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At present, surface runoff represents serious environmental problems in the urban environment, causing adverse effects on socio-economic and natural systems. Surface runoff is a complex source. The creation of surface runoff is described by various hydraulic hydrological processes, from the impact of water on the surface to the mouth into the sewer network or recipient. The formation of the precipitation-runoff process depends on several factors. Land-use change is a key factor that significantly affects the quality and quantity of surface runoff. In addition, the quality of surface runoff is also influenced by precipitation characteristics and air quality. In the last few years, the air quality is significantly worsened. The reason for this is the rapid development of urban areas, transport, and technical infrastructure. As a result of these phenomena, excessive gases, particularly carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide, were produced. Due to many research, emission in the atmosphere accounts more than 50 % of atmospheric precipitation pollution. In recent decades, attention has been paid to rainwater quality due to the water crisis. The current use of large amounts of quality water and the removal of heavily polluted water causes significant damage to the aquatic ecosystem. Given the facts, the paper focuses on analyzing the quality of surface runoff captured in urban areas. Subsequently, a comparison of the influence of air quality on the quality of surface runoff is performed. The study results could help design the proper management of surface runoff in urban agglomerations concerning environmental protection and the possibility of rainwater reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste treatment is considered one of the critical environmental issues. Waste should be understood not only as a source of pollution but as a raw material. Nevertheless, we need well-sorted waste for recovery. Separate collection of municipal waste is an activity in which components of municipal waste are separated. It is based on the conscious activity of citizens, who primarily sort the relevant raw materials. At present, the citizen is obliged to sort waste by law in Slovakia, and the municipality is obliged to create conditions for separation by a suitable system. By obtaining current data, it will be possible to anticipate the development of waste management and propose modifications so that as much waste as possible is separated. This paper is focused on the analysis of the development of selected types of municipal waste, for analysis was selected locality in Slovakia with different types of urbanization. Specifically, we will focus on plastics, paper, metals, and glass. By comparing the obtained data, we will determine the scheme of the probability of waste development for the following years. The obtained data will also serve to analyze further the waste management framework in Slovakia and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of urban areas, transport, and technical infrastructure is one of the natural phenomena that have been going on for several centuries. In recent years, due to migration population in many developed countries occurs a rapid increase of impervious areas in urban agglomerations. The rapid development of an impervious surface can cause changes in the hydrological and climatical characteristics of the area. As a result of these changes, surface runoff is creating. Surface runoff is an area source of pollution, occurring mainly during short, intense rains or flash floods. It is primarily formed in sloping or urban areas, where there is a lack of infiltration and retention objects to capture and temporarily retain rainwater. The occurrence of pollutants in surface runoff depends on land use and internal and external factors such as characteristics of air and soil pollutants, intensity and duration of precipitation, and other less important factors. The nature of pollutants in surface runoff in urban areas is diverse. Based on many studies, it can be said that the sources of contaminants in surface runoff coming from the air and paved areas like roads, roofs of buildings, facades, parking, and other impervious areas. The adverse effects of pollutants in the surface runoff negatively affect the environment. Therefore, the research study focuses on assessing the impact of contaminants in the air and on the surface of paved areas on the quality of surface runoff in urban areas. The study results could help design the proper management of surface runoff in urban agglomerations concerning environmental protection and the possibility of rainwater harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewerage networks form an integral part of urban infrastructure. It is necessary to reconsider the outdated concept of sewer networks and rainwater management in cities that do not meet sustainable development ideas. The new understanding of rainwater management needs to be adapted to the new environmental conditions caused by climate change. The occurrence of pluvial floods has recently become an increasingly common phenomenon. The reasons are outdated sewer networks, rapid urbanization, an increase in impervious areas, and changes in the characteristics of rainfall events caused by climate change. The aim of the paper is to examine the conditions of pluvial floods in urban areas. With the help of literature research, the leading causes and primary conditions of urban floods were summarized. More than 40 scientific publications in this area were studied during the research. The results of the investigated studies demonstrate the need to change the design concept of urban sewer networks. The usual method of wastewater management in cities was based on the concept of the fastest drainage of water from an urbanized area. This concept ensures the prevention of endangering human lives and property, limiting traffic and the negative impact of these waters on surface and groundwater quality. At present, high demands are placed on the protection of the urban environment. Many sewer networks were designed in the last century based on the conditions of the time. Due to the new conditions resulting from climate change, it is necessary to re-evaluate the functionality and capacity of individual networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stormwater presents a significant problem in urban areas, especially in large cities. The intensified formation of impermeable surface leads to suppressing permeable-vegetation areas and, subsequently, substantial changes in the area's hydrological, environmental, and ecological characteristics. By changing the city's spatial structure, there may be an increase in flood peak, volume of runoff, and rising pollution in urban stormwater. As a result of this phenomenon, the aquatic environment can be degraded by changing water bodies' like rivers, lakes, etc. chemical and physical characteristics. Therefore, today more attention to storm water's qualitative parameters from paved surfaces as car parking, roadways, etc. This article focuses on capturing the first flush of stormwater runoff from impervious areas (roadway) during the rainfall events. The selected area of interest was near the Faculty of Civil Engineering campus in Bratislava, STU (Slovak Republic) - roadway Imricha Karvaša. In the chemical analysis were monitored qualitative parameters as reaction pH and organically bound halogens - AOX. The study aims are to compare the qualitative parameters of individual samples and evaluate them with recommendations of the Government of the Slovak Republic No. 269/2010. According to the results, the average value pH was 7.07, and the average concentration of AOX 767.77 μg.l-1. The concentration of AOX extends the limit value, and therefore in the future, it is necessary to propose some measures (infiltration, retention tanks, etc.) to prevent unsuitable rainwater management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By building artificial landscape elements, significant changes occur in the spatial structure of the city. The intensification of the formation of paved surface changes the hydrological characteristics of the area. Impermeable surface prevents the penetration of atmospheric waters into the soil horizon, which causes an increase in the volume of runoff, flood peak, and pollution loads in urban stormwater. As a consequence of this phenomenon, during heavy rains, a critical part of the city may be flooded. To reduce the flood in the city, caused by surface runoff, the determination of the critical parts of urban sub-catchment plays an important role in urban planning plans. Due to the lack of information about possible urban flooding scenarios in the given study, we focus on simulating urban surface runoff using the SWMM model. The research goal is to assess the current state of the sewer network during the rainy season. For the present study, we selected the the part of urban catchment of Bardejov city (Slovak Republic). To simulate a rainy event was used as design rain a block rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of mathematical modeling of runoff flow in sewer networks is to assess the hydraulic capacity and monitor their behavior in different conditions to predict the future state. Models of sewer networks are part of the design process. Their advantage is the possibility of simulating the future state of the network and the precipitation and runoff process in the context of climate change. With the help of simulations, it is possible to anticipate future conditions in the river basin and thus effectively design new networks. The presented paper focuses on using the MIKE URBAN model to assess of the sewer network of the city of Trnava, which lies in western Slovakia. The city's sewer network is obsolete and requires the reconstruction of certain sections. Problem sections of the network were identified using modeling. Reduced block rain with a return period of once in 2 years was used to simulate the storm event. The dry weather flow was simulated as a cyclic boundary condition corresponding to the water consumption unevenness curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of extreme rainfall has increased in recent decades. This negative impact of climate change also calls attention to when dealing with the recovery and reconstruction of sewer networks. Slovak cities have built a combined sewer network, which in the event of heavy rainfall, is not able to fulfill their primary function. The pipes are not able to carry the large volume of mixed wastewater, and network overload occurs. This paper focuses on the assessment of individual collectors of the sewerage network of the city of Trnava. The appraisal of the sewerage network will use a high - intensity rain and two different return periods (once every 10 years and once every 20 years). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In over 38 percent of the groundwater drinking water sources in Slovakia, iron and manganese concentrations exceed the recommended levels set by Regulation of the Slovak Republic No. 247/2017 on Drinking Water [1]. Iron and manganese are not considered health hazards, although micro-environments may be supported in wells and distribution systems which harbor microorganisms. The main concern with these metals is the turbidity and color imparted by the oxidized forms that rarely goes unnoticed by the consumer [2]. The objective of the study was to compare removal of dissolved iron and manganese from water by using the natural zeolite - clinoptilolite mined in the territory of Slovakia with imported filtration material - Birm. Obtained results from experiments carried out in the groundwater in locality Kolárovo and Čičov indicate that Klinopur-Mn can be used for removal of iron and manganese in water treatment process (contact manganese removal). This material is comparable with imported Birm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined sewerage is the most widespread method of wastewater management in the world. Sewage and rainwater are discharged through a combined piping system, which affects overloading the sewer networks during extreme rains. This method of wastewater disposal is the oldest type of sewerage. At present, this method is described as less suitable in opposite to rather on the construction of a divided sewerage system, where wastewater and rainwater flow through separate pipes. The main disadvantage of the combined sewer overflow chambers is the possible leakage of contaminants into the recipient. In the Slovak Republic, combined sewer overflow chambers are most often used to efficiently manage and separate rainwater. In this paper, we focus on the most commonly used types of chambers, emphasizing the efficiency of their operation. The most commonly used relief chambers are with a high overflow edge, on which rakes are placed to catch floating waste. These combined sewer overflow chambers are then divided according to the location of the overflow edge into three basic types: with a front overflow, with a side overflow, and with a double-sided side overflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]