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The aim of the study is to determine patients’ knowledge and attitudes toward dental implants as a therapeutic option after tooth extraction and to examine the sources of information about dental implants and determine the most common barriers in deciding for this type of therapy. The cross-sectional study included 130 patients. An anonymous survey questionnaire was used to conduct the research. The survey questionnaire consists of a total of 17 multiple-choice questions. Respondents showed good knowledge of dental implants except for knowledge of dental implant duration where subjects mostly stated that a dental implant lasts a lifetime. For most respondents, the dentist is the main source of information related to dental implants. The cost of the procedure for most respondents is a major barrier in decision to install a dental implant, but most of them want to know more about dental implants. Statistically significant differences were observed in patients ‘knowledge in relation to age and level of education and patients’ attitudes in relation to gender, age, and level of education.

The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge on pre-hospital emergency management of tooth avulsion among Croatian kindergarten teachers. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 33 educators in kindergarten (average 43.9±9.7 years). The questionnaire contained 10 close-ended questions with two or eleven possible answers. Statistical significance was determined using chi-square test. Majority of participants had no experience with tooth injury among children in kindergarten. Questions about the familiarity with the terms of a knocked-out tooth and tooth replantation and whether the knocked-out tooth should be replanted were confirmatively answered by 90.9%, 57.6% and 63.6% of participants, respectively. Only 9.1% of participants provided the correct answer that replantation should be done within 30 minutes. 78.8% of participants would choose correct medium for cleaning if avulsed tooth got dirty. Tooth would be transported in appropriate medium by 48.5% of participants. Correct answers on both the transport medium and the cleaning of knocked-out tooth were provided by 45.5% participants. 57.6% participants would seek help for replantation by visiting the nearest dentist. None of the participants had ever received any kind of information on management of a knocked-out tooth. The kindergarten teachers have a lack of knowledge for immediate response to tooth avulsion. Every kindergarten teacher should be well informed what should be done if some type of dental injury happens. The official communication between dental professionals and kindergarten teachers should be improved at local and regional level.

AIM To assess the levels of agreement between parents and adolescents about young adolescents' orthodontic treatment demand and to what extent is treatment demand conditioned by family and psychosocial impacts and oral function. DESIGN This cross-sectional study included 221 adolescents (11-14 years, 54% female) and their parents. A 5-point scale was used to assess orthodontic treatment demand. Adolescents self-administered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire, and parents self-administered the Parental-Caregivers Perceptions Questionnaire and Family Impact Scale. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need Dental Health Component (IOTN DHC) was used for determining malocclusion severity. Intraclass correlation coefficient and Cohen's kappa coefficient were used for the assessment of agreement between two informants. RESULTS The parent-child agreement on children's orthodontic treatment demand was weak, concording with 67.4% of cases. The most common reasons for seeking orthodontic treatment were derived from the emotional well-being (EW) and social well-being domains for both informants. In linear regression, the adolescent's reporting of impaired EW and IOTN DHC was the only significant linear predictor of orthodontic treatment demand. CONCLUSION Parents cannot correctly assess the orthodontic treatment demand of their children. Impaired EW is the most significant self-reported determinant of adolescents' demand for orthodontic treatment. Family relationships and parental perspective have a low influence treatment.

Background/Aim. Oral health is an integral part of general health and an important factor in the overall quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental caries among the children from the SOS Children?s Village in Croatia. Methods. The dental examinations based on the World Health Organization criteria were performed on 88 children from SOS Children?s Village in Croatia. The teeth were clinically examined with standard dental instruments using the visual-tactile method under standard light. The clinical indexes of decayed, missed, and filled (dmft and DMFT, for primary and permantnt teeth, respectively) and decayed, missed, and filled surfaces (DMFS), as well as the significant caries index (SiC) were recorded. Results. Among the children from the SOS Children?s Village caries incidence were 57.94%. The mean dmft, DMFT and DMFS of all children was 1.82, 1.90 and 2.82, respectively. The highest mean dmft and DMFT score of 4.24 and 2.56 was found among 7?10 and 11?14 years old children, respectively. The highest mean DMFS score of 3.85 and 3.90 was found among 11?14 years old children and among the children from the SOS Children?s Village Lekenik, respectively. Among all children, the SiC index was 4.69. There was a significant difference between age groups and children?s place of residence in DMFT, DMFS and SiC. Conclusion. Prevalence of dental caries is low among the children from the SOS Children?s Village in Croatia compared to the children who lived with biological families.

After tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge undergoes dimensional changes. Different bone regeneration biomaterials are used to reduce bone loss. The aim of this article was to systematically review the literature on the effect of injectable synthetic biomaterials and their advantages and disadvantages for new bone formation in the maxilla and mandible in animals and humans. A literature search was conducted in November 2020 via MEDLINE PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase. Of the 501 records screened, abstract analysis was performed on 49 articles, resulting in 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Animal studies have shown heterogeneity in terms of animal models, follow-up time, composition of the injectable biomaterial, and different outcome variables such as bone–implant contact, newly formed bone, and peri-implant bone density. Heterogeneity has also been demonstrated by human studies. The following outcomes were observed: newly formed bone, connective tissue, residual injectable bone graft substitute, radiographic density, residual bone height, and different follow-up periods. Further studies, especially in humans, based on the histological and biomechanical properties of the injectable delivery form, are needed to draw more concrete conclusions that will contribute to a better understanding of the benefits of this type of biomaterials and their role in bone regeneration.

The aim of this study was to determine the values of DMFT/DMFS and dft/dfs in the examined groups of children and the assessment of the mothers of the examined groups of children related to the oral health of their children. The research included children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s Village in Croatia as well as children from biological families from rural and urban areas. The children were examined by the visual&ndash, tactile method according to the standardized World Health Organization criteria. dft/DMFT and dfs/DMFS indices were calculated. An analysis of completed questionnaires was made. The children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s Village demonstrated the lowest mean values of the dft/dfs (2.42/3.31) and DMFT/DMFS (1.61/2.23) indices compared to children from rural and urban areas. The Kruskal&ndash, Wallis test showed a significant difference (p = 0.01) in SiC index values between the examined children. In the groups of children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s Village and from the rural area compared to the children from the urban area, oral hygiene was singled out as the most important factor in the analysis of the main components. An equally significant factor for all the respondents is the assessment of oral health and eating habits. The least significant factor for the group of children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s Village is socio-economic status, which is the most significant for the children from the urban area. The children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s village have the lowest dft/DMFT, dfs/DMFS, and SiC indices. The most important factor influencing oral health in the group of children from the SOS Children&rsquo, s Village that stands out is oral hygiene, and the least important is the socio-economic status. The assessment of oral health by the SOS mothers does not differ from the assessment of biological mothers of children from rural and urban areas.

The aim of this study was to detect molar&ndash, incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and caries prevalence in eight-year-old children with early mixed dentition in Eastern Croatia. There is a lack of data on MIH in Croatia. There were 729 children examined in total: 356 (48.83%) were female and 373 (51.16%) were male. The presence of MIH was found in 95 children, the prevalence of MIH was 13%, and the remaining 634 (87%) did not have any changes associated with MIH. The prevalence of caries overall in the population of examined children was 11.48%. In the group of children with MIH, the prevalence of caries was 24.14%, while in the group of children with no MIH, the prevalence of caries was 11.18%. Teeth had a Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index of 1.2, the value of the SiC index was 1.4, and the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) index for deciduous teeth was 5.8. Children with MIH had a caries index of DMFT 2.1, and the value of the SiC index was 2.6. The index of caries for non-MIH children was DMFT 1.1 and the SiC index was 1.2. MIH prevalence in Croatia is more common in girls than in boys. MIH has a significant impact on children&rsquo, s development and is a major factor in the occurrence of caries.

Aim of the study: The objective of the research is to examine the frequency of interdisciplinary collaboration of orthodontists and other dental specialists as well as to determine which specialty is mostly collaborated with during the therapeutic process. Material and methods: The data, that was collected and analyzed, were 586 orthopantomograms (OPGs). The patients were both male and female from 10 to 42 years old. The corpus was collected randomly during March and April of the academic year 2015/2016. After gathering the OPGs, they were analyzed in terms of whether there was potential need for interdisciplinary collaboration with different specialist branches or not. The data were analyzed using the software „MS Excell“. Results: The results showed that out of 586 OPGs, 98 patients (16.72%) needed interdisciplinary collaboration. Out of these 98 OPGs most of them, i.e. 47, 96% of cases needed collaboration with oral surgeon, after that comes prosthodontist with 25, 51%, then restorative dentist with 14, 29%, and last periodontologist with 12, 24% of cases. As oral surgery was the most frequently collaborated branch, these cases were analyzed in more depth. Conclusion: The results and literature overview corroborate the hypothesis that there is frequent need for interdisciplinary collaboration during the treatment of orthodontic patients. The results show that an oral surgeon is the most collaborated specialist during the therapeutic process. Further research with a larger sample and separation of patients by age and gender is necessary in order to obtain a full overview of the problems of interdisciplinary collaboration in orthodontics .

Background and objective: Injectable synthetic bone grafts (ISBG) are widely used biomaterials for regeneration purposes. The aim of this case report was to examine the efficacy of ISBG in the management of buccal fenestration in the case of a 25-year-old female. Case report: After a traumatic tooth extraction, the defect was filled with ISBG and covered with a resorbable membrane. The ISBG showed easy handling and the patient had no complications during healing. Six months after augmentation, a bone biopsy was taken during implant bed preparation. The histological results showed good integration of ISBG into the newly formed bone and no signs of tissue inflammation. Additionally, a CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) analysis was performed to support the histological results. Conclusion: The use of the examined ISBG led to successful treatment of the buccal fenestration defect.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge regarding tooth avulsion and dental first aid response among Croatian students of the Faculty of Education. A cross-sectional study was conducted among students. Participants (N = 235) were female with an average age of 21.9 &plusmn, 2.7 years. The questionnaire contained 10 close-ended questions with two to eleven possible answers. Every participant chose one correct answer. Statistical significance was determined using a Chi-square test. Majority of participants had never received any kind of information on management of a knocked-out tooth. Questions in the nature of tooth injuries, a knocked-out tooth, tooth replantation and whether the knocked-out tooth should be placed back were answered confirmatively by 40.43%, 83.40%, 57.02% and 62.55% of participants, respectively. The questionnaire showed that 18.78% of participants were aware that replantation should be performed within 30 min. The appropriate cleaning and transport medium was chosen by 40.85% and 35.31% of participants, respectively. A nearby dentist would be visited by 66.38% of students. Only 8.08% of participants provided a correct answer to all of the knowledge-based questions. The &ldquo, I do not know&rdquo, answer was chosen by 18.30% of participants whenever it was offered. This indicates that the majority (89.78%) were not aware of the fact that the procedure they chose would be inappropriate. The current study confirmed that future primary school teachers have a lack of knowledge for immediate response to tooth avulsion, leaving small chances for a successful prognosis of tooth replantation.

Background: Following tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge undergoes dimensional changes. Various biomaterials are used to reduce alveolar ridge volume loss following tooth extraction by stimulating new bone formation. Maxresorb® inject (Botiss Biomaterials GmbH, Germany) is a biphasic material composed of a water‐based gel with 60% HA and 40% β‐TCP. BioOss® (Geistlich Pharma AG, Switzerland) is a porous bone mineral matrix which is produced by removing all organic components from bovine bone. Aim/Hypothesis: This study aimed to examine the regenerative potential of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) (Maxresorb® inject), by assessing histological results of bone biopsy collected from healing sockets and comparing them to inorganic bovine bone (BioOss®), after a healing period of 6 months. Materials and Methods: The study is designed as a randomized controlled, two ‐ phase study. In the first phase, 30 patients that qualified for participation in the research were divided randomly into 2 groups of 15 individuals. The bone substitute materials were implanted in extraction sockets after teeth removal. The first group underwent tooth extractions and socket augmentation with Maxresorb® inject. In the other group socket preservation was performed using BioOss®. In both groups, the sockets were covered by native collagen membrane. After 6 months of healing, biopsy was harvested prior to implant placement for histological analysis. Histological sections were examined under the light microscope. Results: Preliminary results ‐ The preliminary histological analysis revealed remaining BCP particles in intimate contact with the newly formed bone in the case of Maxresorb® inject. Histological specimens of BioOss® observed under light microscope also showed incorporation of the hydroxyapatite particles into the newly mineralized bone. In both materials, there were no histological signs of tissue inflammation. Furthermore, both materials exhibited easy handling and patients had no complications during healing period. Conclusions and Clinical Implications: Although a small number of patients were treated, along with the preliminary nature of this study, histological findings indicate osteoconductive properties of both materials included in this study. However, additional research is required to obtain histological and clinical features of Maxresorb® inject and BioOss® regarding their osteoconductive properties.

Background : Human bone has excellent regenerative potential. Bone remodeling is a continuous, balanced process, which includes activities of bone resorption and new bone formation. A wide variety of bone substitutes have been developed in order to avoid complications related to the use of autogenous bone, one of them being biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). Maxresorb® inject (Botiss Biomaterials GmbH) is BCP in an injectable form composed of hydroxyapatite and beta- tricalcium phosphate in a ratio of 60 40. Aim/Hypothesis : The primary aim of this study was to histologically evaluate the potential for bone regeneration of Maxresorb® inject. The secondary aim was to clinically assess the handling of the Maxresorb® inject and the occurrence of complications during the healing period. Material and Methods : This study is designed as a prospective single- arm clinical trial and consists of two stages. In the first stage of the study, a total of 20 extraction sockets in 20 patients were augmented with Maxresorb® inject and covered by a resorbable membrane (Collprotect®, Botiss Biomaterials GmbH). Monitoring of the wound healing was done at day 1, 5 and 10 postoperatively. Following 6 months of healing, in the second stage, a re- entry procedure at the site of the pre- existing defect was performed in order to collect bone biopsies for histological analysis and for dental implant placement. Thus far, 5 biopsies were available for histological analysis. Biopsies were prepared according to routine methods, sectioned with a microtome and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Finally, the specimens were examined under the light microscope. Results : Preliminary results- The preliminary histological findings of the biopsy specimen showed bony integration of the BCP granules into newly formed bone within the peripheral regions of the implant preparation sites. The granules were fully incorporated into bone tissue, and there were no histological signs of tissue inflammation. Procedure- wise, Maxresorb® inject showed easy handling and excellent filling of the extraction sockets. Wound healing was uneventful and without complications. Conclusion and Clinical Implications : In the present study, the regenerated bone was evaluated by descriptive histological examination. Maxresorb® inject showed osteoconductive potential for bone regeneration. In addition, due to its viscosity, Maxresorb® inject had excellent handling properties and filling of the bone defect, therefore simplifying the surgical procedure and positively influencing patients’ subjective experience. However, further research is needed to complete histological and clinical pieces of evidence of osteoconductive properties of Maxresorb® inject.

Background: Burning mouth syndrome is a condition of unknown etiology, characterized by burning symptoms on the otherwise clinically healthy oral mucosa. Central and/or peripheral neuropathy is one of the proposed causes for this condition. Psychological component in these patients is also very present, as it is known that BMS patients exhibit high levels of pain, anxiety, and depression. The aim of this study was to evaluate anxiety and depression among patients with burning mouth syndrome and a control group. We also further review and discuss the literature available on this subject. Subjects and methods: A total of 93 subjects, divided into two groups, participated in this study. The group of patients with BMS included 43 participants, while the control group consisted of 50 participants. Self-reported STAI (State anxiety and Trait anxiety) and BDI questionnaires were used to evaluate anxiety and depression in subjects in both groups. Results: BMS group had higher average total scores of state anxiety, trait anxiety and depression. The difference between the BMS group and control group was statistically significant for state anxiety scores and BDI scores. Conclusion: We might conclude that BMS patients are more anxious (state) and depressed when compared with the control group. However, they do not differ from the control group regarding anxiety as a trait. Thus we might conclude that feeling of anxiety in general starts after the BMS symptoms first occur and last for a longer period of time.

SUMMARY – The aim of this clinical study was to compare low-level laser therapy (LLLT) switched on and switched off in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). BMS is a debilitating condition for patients and highly demanding for physicians, characterized by burning symptoms in the oral cavity. Despite extensive research, so far only cognitive behavioral therapy and clonazepam have been proven successful for its treatment in randomized controlled trials. Forty-four patients with BMS were randomly assigned to the study laser group (LLLT) or the sham laser group. LLLT was performed with the GaAlAs laser (830 nm) used in non-contact mode on the site in the mouth where burning symptoms were present; study patients received 10 sessions (10 days). Each participant filled out the visual analog scale (VAS) and oral health impact on the quality of life scale (OHIP-CRO 14) before and after either therapy protocol. There were no significant differences between the groups before and after LLLT (switched on and off) in the quality of life (OHIP CRO 14 scores) (p>0.05). There was significant decrease in pain symptoms (VAS) in both LLLT switched on and LLLT switched off groups (p

Svrha: Uzroci maksilofacijalnih ozljeda razlikuju se u zemljama diljem svijeta. U ovom istraživanju željeli su se istražiti pojavnost, vrste i uzroci maksilofacijalnih ozljeda s obzirom na dobne i spolne razlike pacijenata primljenih na Odjel za maksilofacijalnu kirurgiju KBC-a Osijek od siječnja 2011. do prosinca 2013. Ispitanici i postupci: Sudjelovala su ukupno 64 pacijenta – 41 muškarac (64,1 %) i 23 žene (35,9 %) u dobi od 18 do 86 godina (srednja dob 42). Prikupljeni podatci analizirani su s obzirom na spol, dob, uzrok i vrstu maksilofacijalne ozljede. Rezultati: Najčešći uzrok ozljeda u oba spola bio je pad (39 % muškaraca; 65 % žena). Sljedeći najčešći uzrok ozljeda kod muškaraca bila je tučnjava (29 %), a kod žena prometna nezgoda (26 %) (p < 0,05). Najčešća vrsta ozljede u oba spola bila je koštana (50 %; kod muškaraca zigomatična kost – 55 %, kod žena mandibula – 40 %) (p > 0,05). Najčešći uzrok ozljeda kod najmlađih pacijenata bila je tučnjava (43 %), a kod ostalih pad (50 – 70 %; p < 0,05). Najčešća vrsta ozljede u svim dobnim skupinama bila je koštana (više od 50 %; p > 0,05). Većina padova i ozljeda nastalih u tučnjavama uzrokovali su koštane ozljede, a ozljede mekih i dento-alveolarnih tkiva bile su prouzročene prometnim i sportskim ozljedama (p > 0,05). Zaključak: Podatci prikupljeni u ovom istraživanju pružaju vrlo važne informacije za provedbu buduće prevencije ozljeđivanja., Objectives: The occurrence and causes of maxillofacial trauma varies in different regions of the world. The aim of this study was to identify the occurrence, types and causes of maxillofacial injuries according to the age and gender differences in patients treated at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Center Osijek, between January 2011 and December 2013. Materials and methods: A total of 64 patients, 41 males (64.1%) and 23 females (35.9%), aged from 18 to 86 years (mean age 42) participated in the study. Data collected and analyzed included gender, age, cause of injury and the type of maxillofacial injuries. Results: The most common cause of injuries in both gender groups was falling down (39% males; 65% females). The second leading cause of injuries in males was interpersonal violence (29%) and in females traffic accident (26%) (p0.05). The most common causes of injuries in the youngest patients was violence (43%), and in others fall (50-70%; p0.05). The majority of the falls and violence caused bone tissue injuries, and soft tissue and dentalveolar injuries were detected in traffic and sports accidents (p>0.05). Conclusion: Falling down was the most common cause of oro-maxillofacial injuries in both men and women and in all three age groups. The leading type of injury was bone injury. The data obtained from this study provide important information for future prevention from injuries.

Background Shape and volume of the alveolar bone are determined by the shape and position of the roots. Resorption is the inevitable physiological process following tooth extraction. In the aftermath, bone volume is reduced and the morphology of the ridge has changed. To prevent resorption and maintain alveolar ridge macro and microarchitecture socket preservation technique is used. Empty alveolar is augmented with substitute material to prevent excess resorption. Aim/Hypothesis The aim of this study is to evaluate histological and histomorphometrical findings of two different xenografts after socket preservation in patients with indications for delayed implant placement. Material and Methods The study is designed as two phased controlled, randomized study. In the first phase, 40 patients that qualified for participation in the research were divided into two groups. The first group underwent tooth extractions and socket augmentation with cerabone®(Botiss Biomaterials GmbH). Sockets were covered with a resorbable collagen membrane (Jason membrane®, Botiss Biomaterials GmbH). The other group had a socket preservation technique done using BioOss® (Geistlich Biomaterials Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH) and the defects were also covered using Jason membrane®. In the second phase, after the healing period of six months and prior to implant placement, bone biopsies were harvested using trephine burrs. Samples were fixed in 4% formaldehyde, dehydrated with alcohol and put in paraffine. Staining was done using toluidine blue and analyzed under the light microscope. Results Both materials excelled in terms of clinical handling and lack of postoperative complications. So far the analysis of both materials showed incorporation of the xenograft particles into newly formed bone without inflammatory reaction. Conclusion and Clinical Implications Keeping in mind the limitations of this study as well as the preliminary nature of this presentation, it can be concluded that both materials showed excellent characteristics when used as substitutes in socket preservation technique.

The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the intensity of postoperative pain in the first seven days after lower wisdom tooth extraction is affected by operator experience, patient level of information and patient sex. Postoperative pain intensity after lower wisdom tooth extraction was assessed in 108 patients. Depending on the type of information given to each patient individually, the patients were divided into two groups: test group in which patients were provided with detailed standard written and verbal instructions and control group where patients only received detailed standard written instructions about treatment after surgery. Each of these two groups was divided into three subgroups depending on operator experience. Results of this study showed that the type of information irrespective of being given verbally or not had no effects on postoperative pain intensity, whereas operator experience and patient sex influenced postoperative pain intensity.

The main objective of this study was to determine to which extent body mass index and position of impacted lower third molar was affecting the pain intensity in the first seven postoperative days. The study was conducted following the extraction of the lower third molar in 108 patients. Depending on the type of information given to each particular patient, the patients were divided in two groups: the test group where patients were given detailed standard written and verbal instructions and the control group which received only standard written instructions about treatment after surgery. Using canonical discriminant analysis we investigated the influence of body mass index and the position of impacted lower third molar on postoperative pain intensity in two groups of patients. Results of this study showed that the body mass index or the tooth position did not have influence on intensity of postoperative pain. The body mass index and the position of impacted lower third molar do not affect the postoperative pain intensity.

Background: Monitoring systems decouple monitoring functionality from application and infrastructure layers and provide a set of tools that can invoke operations on the application to be monitored. Objectives: Our monitoring system is a powerful yet agile solution that is able to online observe and manipulate SOA (Service-oriented Architecture) applications. The basic monitoring functionality is implemented via lightweight components inserted into SOA frameworks thereby keeping the monitoring impact minimal. Methods/Approach: Our solution is software that hides the complexity of SOA applications being monitored via an architecture where its designated components deal with specific SOA aspects such as distribution and communication. Results: We implement an application-level and end-to-end monitoring with the end user experience in focus. Our tools are connected to a single monitoring system which provides consistent operations, resolves concurrent requests, and abstracts away the underlying mechanisms that cater for the SOA paradigm. Conclusions: Due to its flexible architecture and design our monitoring tools are capable of monitoring SOA application in Cloud environments without significant modifications. In comparisons with related systems we proved that our agile approaches are the areas where our monitoring system excels

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the therapeutic ultrasound on the psycho-physiological functioning in patients who presented with neck pain. There is a limited number of scientific studies which provide information on clinical effectiveness of the therapeutic ultrasound and its effect on the psycho-physiological functions. The present study investigated 100 patients (average age 55), 69 females and 31 males, who presented with neck pain. Treatment protocol consisted of 15 treatments spread over three weeks (five treatments per week). Patients were separated into the two groups (test and control). Both groups of patients undertook programed isometric exercises specific for the cervical spine as well as transcutaneous electrical stimulation. The test group received continuous therapeutic ultrasound on the neck five times a day with the intensity of 0.5 w/cm2, while in the control group ultrasound machine was switched off during the therapy. It has been found that programed isometric exercises specific for the cervical spine in combination with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) had the same therapeutic effect on the psycho-physiological functioning as the combination of these two therapies with the therapeutic ultrasound.

Ameloblastoma, especially maxillary, is a rare benign neoplasm of odontogenic origin. Diagnosis of significant number of lesions is usually established postoperatively, because ameloblastoma, especially the unicystic form, mimics wide range of more frequent jaw lesions. From January 1993. to December 2005., three cases of the maxillary ameloblastoma were surgically treated at our Department. The authors present clinical, radiological and pathohistological features of the ameloblastomas in this rare localization with special attention to need of accurate preoperative diagnostics.

Background Subperiosteal orbital hematoma (SOH) is a rare finding after midface trauma, causing compartment syndrome within the orbit. It should be consideration in the differential diagnosis of any case of proptosis and vertical globe displacement. Patients We present two patients with SOH treated by surgical evacuation and drainage. Results In both the hematomas resolved completely and uneventfully. Conclusion Being a safe and simple method, surgical decompression combined with drainage enables complete evacuation of the blood clot and prevents possible sequelae. This method should be considered even in cases without significant visual impairment.

In the research we included a total of 207 subjects with the dismissal diagnosis of "mycetismus", who were treated at the Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital Osijek, during the 1983-1992 period. 32 of them were children. There were 44.93% of men, 39.61% of women and 15.45% of children. The latent time6 hours was determined in 51 (25%) and6 hours in 75% of subjects. In 156 of patients with the latent time6 hours, "false" poisoning occured, while 51 patients experienced real mushroom toxins poisoning. At the admission to the hospital, in patients with the latent time6 hours, a pathological PT (protrombine time) was established only in women, leukocytosis in both women and children, increased concentration of GGT (gamma-glutamin-transferase) in men, increased AST (aspartate-aminotransferase) and ALT (alanin-aminotransferase) only in women, and increased urea in both women and children. After 24 hours, control measuring established high values of AST and ALT extended PT uremia and exalted amount of ammonia in blood in 11 of patients (2 men, 7 women and 2 children). They had severe liver and kidney damage, the most probably caused by Amanita phalloides toxins. The latent time lasted 9 to 13 hours. Of the 11 above mentioned patients, 2 women, aged 74 and 43, and one girl, aged 6, died. No pathological laboratory parameters were established in 40 of subjects with the latent time of 6 and more hours, and the disease manifested through vomiting and diarrhea that lasted for several days. These subjects most probably suffered from mushroom toxins poisoning. Mushroom toxins irritate the mucuous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, and there are many such poisonous mushrooms. There were no mortalities in this group of subjects.

In the research we included a total of 207 subjects with the dismissal diagnosis of "mycetismus", who were treated at the Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital Osijek, during the 1983-1992 period. 32 of them were children. There were 44.93% of men, 39.61% of women and 15.45% of children. The latent time > 6 hours was determined in 51 (25%) and < 6 hours in 75% of subjects. In 156 of patients with the latent time > 6 hours, "false" poisoning occured, while 51 patients experienced real mushroom toxins poisoning. At the admission to the hospital, in patients with the latent time > 6 hours, a pathological PT (protrombine time) was established only in women, leukocytosis in both women and children, increased concentration of GGT (gamma-glutamin-transferase) in men, increased AST (aspartate-aminotransferase) and ALT (alanin-aminotransferase) only in women, and increased urea in both women and children. After 24 hours, control measuring established high values of AST and ALT extended PT uremia and exalted amount of ammonia in blood in 11 of patients (2 men, 7 women and 2 children). They had severe liver and kidney damage, the most probably caused by Amanita phalloides toxins. The latent time lasted 9 to 13 hours. Of the 11 above mentioned patients, 2 women, aged 74 and 43, and one girl, aged 6, died. No pathological laboratory parameters were established in 40 of subjects with the latent time of 6 and more hours, and the disease manifested through vomiting and diarrhea that lasted for several days. These subjects most probably suffered from mushroom toxins poisoning. Mushroom toxins irritate the mucuous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, and there are many such poisonous mushrooms. There were no mortalities in this group of subjects