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Summary: Hybrid foods are made by blending animal‐based and plant‐based ingredients to make food products that are similar to the 100% animal‐based ones. Examples include hybrid meat products such as burgers or minced meat with vegetables or more recently hybrid dairy products such as cheddar cheese with oats. While hybrid meat products have been launched in several countries by both retailers and foodservice outlets, there are very few examples of hybrid meat products still available in the market, such as hybrid nuggets targeting children and hybrid minced meat products. This short viewpoint article covers some of the possible reasons this might be happening, presents examples of successful hybrid food products, discusses the importance of sustainability claims and the potential of hybrid meals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the economic cohesion of two German areas, Hamburg and Saxony, in the 18th century, created through the inflow of Atlantic colonial groceries from the former to the latter. Combining different kinds of sources revealed the following. The trade flow from Hamburg to German lands began to shift from Prussia to Saxony in the middle of the 18th century. Within Saxony, the market was concentrated in two locations: the court city Dresden and proto-industrial district of Upper Lusatia. What made Saxony stand out were its liberal commercial policy and the development of rural trade. However, given that the growth of the market in Saxony was confined to geographically narrow zones, and that Prussia refused to be integrated with Hamburg, I concluded that the German market was distorted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central region of India, home to several tribal groups, is rich in cultural heritage, with the Gond tribe being one of the largest and most renowned for its artistic traditions. Gond painting, in particular, has evolved from wall art to canvas, gaining global recognition. This study examines the transformation of Gond painting, focusing on female Gond artists from Patangarh Mal village in Madhya Pradesh. Through 87 in-depth interviews, 3 case studies, and long-term observations, this research explores the evolution of Gond art, the challenges women face in adapting to technology, navigating markets, and interacting with media, and their current socio-economic status. The findings reveal that while the content of Gond painting has shifted to address contemporary issues, women artists struggle with patriarchal norms, low literacy, and limited mobility. These challenges hinder their professional growth and market engagement, resulting in noticeable disparities compared to male artists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition today has become a central policy imperative in higher education. Connected to resource efficiency and scarcity, it remains closely attached to the idea of the market but reaches beyond when related to positional or status orders. In the higher education literature such varieties of competition – as distinct social processes – are still under-investigated. In drawing on common references to competition in the literature and empirical examples the paper identifies and outlines two separable forms: market and field competition. The distinction shows that there are fundamental differences in the way competition in higher education plays out which should not be viewed merely as variations of market settings. To outline the differences among the two forms the paper follows a two-step iterative process. The paper first highlights a time-bound analytical problem in common market-references. Drawing on empirical work by Michel Callon it specifies market competition as the construction, singularisation and detachment of a good. As empirical examples from the German higher education case show, such singularisation and detachment are rarely complete, competition rather operates through the attachment of universities to status-consecrating intermediaries, as analysed in the status competition literature. In a second step, the paper outlines the main premises of status competition but also its lack of a comprehensive frame that could qualify it as a distinct form of competition. The 'field' fills this void by providing a selective relational space on which universities can act and observe themselves competing, reinforced by multiple intermediaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition in higher education seems ubiquitous. Universities today compete for values such as diversity and internationality in the same way as they compete for innovation, impact and employability. The meaning and perception of competition in higher education have changed substantially within the last decades. Competition today is imperative, attribute and action. It is detached from distinct frames – relevant in political science, sociology and economics alike – and both measure and goal in itself. Given the centrality and ambiguity of competition in higher education today, understanding how competition operates is central to grasping contemporary dynamics that reshape higher education. Against this background, the question 'How do universities compete?' relates to a constructivist perspective that critically reflects research frames on competition in two distinct ways. First, this perspective refrains from adapting comprehensive economic or sociological frames to higher education without taking the specificities of higher education into account. Second, such a context-sensitive view on competitions corresponds with attention to the level and form of agency competing organisations exhibit. Overall, the contributions in this special issue provide context-sensitive analytical frames that respond to empirically observable competition in higher education. The way universities compete depends on contextual factors of how competition is organised, the role of intermediaries as well as the interrelationship between state agency and organisational self-perceptions as acting organisations. Initially directed at increasing efficiency, competition is characterised nowadays by a wide range of intended and unintended effects that will be identified and discussed in this special issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, reservoir computing (RC) has emerged as one of the most effective algorithms to model and forecast volatile and chaotic time series. In this paper, we aim to contribute to the understanding of the uncertainty associated with the predictions made by RC models and to propose a methodology to generate RC prediction intervals. As an illustration, we analyze the error distribution for the RC model when predicting the price time series of several agri-commodities. Results show that the error distributions are best modeled using a Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG). In fact, NIG outperforms the Gaussian distribution, as the latter tends to overestimate the width of the confidence intervals. Hence, we propose a methodology where, in the first step, the RC generates a forecast for the time series and, in the second step, the confidence intervals are generated by combining the prediction and the fitted NIG distribution of the RC forecasting errors. Thus, by providing confidence intervals rather than single-point estimates, our approach offers a more comprehensive understanding of forecast uncertainty, enabling better risk assessment and more informed decision-making in business planning based on forecasted prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this article is to present a case study referring to the temporal located in the Mercurio de España, dated June 1824. This section of the newspaper, which did not reappear again, constitutes a climatic and economic indicator from which it is possible to identify the types of cereals sold in Spanish cities and provinces and to know how the prices of wheat, barley, corn, and rye fluctuated as a consequence of climatic oscillations. It was a usual relationship among contemporaries, which was manifested in the publication of short-lived papers and newspapers that have gone unnoticed by historians. For this work, data was extracted and analyzed to know which cities and provinces had the cheapest and most expensive products. The interest of these results-we believe-does not lie so much in their climatic character -but also-in the capacity to approach the economic reality of cereals that constituted the food base of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Indigenous foods are used to prepare delicious delicacies (Imefino) in South Africa, and are consumed for their medicinal, food security, and nutritional value. Many of them are rich in macro- and micronutrients and contribute to improving the households' income. However, the commercialization of many indigenous foods remains problematic with poor market penetration. This study investigates the commercialization status and determinants of indigenous floral food (IFF) commercialization using descriptive statistics, and the double- and triple-hurdle analysis. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect cross-sectional data from 240 rural households in Amathole District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The result shows that most (60%) of the rural households rely solely on agriculture and agricultural-related activities as their source of employment. Ironically, among the rural household heads who are solely engaged in agriculture, most (83%) do not sell IFFs despite being involved solely in agriculture. More so, there is poor commercialization of IFF with the evidence of a low-commercialization index and low-income generation from IFF. However, IFF consumed for medicinal value has a higher commercialization index. Indigenous foods show potential for commercialization if well harnessed. The results also show that if the rural householder is a male and adds value to indigenous floral foods, he is more likely to make a decision that entails him being involved in the commercialization of indigenous floral foods. The result further proves that the influence of households' willingness to pay for the improved seed of IFFs will not necessarily affect the intensity of IFF commercialization. Household size is among the determinants of IFF commercialization. Commercialization indicators reveal that rural household heads are committing to IFF commercialization. Based on the study's overall findings, factors such as seasonality, price, demand fluctuation, and other identified challenges in this study affect IFF commercialization. Programs addressing value addition and the domestication of indigenous floral foods, application of marketing philosophy, and marketing mix, among others, are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In recent decades, there has been significant advancement in scholarly research focused on detecting pollutants in marine environments and assessing the potential risks associated with seafood, particularly marine fish. The advancement has been predominantly influenced by the detection of microplastics, which have the ability to permeate food webs via both direct and indirect pathways. Microplastic pollution poses a substantial health risk to organisms at all levels of the food chain, including humans, who are top consumers. Despite the global concern, there is a lack of extensive research on microplastics in fish in Indonesia. The reliance of coastal communities in Indonesia on marine resources raises concerns regarding the potential impact of microplastic contamination. This study sought to assess the extent of microplastic pollutants in commercially caught marine fish from Jakarta Bay, a densely populated and industrialized coastal area accommodating more than 35 million inhabitants. METHODS: The study was conducted at five nearby fresh seafood markets in the northern part of Jakarta, where marine fish specimens were collected between December 2023 and January 2024. In total, 160 samples were gathered, with 20 individuals representing each of the eight diverse marine fish species. The approved protocol for extracting microplastics, which incorporates biological digestion, density separation, and microplastic identification, was strictly followed, although some adaptations were made as the process unfolded. Preventative actions were enacted in order to decrease the risk of microplastic cross-contamination. FINDINGS: It was determined through analysis that 93.75 percent (150 out of 160) of the fish studied contained microplastics, which were detected in samples obtained from both the gut and gill samples. On average, each fish had 3.65 ± 2.34 particles per individual, or approximately 0.12 ± 0.21 particles per gram. Microplastics were found in 81.25 percent of gut samples and 79.38 percent of gill samples. The abundance of microplastics in gut (1.79 ± 1.19 particles per individual) was slightly lower than in gills (1.86 ± 1.30 particles per individual). The variance in microplastic content between the two organs did not reach statistical significance. Fish with carnivorous feeding habits demonstrated a higher average microplastic content when contrasted with those utilizing omnivorous and planktivorous feeding strategies. Fish living in the benthopelagic region tended to have slightly more microplastic particles than those in benthic coastal water and pelagic coastal water. Most of the microplastics detected in commercial marine fish were in the size range of 2000-5000 micrometers, with the majority being in the form of fragments and fibers. The study also pinpointed seven specific polymer classifications, which consist of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, nylon, polyester, polybutadiene, and polyethylene terephthalate. CONCLUSION: The escalating levels of microplastics in the environment present a substantial threat to food security, marine ecosystems, and human health. It is imperative to develop a standardized risk assessment mechanism utilizing advanced tools and methodologies to quantify the levels of microplastics in the environment and living organisms as the study moves forward. It is imperative that both capture fisheries and aquaculture undergo thorough assessments of risks and hazards. This study underscores the significance of monitoring plastic waste in the Greater Jakarta area and its adjacent coastlines. Further study is essential to evaluate the magnitude of plastic pollution in fish tissues that are consumed by humans, and to assess the potential consequences for food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of biodistricts (BDs) in Italy covers approximately 30% of the national territory. Their emergence is driven by specific local reasons and broader motivations, such as a favorable political climate and improved access to health and local food for all citizens. The rapid development of BDs has sparked significant interest from national and regional legislation, as well as from scientific and gray literature. However, there remain ongoing debates regarding the criteria for defining and identifying BD, the appropriate governance models to adopt, and the scope of their functions, particularly in relation to market and supply chain development. A three-round Delphi study was conducted to address these controversial issues and achieve expert consensus on the characteristics and potential direction for BDs as policy actors aligned with their mission. Beginning with a set of 12 open questions, the final round of the survey focused on the definition of BDs, their resilience in times of crisis, and their market strategies. According to the respondents, the specificity of BDs lies more in their functions than in their structural and organizational characteristics (such as the concentration of organic farming or the presence of a structured supply chain). Nevertheless, these structural elements must be pursued as objectives to enable meaningful territorial actions by leveraging local social capital. In this context, fostering interaction between producers and consumers and meeting local demand should be central to BD strategy. However, this does not preclude the possibility of entering national and international markets, especially when it supports the enhancement of local supply chains. Recent crises have served as a testing ground for BD governance, revealing that resilience is closely tied to the organizational maturity of the BDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify and prioritize risks within the tuna supply chain on the South Coast of East Java, focusing on factors that impact the overall efficiency, sustainability, and economic viability of the industry. The research employs the PROMETHEE method, a multi-criteria decision-making tool, to systematically evaluate and rank risks associated with tuna production, particularly those related to product quality, work safety, and logistical efficiency. The findings reveal that product quality is the most significant risk, primarily driven by the perishability of tuna and inadequacies in cold chain infrastructure. This poses a substantial challenge to maintaining quality from catch to market, threatening the competitiveness of East Java's tuna industry in both local and global markets. The study also emphasized the importance of stakeholder collaboration in managing these risks. By engaging fishermen, middlemen, traders, and other key players in the supply chain, the research provides a comprehensive analysis that captures the diverse challenges faced by different groups. Prioritizing risks enables stakeholders to focus their efforts on the most critical areas, ensuring a more resilient and sustainable supply chain. This research offers valuable insights into risk management within the tuna supply chain in East Java, with practical implications for improving industry practices. By addressing the identified risks--particularly through enhanced cold chain management and stakeholder cooperation--the study provides actionable strategies for strengthening the region's tuna industry. These findings align with broader goals of the blue economy, promoting sustainable practices that support economic development while preserving marine resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ireland access to instrumental music education (IME) largely operates through the private market. Unlike other European countries Ireland does not have a music school law or policy position. The purpose of this article is to examine how a long-established history of subsidiarity which is enshrined in the Irish Constitution together with the ideology of choice, has underpinned the provision of IME. This has led to the growth of a market-led system of provision that promotes inequalities. The data suggests that parents seeking IME for their children are compelled to act as customers and competitive citizens and that the private choices of those who can pay to play, masks the dearth of state-supported universal IME provision. In conclusion, it is argued that by continuing to adopt the principles of subsidiarity, the State is both exonerated from being fully responsible and accountable for the adequate provision of IME and is complicit in perpetuating structural inequalities that favour access to capitals-rich families, be in the state-supported IME, or IME in the private education market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite interest in preindustrial markets, archaeological discussions have largely been limited to proposing methods to determine the presence or absence of market exchange in ancient societies. While these contributions are important, methodological limitations have prevented theoretical considerations of the emergence and evolution of marketplaces and market exchange in prehistory. We propose that agent-based modeling provides a window to explore physical conditions and agent behaviors that facilitate the emergence of customary exchange locations and how such locations may evolve into socially embedded institutions. The model we designed suggests that simple bartering rules among agents can generate concentrated locations of exchange and that spatial heterogeneity of resources is the most important factor in facilitating the emergence of such locales. Furthermore, partner-search behaviors and exchange of information play a key role in the institutionalization of the marketplace. The results of our simulation suggest that marketplaces can develop, even with the absence of formalized currency or central planning, as a consequence of collective strategies taken up by agents to reduce exchange partner-search costs and make transactions more frequent and predictable. The model also suggests that, once established as a social institution, marketplaces may become highly conservative and resistant to change. As such, it is inferred that bottom-up and/or top-down interventions may have often been required to establish new marketplaces or relocate marketplaces to incorporate new resources, resolve supply–demand imbalances, or minimize rising economic costs that arise as a result of social, political, and economic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying art from a psychoanalytic perspective remains relevant because it expresses the link between subjects and their desire and how they relate to objects in general. This article focuses on analyzing minimalism and the latent fantasy of the artistic movement. We question the narrative of the minimalist as something clean and empty and explain why, despite its efforts, instead of slowing down consumption, it ends up accelerating its rate and making the subject's alienation to capitalism even stronger, creating a lot more suffering. We present the argument by linking the libidinal and political economies with Jacques Lacan and Karl Marx's thoughts. The article concludes by reflecting on the suffering of the capitalist subject and the limits of its ethical behavior within a capitalist economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of competition law, the concept of an enterprise includes any entity engaged in economic activity, irrespective of the legal status of that entity and how it is financed. From this definition of the company, we can see its characteristics, which are essentially the economic activity of this entity on the one hand and its legal independence on the other. Any conduct in the market can only be considered if the undertaking concerned carries out an economic activity, i.e., an activity of production, distribution or import and export. It must also be independent of other companies in the same market. In other words, each company must be in a position to compete with the other to create perfect competition in the market. Therefore, competition law prohibits anti-competitive practices only if economic and independent entities commit them. Through this study, we will highlight the concept of the institution in competition law, whether from a legal or economic perspective, and we will learn about the conditions for applying competition rules to the institution as a key element in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Addressee identity awareness often affects how speakers structure discourses. The study views male cosmetics advertising through a pragmatic lens to investigate how customer identity is shaped cross-culturally through men's deodorant advertisements on the English and Greek market. The study uses communication styles (Hofstede, Hofstede, and Minkov 2010) to account for (a) naturalistic translation shifts in verbal or multimodal data which tend to improve product reception in the Greek target context and (b) experimental data to confirm how masculinity is shaped and attributed to male customers by well renowned deodorant companies. The data analysis reveals that socio-pragmatic parameters are operative in accounting for differences in the two contexts. Findings show cross-cultural variation along three of Hofstede, Hofstede, and Minkov's (2010) communication styles, namely, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity and uncertainty avoidance/tolerance, correlating it with a fourth dimension of the framework, the high/low power distance one. The significance of the research lies in that it shows how commercial content producers register locally shared gender identity assumptions relevant to the audience type they address. Translation is another platform where pragmatic variation may be fruitfully explored cross-culturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of gender differences has recently become a growing focus. Nothing is more evidence of this than the fact that in 2023 Claudia Goldin (who studied the position of women in relation to the labour market) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics. Furthermore, internationally, there are numerous studies that examine the differences between women and men as leaders and managers. The question arises as to what factors play a significant role from the perspective of women managers in starting and managing a successful business. The present research focuses on the analysis of a Romanian brand - Musette3 - which is co-founded by a woman (through Cristina Batlan) and is represented internationally. Despite the considerable success of the Musette brand, there is a lack of literature in Romania on the study of this brand4. Consequently, the objectives of our study are5: (1) to identify the conditions that should be the pillars of a start-up business, (2) to identify the factors without which there is no possibility of further development and lasting success, and (3) to examine the brand personality characteristics of Musette. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of Point of Sale (POS) systems in advancing the cashless policy within Nigeria's economy. Topics include the benefits of POS businesses in promoting financial inclusion and economic growth, the challenges posed by high transaction costs and inadequate infrastructure, and recommendations for improving Nigeria's cashless transaction ecosystem.

This study aims to describe socio-economic aspects, farming practices and production limitations of goats by surveying 53 farms holding 5507 head in the regions of Tataouine-Tunisia. It was revealed that goats represented a major source of income for most of the producers (66.1%). Approximately 35.8% of the farmers had not received formal education, with the majority (56.6%) having been engaged in goat breeding for over 10 years. Additionally, 50.9% of stockholders relied on technical knowledge for animal breeding. The investigated herds were mostly (97.4%) comprised of local goat breeds. The most common management system was semi-intensive (49.1%) based on grazing in communal rangelands and supplementation with agricultural by-products and concentrates. The fertility, fecundity and prolificacy rates were 91.3 ± 8.3, 109.8 ± 19.5 and 127.0 ± 15.4%, respectively. The main reasons for keeping goats were their major contribution to the income by the sale of male kids and the provision of milk for home consumption. Sale of male kids at an age of 7.7 months was practiced mostly via intermediaries (94.3%) and rarely directly to butchers and markets (5.7%). The total amount of milk produced on each farm was on average 15.1 l/day, and more than half of farmers (54.7%) consumed goat milk as part of their daily diet. The majority (71.7%) of respondents locally processed milk into Leben, Rayeb and cheese because the goat milk market faced constraints in the Tataouine regions, mainly in terms insufficient milk production and low consumer acceptability. Goats contribute to the income source in rural zones of southern Tunisia, where their breeding is mainly for the purpose of meat sale and the provision of milk for home consumption. The development of goat milk market can represent an added value to this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The proposed reductions in farm input uses foreseen in the European Green Deal may penalize European farm production while increasing environmental leakages to foreign countries where production may expand. These expected impacts have led to calls for a more restrictive trade policy based on mirror clauses. This paper considers as a case study a potential ban on glyphosate in vegetable and fruits production. We develop an original computable general equilibrium model with endogenous adoption of new European production standards by foreign producers on currently latent markets. We find in our case study that adding mirror clauses to the Green Deal marginally improves European farm income and the global environmental footprint of food. We find that foreign producers as a whole can gain from these clauses and not lose as in a standard analysis. European households support these clauses by paying higher food bills while consuming vegetables and fruits produced without glyphosate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the economic cohesion of two German areas, Hamburg and Saxony, in the 18th century, created through the inflow of Atlantic colonial groceries from the former to the latter. Combining different kinds of sources revealed the following. The trade flow from Hamburg to German lands began to shift from Prussia to Saxony in the middle of the 18th century. Within Saxony, the market was concentrated in two locations: the court city Dresden and proto-industrial district of Upper Lusatia. What made Saxony stand out were its liberal commercial policy and the development of rural trade. However, given that the growth of the market in Saxony was confined to geographically narrow zones, and that Prussia refused to be integrated with Hamburg, I concluded that the German market was distorted.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the price dynamics and market prospects of Ethereum, the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization. As blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies increasingly integrate into global financial systems, understanding the factors influencing Ethereum’s price becomes crucial for investors, developers, and researchers. The study uses daily price and volume data from an extensive dataset spanning from 2016 to 2023, focusing on the year 2022 to analyze trends and relationships between Ethereum’s price, market volume, and time. Employing correlation and regression analyses, the study aims to identify key patterns, with a focus on understanding how these variables interact within the volatile cryptocurrency market. The methodology centres on refining the data to ensure accuracy and integrity, including the removal of outliers and verification of variable distributions. Correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between price, volume, and time. Regression analysis further assessed the impact of volume and temporal factors on Ethereum's price, using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors to address market volatility. The model's robustness was validated through statistical significance tests, and visualizations were used to present data trends and relationships effectively. The findings reveal that Ethereum experienced substantial volatility in 2022, characterized by a general downward price trend. The study identified a weak inverse correlation between price and trading volume, suggesting that periods of higher trading activity often coincide with lower prices, possibly reflecting market corrections or sell-offs. The regression analysis indicated that time is a significant factor in Ethereum’s price dynamics, with a strong positive correlation between the observation order and price, highlighting a clear downward trend over the year. The model demonstrated a high explanatory power, with an Adjusted R-squared of 83.94%, indicating that the selected variables effectively capture the variance in price. The discussion places these findings within the broader context of market developments, including technological shifts like Ethereum 2.0, regulatory changes, and macroeconomic factors that shaped the price movements. The inverse relationship between volume and price underscores the impact of trading behaviour on market sentiment, while the downward temporal trend aligns with the overall market downturn seen in 2022. Despite short-term negative trends, the analysis underscores Ethereum’s long-term potential, given its leading role in decentralized finance, non-fungible tokens, and blockchain innovation. This research remains highly relevant as it addresses the interplay of technical, market, and macroeconomic factors in shaping Ethereum’s price and market prospects, providing a framework for understanding its future trajectory within the evolving cryptocurrency landscape.

The article presents a comprehensive study results aimed at identifying peculiarities of the restaurant market and consumer behavior in the Moscow restaurant business segment. Within the framework of the research three stages have been realized. At the first stage the Moscow restaurant market macroenvironment has been analyzed to identify external factors of influence on modern restaurant business. The external factors of positive and negative impact on the restaurant industry development have been structured and described. At the second stage to identify the main trends of the Moscow restaurant market the method of content analysis of the Moscow restaurant business establishments sites with high rating indicators based on the Yandex neural network data was used. The main trends of the Moscow restaurant market are: restaurants’ focus on preparing healthy food and vegetarian cuisine; use of farm products and local ingredients in prepared dishes; technological innovations implementation that simplify consumer experience; focus on the principles of sustainable development and environmental friendliness in the business model; restaurant formats variety. At the third stage of the study, a survey has been conducted among visitors to Moscow restaurants and cafes to identify consumer behavior. The identified consumer practices in the restaurant market indicate, on the one hand, active involvement of the audience in visiting Moscow restaurants, cafes, and bars, and on the other hand, the use of restaurant meal delivery services via restaurant websites or mobile applications. The dominant influence of rational factors in consumers’ choice of a restaurant to visit and changes in the consumer motivation structure when visiting restaurants and cafes have been revealed.

The business environment today is undergoing dynamic changes due to globalization, market liberalization, and other modern trends. Additional pressures in recent times are caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. These trends bring numerous challenges but also opportunities for businesses. Most companies choose internationalization as a key strategy for achieving success and improving competitive positions. The success of this process depends on many factors, and a deep understanding of the target market is fundamental. The subject of this paper and its objectives are to determine the strategic role of top management in the internationalization process and to thoroughly examine the factors that influenced decisions to expand into international markets. Special emphasis will be placed on analyzing internal and external factors affecting internationalization. The paper will also explore how digitalization and technological advancements aid companies in this process. It will discuss the role of cultural differences and how they can impact international business operations. Strategies used by companies to adapt to different markets will be analyzed. Furthermore, the paper will address the role of innovation in the internationalization process. In conclusion, recommendations will be offered for companies planning to expand into international markets. The paper will also consider how geopolitical factors can influence internationalization decisions. The role of financial resources and their management in the internationalization process will be explored.

The paper expounds a simple non-cooperative game, which can model discrimination in market and non-market transactions. The model has two equilibriums where individuals do not discriminate and several where they do. One non-discriminatory equilibrium dominates in the sense of Pareto all discriminatory equilibriums. The second non-discriminatory equilibrium is dominated by all other equilibriums. While there is no discrimination in the first-best outcome, the introduction of discrimination can thus be Pareto-improving in some circumstances. For instance, in the model, a move from an equilibrium where they face discrimination to another equilibrium where they discriminate too can sometimes make the members of a group better off, without making anyone else worse off. Another implication of the model is that interactions between officials of the state and ordinary citizens generate a greater number of potential patterns of discrimination than interactions between ordinary citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their important book, Bell and Wang argue that hierarchies are here to stay, and the question moral philosophy should face is which hierarchies are morally condemnable and which are morally justifiable. They convincingly explain that hierarchies that contribute to social functioning and increase human well-being (often even benefitting those on the lower ranking of hierarchies) or hierarchies with a kind of fluid character and consist of mechanisms or rules that enable switching roles can be justified. In my paper, I wish to examine whether, according to their principles, informal and semi-formal hierarchies which are created by the market or by a firm, using an algorithm, can be justified. These hierarchies differ from the ones discussed by Bell and Wang in that they are not part of traditional or legal institutions or relationships. They are actually informal or semi-formal and are often created spontaneously by, or as a result of an aggregation of many individuals' economic exchanges. Sometimes they are publicized formally (e.g., a list of best sellers' authors, or when prizes are awarded) and sometimes they are simply a matter of the wisdom of the crowd. On the one hand hierarchies in markets are meant to (a) inform consumers and producers and (b) create a healthy competition, so, prima facie they help us and increase our well-being. In addition, they are meant to shift over time, as they depend on the quality of the producer and the product and their ability to compete with other, new, e.g., more technologically advanced, products. Therefore, on the face of it, these hierarchies could be justified according to Bell and Wang's theory. Nevertheless, I argue that there are other characteristics of these hierarchies which make them condemnable according to the theory and that the cons outweigh the pros. These are: (1) Market hierarchies are based on category mistakes; (2) Market hierarchies are likely to be deceptive—they might inform consumers but with deceptive and often irrelevant information; (3) Market hierarchies are not genuinely flexible and therefore work against the principle of shifting roles which Bell and Wang put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When organizations take radically new forms, employees' minds and bodies can also take radically new forms, but prior organizational research has lacked the concepts and data to understand such qualitative changes in persons. For 17 years, I studied a profound societal change, the market turn, inside organizations at their center, investment banks on Wall Street. The banks took a new, market-like form that facilitated the emergence of a cultural–historical new form of personhood, the body entrepreneur. Unlike traditional organizations, which predictably reward employee effort, the banks gradually decoupled rewards from effort, paying bankers for winning first internal and then external competitions and increasingly exposing them to market risk. Bankers internalized this entrepreneurial positioning by transforming their minds and bodies into resources for competitive success regardless of health consequences. As rewards became more elusive, bankers invested more resources, first the mind and then the body, and controlled them in progressively more powerful ways, first through cognitive techniques, then through self-experimentation with drugs. Bankers thus intervened more radically in their minds and bodies than organizations legitimately can, resulting in two qualitative person changes. One, bankers constructed personhood in cultural–historical new ways, changing from the traditional psychological self, which locates processes such as emotions and motivation in the mind, toward a somatic self, the body entrepreneur, which locates them in the body as brain states that bankers could self-design. Two, the body functioned in new ways: not inside–out as a biological imperative but outside–in, fluidly adjusting to changing situations. Whereas prior organizational theories have assumed what the body is, I problematize it, empirically studying the self-technologies through which people construct the culturally situated biologies that compel them to unproblematically reproduce new, market-like organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, Egypt has been developing under the pressure of unfavorable factors that consistently complicate the work of its reproductive mechanisms, the functioning of the market and other institutions, and result in a series of economic turmoil, social tensions, and political upheavals. In certain periods, the country managed, under favorable circumstances, to mobilize its capabilities to temporarily offset and compensate for the negative influence of internal and external factors and even demonstrate signs of some macroeconomic stability. But the general trend, characteristic of and inherent in an economy developing in harsh conditions, did not give a chance to stay on a more or less constant course for a long time. At the beginning of the second decade of the new century, violent popular uprisings and demonstrations actually led the country to a serious crisis. Its echoes are still felt today, and they carry an element of extremely undesirable destabilization for the largest state in the region. Egypt has historically retained the status of a regional power, no longer the only one, but involved in almost all economic and political initiatives and processes developing in the Arab region, playing an important role in them, which, naturally, should be supported by the corresponding economic potential.

The development of the milk food market and the level of food independence of the region set trends in the development of the milk reproduction process. The level of self-sufficiency of the region’s population, the level of economic accessibility of food, the development of market relations, exports and imports depend on the type of milk reproduction. Reproduction and market issues are considered from different perspectives: production and satisfaction of needs, but they are closely intertwined and, giving an assessment as a whole from both positions, it is possible to cover the current situation in the region in more detail.The purpose of the study. The purpose of the research is to analyze reproduction and assess the current situation on the milk market and dairy products in the conditions of food independence of the Irkutsk region and to develop recommendations for their development.Materials and methods. The study uses normative, reference and statistical information. The empirical base of the study was made up of data from the Federal State Statistics Service, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Irkutsk region, accounting statements of agricultural organizations, and publications in open sources. The object of the study is the supply of milk and dairy products in the Irkutsk region on the market. Statistical methods were used in the paper: descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, dynamic series analysis, monographic and other research methodsResults. The conducted assessment revealed that the average annual rate of decline in production volumes of milk in the Irkutsk region is 0,15%. The number of cows decreases by 32,22%, which affects the volume of production; they decrease, in turn, the productivity of cows increases by 74,34%, which compensates for the decrease in livestock, but not enough to conduct an expanded reproductive process. The main producers are the households of the population, which indicates the high labor intensity of the products. Irkutsk region is provided with milk of its own production by 87,6%, which does not correspond to the approved level of food independence (more than 90%). The economic accessibility of food has the highest value of 61,85% in 2021-2022. It shows that the population of the Irkutsk region consumes milk less than the rational norm of its consumption meeting the requirements of a healthy diet by 38,15%. Conclusion. According to the results of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn: milk reproduction in the region has a narrowed type; the region has not reached the level of food independence for milk; the economic accessibility of milk does not reach the established value in the doctrine of food security, which indicates that the population consumes milk less than the rational consumption rate established for medical reasons. A further increase in the level of food security is possible if an expanded type of reproduction process is achieved and maintained, which in modern conditions in the Irkutsk region is achievable with great effort, since the region has been exposed to a disease of cattle (nodular dermatitis) and the infected livestock is eliminated by burning, which will affect production volumes. The Ministry of Agriculture of the Irkutsk region is taking all necessary measures to normalize the situation and eliminate the consequences, as well as to support the affected agricultural producers

This study analyzes the pricing mechanism in the Panyabungan traditional market using the perspective of Islamic economics. The Panyabungan tradisional market is the focus of research because it is the local economic center of the Muslim community. Using a qualitative approach, data is collected through observation and interviews with traders and sellers as well as market stakeholders. The results of the study show that the pricing mechanism in the Panyabungan Old Market is largely based on market forces, which is not in accordance with Islamic economic principles that emphasize fairness in prices. In the traditional market of Panyabungan, there is still intransparency related to prices, price increases at certain moments that are not affected by the substance of the availability of goods, and buying and selling credit without paying attention to sharia principles. The implications of this study reinforce the importance of understanding and applying Islamic economic principles in traditional market practices to achieve the goals of economic justice and sustainability at the local level.

The objective of this was to determine the factors and social actors that characterize the vid-pisco market in Peru. Using a methodology with a non-experimental qualitative approach of exploratory and descriptive scope, a structural analysis was carried out with the support of a group of five experts familiar with the system studied and the Cross Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to a Classification tool. The findings allowed us to identify the most influential and dependent factors of the system: the number of people identified with the vid-pisco as a Peruvian symbol, the number of liters of pisco consumed per person, and the percentage of market growth per person per year. On the other hand, the most important social actors turned out to be tourists who visit the country and consume pisco, local consumers, and national distributors. The key factors are important for the system since good management of these favors its development; in the same way that the actions carried out by the actors would complement their development. This study constitutes a starting point for the planning and design of strategies that support the evolution of the system in the medium or long term.

The article is devoted to the study of the metaphorical and metonymic representation of the concept «Market» in the English investment discourse. Unlike many works that analyse the concept of «Market» in an economic way in economic discourse, the present study focuses on the study of this concept in the financial sense, which has not previously been the subject of a special analysis. The aim of the study is to identify metaphorical and metonymic models of conceptualization of the concept of «Market» and their interaction, expressed in the phenomenon of metaphthonymy. The material of the study was represented by 232 metonymic and metaphorical contexts extracted from English monographic sources devoted to various aspects of investing. Using the methods of conceptual analysis and the method of metaphorical and metonymic modelling, the source domains for the target domains «Market» were identified and the corresponding metaphorical and metonymic models were analysed. The analysis showed that the interaction of metonymy and metaphor in the representation of the concept under study is expressed in the metaphtonymic model «MARKET IS A SUBJECT OF INVESTMENT RELATIONS», based on the metonymic transfer «THE WHOLE FOR A PART». A purely metaphorical conceptualization is expressed in four major metaphorical models: anthropomorphic, nature-morphic, zoomorphic metaphors and the metaphor of sports and games. The identified metaphorical models conceptualize a complex abstract phenomenon of the market mechanism as a phenomenon of human environment, endowed with specific positive and negative features, which is intended to demonstrate both the attractiveness of the financial market for the investor and the dangers that await him in the course of investment activities. The largest metaphorical and metaphtonymic model is an anthropomorphic model that creates a complex image of the market as a person with its own physical, emotional, cognitive and social characteristics.

This article draws on approaches in the anthropology of things and the anthropology of capitalism. It brings to light fragments of the supply chains of pesticides in one of the most productive agricultural regions in Cambodia. Based on an ethnographic study conducted from November 2021 to December 2022 with farmers, petty retailers and marketing agents enrolled in the pesticides sector, this article shows how a study of local interactions between pesticides and these actors brings out multi-level data, ranging from the local marketing strategies to transnational manufacturing of pesticides. It highlights various stages that are taking place between small-scale farmers and industrial players to redefine tailor-made pesticides and fuel the local market.

The paper primarily deals with the development of agriculture in the Slovak Republic and Czech Republic, analyzes the agricultural sector in the period 2012–2022 and examines in more detail agriculture, its plant production, especially oilseeds. Attention is given to brief information on the development and situation of the sunflower and oilseed rape, where we focus on the analysis of the development of selected indicators during the observed period, such as production, area sown, yields. Within our research we deal with the concept of competitiveness, using the appropriate indicators. Based on the data, via analysis we quantified the value of Revealed Comparative Advantage index (RCA) and Competitiveness Growth Index (RCA 1). The development of society and the opening of borders between individual states caused the development of foreign trade. Membership in the European Union meant for Slovak and Czech foreign trade the relinquishment of sovereignty in this areas and the adoption of a common trade policy that establishes rules for foreign trade within member countries, but also towards third countries. At the same time, however, Slovak Republic and Czech Republic gained access to the single internal market, which is of significant importance for foreign trade of countries.

Abstract It is necessary not to provide an integrated model based on entrepreneurship for the development of student business markets with the approach of foundation data theory and to know the factors that can cause the expansion of such markets in schools. This is important and the main goal of this research. Also, this research with the question of whether strengthening, appropriate educational background and people's knowledge can improve the level of entrepreneurship? designed and carried out. The current study was carried out with an exploratory approach and using the Foundation's data method. The interviews and information gathering were semi-structured, and by using the purposeful sampling method, information was collected from 24 experts in the field of business and entrepreneurship. According to the obtained results, a qualitative model was designed for student businesses. By extracting more than 465 open codes or initial concepts from the interviews, as well as 85 concepts and 26 categories, it was determined that the causal conditions that are directly involved in the development of business markets include 1. Entrepreneurial attitude of school officials and decision makers, 2. Motivation. students, 3. needs assessment and targeted development, 4. teaching-learning process, 5. school quality assessment and 6. continuous monitoring of business markets. The results showed that student business markets lead to improving the level of entrepreneurship, creating new value, training creative students, increasing ability and experience, and improving the level of employment and productivity of students. Finally, the entrepreneurial model for the development of student business markets was designed in secondary schools of the second period of Sistan and Baluchistan province.Case study Sistan & Baluchistan HighschoolMaterials and Methods This research was conducted with an exploratory approach using the foundational data theory method. Grounded theory is an exploratory research method.The sample of this research is the number of 24 education experts and principals of secondary schools of Sistan and Baluchistan province, who voluntarily participated in this study.Discussion and Results The findings of the contextual factors showed that the entrepreneurial atmosphere of the school means an environment that motivates and encourages students to carry out entrepreneurial activities such as criticizing and reviewing, giving ideas, presenting creative thoughts, expressing opinions and thoughts freely, learning and teaching through presenting materials. Interpersonal exchange of information, group discussion and dialogue with officials and teachers, cooperation, participation and empathy in achieving group work. School teachers and officials should also pay attention and importance to the correct work done by students. Also, an entrepreneurial atmosphere means supporting and welcoming the critical and creative ideas and thoughts of teachers and school students, close interaction between teachers and students and school officials, and the movement of schools towards becoming a learning organization;ConclusionSocio-cultural environment, in schools with a well-formed entrepreneurial culture, students consider themselves obliged to feel responsible for their business and future career. This sense of responsibility can be reflected in the responsibility of the business markets that are formed in their schools.

Driven by the present worldwide turbulence, this research investigates the consequences of ambiguity and psychological variables on cryptocurrency valuation and artificial intelligence applications in the cryptocurrency market. Results demonstrate that many factors impact cryptocurrency pricing, and artificial intelligence algorithms have the potential to provide an average level of stability. Nevertheless, the interplay among shareholder opinions displayed on various channels has a considerable negative impact on cryptocurrency investment refunds, as this effect is especially noticeable for coins inside the same environment. Furthermore, there may be a considerable dispersion across currencies within the same network when unpleasant information occurs. Given the significant uninsured deficits many crypto traders face during crypto trade, the findings offer vital insights into how investing professionals might build appropriate placement methods aided by artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the advanced state of capitalist dynamics' penetration in agriculture, Jordan constitutes an enlightening and overlooked case study. Shaped by a history of war, dependency and imperialism, the monarchy has undergone a rapid process of agrarian change that has radically changed the social fabric of agriculture. Nowadays, a new process is occurring: the growing polarisation of two social classes of capitalist producers reveals the processes of accumulation and disempowerment driven by relations of credit and debt. The market, both in its abstract and physical realities, is the central mechanism that fuels the ongoing process of social differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]