly, by an increase in the number T-lymphocytes on the 3rd day of the experiment and their increase up to the 28th day; secondly, by increasing the number of B-lymphocytes on the 14th day of the experiment with their further increase up to the 28th day; thirdly, by increasing the number of macrophages on the 3rd day of the experiment and their growth up to the 28th day; fourth, changes in macrophages phenotypes (decrease in the number of M1-macrophages and increase in the number of M2-macrophages)., Conclusion: Conclusions: Stimulation of local immune reactions in the post-traumatic regenerate can be one of the mechanisms that activate reparative osteogenesis in the lower jaw of rats under the conditions of filling bone defects with hydroxyapatite-containing osteotropic material "Biomin GT" and thymalin injecting the surrounding soft tissues.

Military conflicts, terrorist attacks and wars around the world pose a wide range of questions to the medical community about providing medical care to military personnel and civilians with mine-explosive trauma, which is characterized by simultaneous damage of various anatomical areas, including the maxillofacial region. The purpose of this work was to describe a case from practice of treating a patient with a mine-explosive trauma, which manifested by a fracture of the right zygomatic-orbital complex and the upper jaw on the right. Using own case from practice, the authors showed that the treatment of patients with mine-explosive trauma of the maxillofacial region is long-term, multi-stage and should take place in a specialized hospital with the involvement of a team of multidisciplinary specialists.

Objective: Aim: The purpose of the study was to identify the morphological features of reparative osteogenesis in the rats lower jaw under the conditions of using electrical stimulation., Patients and Methods: Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted on 24 mature male rats of the WAG population. Two groups were formed. Group 1 included 12 rats that were modeled with a perforated defect of the lower jaw body. Group 2 included 12 animals that were modeled with a perforated defect similar to group 1. In animals, a microdevice for electrical action was implanted subcutaneously in the neck area on the side of the simulated bone defect (a temporary Videx AG 4 battery; a constant sinusoidal electric current of an unchanging nature 1 milliampere, frequency 30 W). The negative electrode connected to the negative pole of the battery was in contact with the bone defect. The battery and electrode were insulated with plastic heat shrink material. Morphological and statistical methods were used., Results: Results: The positive effect of electrical stimulation on reparative osteogenesis was due to a decrease in the severity of hemodynamic disorders, activation of angiogenesis in granulation tissue, which was one of the components of the regenerate that filled the bone defect, matured and turned into connective tissue; stimulation of the proliferative potential of fibroblastic cells and cells with osteoblastic activity in granulation tissue; increasing the proliferative potential of osteoblastic elements of bone tissue bordering the cavity; stimulation of macrophage cells and processes of cleansing the bone cavity from fragments of a blood clot and alteratively changed tissues; formation of clusters of adipocytes in the loci of connective and granulation tissue of the regenerate; the process of metaplasia of connective tissue into bone tissue; an increase of the foci of hematopoiesis in the intertrabecular spaces of lamellar bone tissue., Conclusion: Conclusions: A comprehensive clinical and experimental study conducted by the authors proved that electrical stimulation activates the reparative osteogenesis in the lower jaw, which occurs through direct osteogenesis and does not finish on the 28th day of the experiment.

Objective: The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of local immune reactions in the skin with underlying soft tissues in patients with different variants of the multiple sclerosis' course., Patients and Methods: Material and methods: The study included 35 patients, hospitalized in the neurological department of the Communal Nonprofit Enterprise of Kharkiv Regional Council «Regional Clinical Hospital» with the established diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The patients were divided into three study groups, based on different variants of this pathology's course. Group 1 included 16 patients with relapsing-remitting type of multiple sclerosis. Group 2 included 11 patients with a secondary-progressive type of multiple sclerosis course. Group 3 included 8 patients with a primary progressive type of multiple sclerosis. Patients of all groups underwent a biopsy of the skin with underlying soft tissues in the lower third of the inner surface of the right lower leg. The comparison group (group 4) was represented by 10 autopsy cases (7 women and 3 men) conducted on the basis of the pathological anatomy department of the Communal Nonprofit Enterprise of Kharkiv Regional Council «Regional Clinical Hospital». There were no signs of the nervous system's pathology during life in all cases of this group. The cause of death was a dislocation of the brain stem or hematocephaly and the main disease was arteriovenous malformation or congenital aneurysm of the cerebral vessels. The material for the morphological study was skin with underlying soft tissues. Microspecimens stained with histological and immunohistochemical methods were studied, using an Olympus BX-41 microscope. The obtained data were statistically processed, using Statistica 6.0 and Microsoft Excel 2003 programs., Results: Results: Survey microscopy showed that in groups 1-3 in comparison with group 4 immune cell infiltrations were more pronounced in the skin with underlying hypodermis. Significantly larger mean values of the absolute number of CD 3-, CD 20- and CD 68-positive cells were revealed immunohistochemically in groups 1-3 compared with group 4. Thus, it was found in patients with multiple sclerosis the activation of T-cell immunity, B-cell immunity and macrophage system with the development of an immune imbalance between them. Our results allow us to think about the participation of all the above immune cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis development. The revealed disorders of local immune reactions in the skin with underlying hypodermis in patients with multiple sclerosis are less pronounced in the remitting-recurrent variant of the course of the disease, more pronounced in the secondary-progressing and, especially, primary-progressing variants., Conclusion: Conclusions: In patients with multiple sclerosis in the skin with underlying hypodermis activation of T-cell immunity, B-cell immunity and the macrophage system is observed with the development of an immune imbalance between them, characterized by the prevalence of the absolute number of macrophages among all immune cells. Less pronounced violations of local immune reactions in the skin with underlying hypodermis are noted in remitting-relapsing variant of multiple sclerosis course, more pronounced in a secondary-progressing and, especially, primary-progressing variants.