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The legal regime of the state of emergency is regulated very poorly in Republika Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina in general. It is necessary to carry out a detailed positive legal and comparative legal analysis of this legal regime, to formulate proposals for amending the Constitution and laws of Republika Srpska. Their goal would be greater legal certainty and more detailed and meaningful legal regulation, which would reduce opportunities for abuses of state power and endangering human rights. The author first analyzes the constitutional provisions on the declaration of a state of emergency, the functioning of state institutions and the restriction of human rights during its duration. The author concludes that the constitutional provisions are so lapidary, that the state institutions, especially the executive, have wide possibilities for regulation of the state of emergency and the exercise of state power during its duration, even relatively wide possibilities of limiting human rights. The author believes that this is an extremely inappropriate legal solution. Therefore, he made a series of proposals for amendments to the Constitution of Republika Srpska, so that the legal regime of the state of emergency would be as fully regulated as possible, which would significantly reduce the possibilities of abuse of state power.

The subject of the paper is the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case Kovačević v. Bosnia and Herzegovina. The judgment reflects the Court's opinion on discrimination against particular groups of citizens who may or may not, depending on the approach and attitude, use their active voting right in the elections for the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the House of Peoples of the Parliamentary Assembly. e novelty of this judgement is in the fact that the Court analysed the possibility of exercising active voting right while in previous cases it decided on discrimination against groups of citizens regarding the exercise of passive voting right. e judgement has to be criticised for several reasons and from several angles. e Court did not consider the legal nature of the Presidency and the House of Peoples which led it to wrong conclusions regarding discrimination against. It only took into consideration that the Others as well as some segments of constituent peoples could not be represented in these institutions. However, this fact has already been contained in several other judgements. e novelty is that the Court has judged that a voter cannot exercise the active voting right since he/she cannot vote for his/her preferred candidate for his/her ethnic affiliation and/or Entity place of residence. e purpose of this paper is to challenge this view and particularly to oppose the attitude that the implementation of this judgement has to introduce the solution that Bosnia and Herzegovina has to become one electoral district.

In this paper, the author analyzes the institution of recall of a mayor in the legal system of the Republika Srpska by critically examining the provisions of two legislative acts: The Election Act of Republika Srpska and the Local Self-government Act of Republika Srpska. The institution of recall has a serious democratic potential because it is an instrument enabling political control of mayors by citizens. However, the current legal solutions in Republika Srpska limit this potential because they do not encourage citizens to use this instrument of political control, which is not the case with political parties. Given the fact that the decision on initiating the recall procedure depends on a local assembly, recall has very often been used as a tool for political confrontation between a local assembly and a mayor, while the citizens have remained a second-class political subject. The Election Act of Republika Srpska does not contain adequate provisions on the protection of rights of citizens and political subjects during the recall procedure. In fact, this issue is relatively unregulated or underregulated. The Local Self-government Act of Republika Srpska protects a local assembly which triggers an unsuccessful recall procedure since there is no legal guarantee that such a local assembly would be dissolved. The author proposes different solutions which should improve the regulation of this legal institute and reduce the possibility of turning it into a tool for political manipulation.

Polynomials of a degree higher than 8th used for the rise phase of displacement curve of a cam profile were optimized for gaining minimal jerk using the search and rescue optimization algorithm. The algorithm was used to obtain the polynomial coefficients for the polynomials of the higher degree that cannot be calculated by using the analytical approach without adding additional boundary conditions other than displacement, velocity and acceleration in characteristic positions. The degree of the polynomial from which the optimal value of jerk using the optimization algorithm can be obtained was determined, as well as the degree after which the results of the optimization give worse values of the jerk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Globalization and technological advances have made significant changes in city development. To integrate all dimensions of the smart city, communication networks are essential. Smart infrastructure integrates transport, electricity, water distribution, sensing systems, information and communication technologies with communication networks. To make optimal use of all the data available from a range of sensors smart cities need reliable networks. This paper gives an overview of optical technologies for application in smart systems and infrastructures that should handle the capacity of data and smart city applications.

This paper presents the main water quality characteristics of the Bjelica River before and after the discharge of Lučani wastewaters. The objectives of the research included analytical and environmental testing and assessment of the water quality of the Bjelica River before and after the discharge of wastewaters from the Lučani town collector. The results of the physicochemical analysis of major water quality indicators were used. Testing was conducted in July and October 2015, and January, May and July 2016. Assays were performed at the Public Health Institute, Čačak and at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agronomy, Čačak. The water quality of the river was assessed as moderate ecological status or Class III category of surface waters. The results of the river water quality analysis indicated that the quality of the river water was better before the inflow of effluents from the town collector.

The proper choice of material and geometric properties of the girder of the bridge crane can significantly reduce its weight and production cost. This research presents the weight optimization of the main girder with a non-symmetric box-like cross-section. The strength analysis in characteristic points of the critical cross-section and the local stability of plates were conducted using Eurocodes. This study aimed to prove that a proper choice of geometry for the cross-section plates and their additional design elements can have a meaningful impact on the weight. The optimization procedure was done using Water Evaporation Optimization (WEO) algorithm, with the implementation of all necessary criteria and conditions which must be fulfilled. This study revealed that the application of the light-weight design philosophy to the structure of the main girder could significantly reduce its weight, which is verified in the existing examples of double-beam bridge cranes. Achieved savings in girder weight are between 24.43% and 34.73%, dependingly on the considered example. Also, the study showed the influence of the chosen material on the steel girder's optimum weight and geometric parameters. Depending on the studied example of the bridge crane and selected material, the WEO algorithm gave the same solution through simulations. The value of the optimum weight had a slight deviation at the second decimal place, which is neglectable. The algorithm successfully avoided the trap of getting into the local minimum during the search. In the end, it can be stated that the application of the WEO algorithm was successful in the considered engineering problem since it was the optimization of a complex steel structure with 11 variables and more than 20 constraint functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The position of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the most important constitutional issues in the country. The three most important issues are as follows: 1) the composition of the Court regarding the presence of foreign judges in it; 2) the method of election of judges; and 3) the methods of decision-making. The purpose of this work is to analyse some of these issues in light of new developments regarding the Court. Namely, although composed of nine judges, the Court now functions with only six judges, which can be lowered to five or even four soon. If this happens, the Court could not function at all. Therefore, different factors contributed to the solution of this dangerous situation. The analysis of the Opinion of the Venice Commission, however, shows that its ideas have to be criticised for their essentially political content and the Commission's political approach to the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this current study is to compare the chemical composition of fresh meat of different types of freshwater fish used in the diet of consumers. Comparison of basic chemical parameters of meat quality of cultivated and fish species from open waters was made. Most of the chemical composition parameters are very little differs from the values for the same parameters for most of the investigated fish species, which are available in the literature data. The results of this, as well as a number of other studies, confirm that fish from open waters have a generally higher content of water and lower fat content, while fish from breeding is characterized by lower water content and higher fat content. The highest protein content was found in fresh meat of the tiny carp (20.92%), and the lowest value (17.01%) determined for the protein content in meat of the bleak. The highest fat content was found in the flesh of the tiny carp (11.53%), which is a consequence of genetic characteristics and intensive feeding in fishery conditions. The lowest fat content was determined in the sample of fresh meat of the bleak, amounting to 3.64%. The highest value of the ash content is determined in the Schneider meat, which is 1.96%, the lowest in the meat of the tiny carp (0.82%). Fish from open waters have higher ash content as a result of life in ecosystems that contain larger amounts of limestone and other minerals.

In commercial apiculture, beekepers usually remove honey from hives and replenish food reserves with sugar syrup. When honeybees use sugar syrup (sucrose solution), they break down sucrose into glucose and fructose. These processes exhaust and weaken bees. In order to prevent bee exhaustion resulting from this processing, bees should preferably be supplied with ready made food before winter, i.e., with syrup in which sucrose has already been inverted. Feeding with inverted syrups is the most popular way of honeybee feeding. Beekeepers usually prepare inverted syrups by adding a weak organic acid (citric, oxalic, acetic or lactic acid) to sucrose solution at elevated temperatures. Inverted syrup production under uncontrolled pH, temperature and time conditions can cause the formation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF), a compound harmful to bees. High quality inverted syrup can be obtained through the hydrolytic decomposition of sucrose by the enzyme invertase. Due to its invertase content, honey can be used as a biocatalyst for sucrose inversion. Invertase activity depends on the type, method and time of honey storage. This study evaluates the catalytic effect of acacia honey on formation of reducing sugars during hydrolysis of 50 wt.% sucrose solution. The ratio of reducing sugars and sucrose at 40°C, after 5 days of hydrolysis at a concentration of honey and 10 wt.% was 0.30 g reducing sugars/g of sucrose. The highest content of reducing sugars was achieved at a temperature of 35°C, after 48 h of invertion. In all samples of hydrolysates obtained at different temperatures (35–65°C), HMF was detected at concentrations of less than 4.32 mg kg–1. A high degree of negative correlation (coefficient of linearity –0.94) was established between parameters of volumetric and polarimetric measurements during the hydrolysis of sucrose. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 46010]

Nowadays the rapid development of telecommunication services is increasingly evident and undeniable. In order to adapt to constant changes, telecommunication services providers and network operators must follow the requirements of the market and adapt service portfolio they offer. The existence of pre-defined package of services can meet the requirements of a labor market. Combining different services and their delivery to the location of the end user facilitates business to the companies. A flexible approach to creating solutions to connect to the Internet enables the operator to keep position among the leaders in the telecommunications market. However, large companies usually have complex and specific requirements. Specific requirements are usually related to the quality of data transmission and data security. Therefore, different solutions are tailor-made and applied by the business users. The specific requirements of the user described in this paper refer to the maximum availability of Internet connection at the location of the customer, which includes the delivery of two independent Internet links as well as adequate equipment to perform switching from the primary to the redundant (backup) link in the event of interruption or major degradation of quality of service.

Introduction/purpose: The term Internet of Things (IoT) usually refers to the collective network of connected devices and the technology that facilitates communication between these devices and the cloud, as well as among these devices. The IoT concept is lately considered and applied as the appropriate in design of systems intended for distribution of data and information between heterogeneous devices with the aim to improve efficiency and effectiveness of business and decision making. The IoT enables energy and supply chain monitoring, production coordination, equipment performance optimization, transportation, public health, and improves workers' safety and health. In addition to smart devices, IoT technology also enables the connection of various sensors as a source of data on various physical phenomena, and, based on the information obtained, it is possible to control the operation of devices, make predictions, make decisions, etc. In this paper, specific areas of the application of the IoT in the defense and security sector are analyzed in order to identify the possibilities of applying modern technologies in raising the defense potential of the state and define the directions of future research in the subject area. Methods: The methods of content analysis of current research were applied, and then, with the deductive method, conclusions were reached about the future directions of the development of IoT technology. Results: A detailed analysis of past and ongoing research in the defense and security sector was carried out, and potential directions of future research into the IoT were given in order to increase the operational capabilities of armed forces. Conclusion: IoT services will certainly contribute to a greater degree of automation and improvement of the quality of military decisions on the battlefield, especially in the conditions of unexpected scenarios in an unpredictable hostile environment, thus facilitating the reduction in both human and material losses in operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their high carbohydrate content, cereals are the main source of energy in human, livestock and fish diets, with wheat and maize being the most commonly used crops. Although these two crops, along with rice, satisfy about 50% of human energy requirements, it is necessary to introduce other crops, which are of minor commercial importance. This necessity has been intensified by the growing needs of aquaculture, particularly with respect to carbohydrate requirements. Cereal grains account for an average of 35-45% of the feed ration for common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Experiments have been conducted on the use of barley, triticale and rye as substitutes for wheat and maize. The grains of these replacement cereals are preliminarily subjected to gelatinisation due to the high content of crude starch. Results indicate the possibility of partial or complete substitution (for maize) in some fish feeds. The usability (feed value) of cereals in fish nutrition is ranked in the order: wheat > triticale > maize > barley > rye.

This paper presents the application of cognitive radio technology in vehicular ad-hoc networks aimed to improve the communications between vehicles themselves as well as between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. Due to dynamic approach of spectrum access, cognitive radio is a technology that enables more efficient usage of radio-frequency spectrum. We review actual approaches and discuss research challenges related to the use of cognitive radio technology in vehicular ad hoc networks with emphasis on architecture, spectrum management as well as QoS optimization. The researching on cognitive radio application in vehicular networks is still developing and there are not many experimental platforms due to their complex setups. Some related research projects and cognitive radio realizations are provided in this paper.

Total protein and lipid contents were analysed in 5 samples of canned fish (sardines, Atlantic mackerel fillets, tuna in olive oil, smoked Baltic sprat and herring fillets) available on the Serbian market. Standard methods for the determination of protein (Kjeldahl method) and lipid (Soxhlet method) contents were used on drained samples. The protein content was 21.31% on average, with a range of 18.59% - 24.17%. Total lipids showed considerably large variations (5.49% - 35.20%), and averaged 18.88%. The observed differences, particularly in lipid content, were due to different fish species - the highest values were found in the meat of pelagic fish from northern seas (herring), but were also associated with the preservation (canning) technology used.

The studies on the ichthyofauna of Serbia that have been conducted so far indicate the sporadic tench (Tinca tinca L.) presence in typical habitats. The hydroenvironmental conditions necessary for the survival of this fish species are highly variable and, generally, are more favourable in the northern part of the country (the Vojvodina Province). Although the tench presence has been registered at over 30 sites, there is a tendency of a decrease in population abundance. This is due to the reduction of the surface area of the macrophyte-covered flood zones induced by the damming and regulation of rivers, high water level fluctuations, and water amount reduction in the majority of watercourses, a massive increase in the number of allochthonous phytofagous species, reservoir sediment deposition, water quality deterioration and other factors. The tench conservation status in Serbia is officially designated as Low Risk - Least Concern. It may be transferred to a higher category if the tendency towards deterioration of survival conditions for the species should continue.

Some medicinal features of olive leaf have been known for centuries. It has been traditionally used as an antimicrobial and to prevent and treat diabetes mellitus and heart disease. Whether olive leaf, a natural antioxidant, influences the gastric defense mechanism and exhibits gastroprotection against experimentally-induced gastric lesions remains unknown. In this study, the content of total phenols, total flavonoids and tannins in olive leaf extract (OLE) were determined. Seven phenolic compounds were identified and quantified (oleuropein, caffeic acid, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin, and chryseriol). Furthermore, the protective activity of the OLE in gastric mucosal injury induced by a corrosive concentration of ethanol was investigated. In relation to the control group, pretreatment with OLE (40, 80 and 120 mg kg-1) significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated the gastric lesions induced by absolute ethanol. The protective effect of the OLE was similar to that obtained with a reference drug, ranitidine. The results obtained indicate that OLE possesses significant gastroprotective activity, and that the presence of compounds with antioxidative properties would probably explain this effect.

Leuciscus cephalus L. is abundantly present fish species in the Balkan freshwaters, which indicates a good adaptation to the environmental conditions existing in the most of reservoirs. The fish species is abundant in the Međuvršje reservoir situated on the Zapadna Morava river (West Serbia, the Danube basin) as the only predator found here. In the period from 1996 to 2002, the intestinal content of 88 individuals of different age was analyzed. The zoophytophage character of diet was found to be largely shared with plant components all the year round. The differences in the trophic spectrum over the various seasons existed between the individuals of different age with high individual variations being found, too.