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This chapter reviews current and future artificial intelligence (AI) to meet the needs of numerous students with special learning requirements. The current AI technology and AIEd Models are explored with the better diagnosis there is need to improvise the process of learning by interventions and making it efficient in a playful manner. The chapter caters to the various existing software's for the purpose and how they can be improvised in future. AI focuses on creating technology to perform functions like speech recognition, learning, and problem-solving. The technology has been widely spreading, and many AI tools have been developed to cater to the needs of exceptional learners within the classroom. The technology has developed interactive programs that help classroom teachers in differentiating instruction in the classroom. This chapter highlights the current analysis of the AI and AIEd models that have helped students with special learning needs. Furthermore, it also highlights the functioning of the AIEd model as well as how AI can help instructors and learners learn differently.

Radiography for forensic purposes is a complex area of practice and the International Association of ForensicRadiographers (IAFR) is pleased to provide this guidance and advice document for Radiographers andRadiological Technologists involved in providing forensic imaging services. These guidelines were originallypublished as a collaboration between the IAFR and the College of Radiographers in the United Kingdom (UK), in1998 [1]. As membership of the IAFR continues to grow internationally, these guidelines have now been updatedto be more applicable outside the UK justice system [2]. The aim is that the principles outlined in these international 'best-practice' guidelines will be adapted by national professional bodies and relevant health and justicedepartments to suit local medico-legal systems within each country, and that departmental managers and employers should also find this document invaluable [3]. It is recognised that the level of best practice that can beachieved is dependent on local facilities and resources, as well as the expertise of the radiographer(s).

Forensic odontology has long been an essential discipline in the post-mortem identification of human remains, the determination of the age of live subjects and in wider aspects of forensic investigation. It continues to be a rapidly developing field. Much of forensic dental identification is based upon the comparison of one set of records with another. Aside from the documented dental records, casts and photographs, radiographs and scans are one of the main sources of evidence. Previous scans and radiographs can be compared with contemporaneous images taken of the subject. In the identification of the deceased, these examinations will be performed on the cadaver. This paper reviews the current contribution of post-mortem dental radiography to forensic dental investigation, discussing its applications, equipment and techniques used and their relative advantages and disadvantages. It discusses possible future developments within the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges that face forensic dental imaging practitioners.

This chapter reviews some of the low-tech as well as the high-tech devices available for a wide variety of students with special learning needs. A history of assistive technology devices is explored and defined. Assistive technology has increased in use in recent decades due to accessibility of computers and the digital age. Digital devices such as hand held scanners, online learning environments, and digital resources have changed the educational experiences for students with special needs and disabilities. In response, teacher in-service programs and ongoing professional development programs need to be involved to understand and develop appropriate 21st-century learning opportunities and curricula. Future trends, such as virtual reality (VR) environments, allow opportunities for safe, effective learning. To assist in understanding and choosing the appropriate devices, multiple resources, such as global and national organizations, and online resources are provided.

Introduction .The use of dental panoramic radiographs to assess dental development is hindered by the distortion and artefacts associated with such radiographic exposure techniques. Objective The purpose of this communication is to explore the feasibility of using CBCT to measure the bone buccal to lower third molars to determine the possible cause of loss of root pulp visibility as visualised on conventional dental panoramic tomographs. Material and Methods The radiographic archives of The Royal London Hospital were searched for suitable CBCT images. These were examined using Vatech Ewoo CBCT scanner and Pax Reve 3D software. Scans were reformatted into the required parasagittal, axial and coronal sections using SECTRA PACS (Picture Archiving & Communication) software. Measurements of specified parameters were made and the average of these measurements was used to estimate the width of tooth and bone buccal to the pulp that contributed to the loss of Root Pulp Visibility. Results There was concordance between the measurements for the left and right side for the average measurement of the dentine and bone buccal to the pulp. Conclusions The dentine and bone buccal to the pulp of the lower third molar roots is symmetrical. Further work is needed to explore the value of this technique to Dental Age Estimation.

Shortly after the discovery of X-rays in 1895, radiological methods have been widely used to assist in examination of human remains, contributing to the identification and investigative process. In our modern era when the invasive nature of some forensic medical procedures are increasingly at odds with the acceptable norms of society, medical imaging techniques enable the noninvasive examination of remains in a variety of states of decomposition. Recent advances in computer technology have revolutionized medical imaging methods which now employ radioactive materials, sound waves, and magnetic fields in addition to X-ray technology. This chapter reviews the current contribution of postmortem medical imaging methods to forensic skeletal human identification, discussing applications, equipment, and techniques used together with their relative advantages and disadvantages. It discusses current developments within the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges that forensic practitioners face when examining skeletal remains.

Use of radiography and fluoroscopy in Disaster Victim Identification Positional statement of the members of the Disaster Victim Identification working group of the International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging Mark D. Viner , Abdullah Alminyah , Mario Apostol , Alison Brough , Wim Develter , Chris O’Donnell , Denise Elliott , Sarah Heinze , Paul Hofman , Guillaume Gorincour , Mansharan Kaur Chainchel Singh , Morio Iino , Yohsuke Makino , Artur Moskala , Bruno Morgan , Guy N. Rutty , Jacquie Vallis , Chiara Villa , Krzysztof Woźniak 2

Introduction Osteometric data may be obtained using digital imaging techniques, such as post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) and digital radiography, non-invasively and without ethical objection. Osteometric data from PMCT is known to be as accurate as taking direct measurements. Digital radiography is more accessible and affordable than PMCT but is limited due to the magnification of its subjects. Objectives To investigate the viability of implementing digital radiographic techniques for measurement of long bones, and to establish whether magnification can be accurately corrected for. Materials and Methods Twenty hind pig (Sus scrofa) legs were imaged using computed radiography (CR) and PMCT, and osteometric data obtained from the digital images and 3D CT volume reconstructions. Direct measurements were taken following maceration. A calibration object was imaged using CR, to provide magnification correction factors. Results Accuracy was determined by mean absolute error (AE), giving values of 3.3 ± 2.5 mm for PMCT (MPR), 2.4 ± 1.3 mm for PMCT (3D), 11.1 ± 7.4 mm for CR (PA), and 18.3 ± 14.5 mm for CR (LAT). PMCT data was more accurate than CR data. Through applying correction for magnification, CR data became closer to the direct measurement data, and stature estimation was substantially altered. Conclusion Magnification in computed radiography affects osteometric data and resulting stature estimations. Applying correction factors may be a viable option for improving accuracy. For digital radiography to be used reliably in forensic anthropology, further empirical research is needed to validate a magnification correction method.

This paper presents the findings of a study to investigate the value of measurements of the foramen magnum in relation to the determination of biological sex. The study performed a large-scale analysis of 250 adult individuals (♂=144, ♀=106) from a modern Swiss population utilising CT data acquired in the context of the Virtopsy ® Project. Data was analysed using discriminant function and binary logistic regression techniques and visual observations of the morphology of the foramen magnum were made to contextualise the findings. The study found that with all variables, males and females were equally classified at 66% accuracy by discriminant function analysis, where binary logistic regression was comparatively poor at classifying females despite an overall classification rate of 66.4%. The morphology of the foramen magnum was classified in 88% of the sample by visual assessment according to seven shape types; however 12% of the sample was unclassified due to shape irregularities arising from asymmetry and rim complexities. This study concludes that while measurements of the foramen magnum appear to demonstrate statistically significant differences between the sexes, the ability to discriminate sex may be limited by morphological variation. This may also influence the accuracy to which sex can be determined in individual crania and thus the isolated use of this method is not advisable unless as a suggestive finding when other features of assessment are absent or limited.

Since 2010, the Bioanthropology Research Institute at Quinnipiac University, in collaboration with the Inforce Foundation, Cranfield Forensic Institute at Cranfield University and the Centre for Human Bioarchaeology, Museum of London, has established a temporary field radiographic facility under St Bride’s Church, Fleet Street, London, in order to conduct a radiographic survey of the skeletal remains of 227 individuals from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries interred in the crypt and retained in the church. The collection constitutes a unique assemblage of skeletal remains covering a date range of 1676–1852/1853, with biographical data and detailed parish records. One of the skeletons demonstrated not only severe kyphoscoliosis, but also an uncharacteristic robustness of the femora and humeri for such a severe spinal deformity. Based on initial radiographs, it was determined the remains were stable enough to be transported to St Bartholomew’s Hospital for additional examination using multi-detector computed tomography to better visualize the internal structure of the skeleton. This chapter considers the different diagnoses derived from the radiographic studies and the analysis in attempting to establish the individual’s degree of mobility and impairment, placed in conjunction with the social conditions for the parish at this time.

Use of post-mortem computed tomography in Disaster Victim Identification. Positional statement of the members of the Disaster Victim Identification working group of the International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging; May 2014 Bruno Morgan , Abdullah Alminyah , Allan Cala , Chris O'Donnell , Denise Elliott , Guillaume Gorincour , Paul Hofman , Morio Iino , Yohsuke Makino , Artur Moskata , Claire Robinson , Guy N. Rutty , Antti Sajantila , Jacquie Vallis , Noel Woodford , Krzysztof Woźniak , Mark Viner 2

Increasingly, teachers are assigning work involving internet searches and students are increasingly employing the Internet to procure at least preliminary information. However, the vast majority of teachers fail to teach critical analysis of material posted on the Web. This paper will explore this issue and examine the need for instruction in critical thinking regarding sources on the Internet.

Introduction to Forensic Radiology Definitions in Forensics and Radiology B.G. Brogdon Forensic Radiology in Historical Perspective B.G. Brogdon and J.E. Lichtenstein Scope of Forensic Radiology B.G. Brogdon Coping with the Courts The Radiological Expert B.G. Brogdon The Expert Witness as Viewed from the Bench H.M. Pitluck The Radiologist in the Courtroom Witness Stand: Good, Bad, and Indifferent L. Berlin Identification Identification of the Dead L. Riddick Radiological Identification: Antropological Parameters B.G. Brogdon Modern Cross-Sectional Imaging in Anthropology F. Dedouit, N. Telmon, H. Rousseau, E. Crubezy, F. Joffre, and D. Rouge Radiographic Applications in Forensic Dental Identification R.A. Weems Virtopsy: Dental Scan and Body CT Imaging as a Screening Tool for Identification M.J. Thali, U. Preiss, and S.A. Bolliger Radiological Identification of Individual Remains B.G. Brogdon Radiology in Mass Casualty Situations M.D. Viner and J.E. Lichtenstein New Approaches to Radiology in Mass Casualty Situations A.D. Levy and H.T. Harcke Gunshot Wounds Forensic Radiology of Gunshot Wounds B.G. Brogdon and J.M. Messmer New Developments in Gunshot Analysis S.A. Bolliger, B.P. Kneubuehl, and M.J. Thali Radiology of Abuse Child Abuse B.G. Brogdon Abuse of Intimate Partners and of the Elderly: An Overview B.G. Brogdon and J.D. McDowell Radiology in Nonviolent Crimes Smuggling/Border Control B.G. Brogdon, H. Vogel, and P.R. Algra Forensic and Clinical Usage of X-rays in Body Packing P.M. Flach, S.G. Ross, and M.J. Thali Larceny B.G. Brogdon Radiology of Fakes and Forgery in Art A.E. James Virtual Imaging Reporting and Finding Expert Opinion: Virtopsy and the Logic of Scientific Discovery of K.R. Popper R. Dirnhofer Photogrammetry-Based Optical Surface Scanning S. Nather, U. Buck, and M.J. Thali Cross-Sectional Imaging and Swiss Virtobot Documentation and Analysis: Work Flow and Procedure M. J. Thali, S.G. Ross, S. A. Bolliger, T. Germerott, P.M. Flach, L. C. Ebert, T. Ruder, M. Bolliger, U. Preiss, S. Mathier, L. Filograna, G. Hatch, and G. Ampanozi Clinical and Forensic Radiology Are not the Same P.M. Flach, S.G. Ross, A. Christe, and M.J. Thali Postmortem Biopsy S.G. Ross, L.C. Ebert, L. Filograna, and M.J. Thali Postmortem Angiography S. G. Ross, P.M. Flach and M. J. Thali Using Real 3D Data for Reconstruction U. Buck, S. Nather, and M.J. Thali Applications of Rapid-Prototyping Methods in Forensic Medicine L.C. Ebert, S.G. Ross, and M.J. Thali Facial Reconstruction: New Approaches G. Mahoney and C. Rynn Virtopsy and Forensic Tissue Simulation and Synthetic Body Models M.J. Thali, B.P. Kneubuehl, and S.A. Bolliger Facilities, Equipment, and Organization Organization and Management of Forensic Radiology M.D. Viner and P.F. Laudicina Facility, Equipment, and Radiation Protection M.D. Viner, C.W. Newell, and C.M. Jalkh Forensic Radiological Technology Imaging in the Medical Examiner's Facility T. Blyth, E. Faircloth, G. Conlogue, and M.D. Viner Imaging in the Field G. Conlogue, M.D. Viner, and N. Adams Radiology of Special Objects, Antiquities, and Mummies G. Conlogue Essentials of Diagnostic Imaging Production of the Radiographic Image C.W. Newell, C.M. Jalkh, and M.D. Viner Radiographic Positioning C.W. Newell, C.M. Jalkh, and E. Faircloth Index

Since very shortly after the announcement by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen of his discovery of “A New Type of Ray” in December 1895, radiology has been widely used to assist in the analysis and identification of human remains. The applications of the use of X-rays first suggested by Levinsohn, Angerer, and Bordas still comprise the main methods by which medical imaging contributes to the identification and investigative process. Radiological imaging has the advantage of enabling the examination of remains in a variety of states of decomposition from fully fleshed to completely skeletonized. In an era when the invasive nature of some forensic medical procedures is increasingly at odds with the acceptable norms of society, it affords the opportunity to obtain a considerable amount of data without the need to clean and completely deflesh the remains, and it provides the investigative team with a rapid method of triage and classification by answering a number of fundamental questions described in this chapter.