121 results on '"Mark J. King"'
Search Results
2. The impact of road traffic context on secondary task engagement while driving
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Sandra Cuentas-Hernandez, Xiaomeng Li, Mark J. King, and Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
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driver distraction ,risky behavior ,attention ,multitask ,human factors ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
IntroductionDriver distraction has been recognized for a long time as a significant road safety issue. It has been consistently reported that drivers spend considerable time engaged in activities that are secondary to the driving task. The temporary diversion of attention from safety-critical driving tasks has often been associated with various adverse driving outcomes, from minor driving errors to serious motor vehicle crashes. This study explores the role of the driving context on a driver’s decision to engage in secondary activities non-critical to the driving task.MethodThe study utilises the Naturalistic Engagement in Secondary Tasks (NEST) dataset, a complementary dataset derived from the SHRP2 naturalistic dataset, the most extensive naturalistic study to date. An initial exploratory analysis is conducted to identify patterns of secondary task engagements in relation to context variables. Maximum likelihood Chi-square tests were applied to test for differences in engagement between types of driver distraction for the selected contextual variables. Pearson residual graphs were employed as a supplementary method to visually depict the residuals that constitute the chi-square statistic.Lastly, a two-step cluster analysis was conducted to identify common execution scenarios among secondary tasks.ResultsThe exploratory analysis revealed interesting behavioral trends among drivers, with higher engagement rates in right curves compared to left curves, while driving uphill compared to driving downhill, in low-density traffic scenarios compared to high-density traffic scenarios, and during afternoon periods compared to morning periods. Significant differences in engagement were found among secondary tasks in relation to locality, speed, and roadway design. The clustering analysis showed no significant associations between driving scenarios of similar characteristics and the type of secondary activity executed.DiscussionOverall, the findings confirm that the road traffic environment can influence how car drivers engage in distracted driving behavior.
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- 2023
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3. Addressing transport safety and accessibility for people with a disability in developing countries: a formative evaluation of the Journey Access Tool in Cambodia
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Julie A. King, Mark J. King, Niki Edwards, Sara A. Hair, Sarim Cheang, Anita Pearson, and Sophie Coelho
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audit ,built environment ,barriers ,public transport ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Background: The intersection between health, disability and transport has significant practical challenges for people with a disability living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where road infrastructure is poor and travel unsafe. Lack of transport access to health, education, employment and other services impedes achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and affects quality of life. The Journey Access Tool (JAT) combines access audit and road safety audit approaches to identify barriers to transport on journeys taken by people with a disability. To be useful and effective, it must fit the expectations of people with a disability (be acceptable) and be feasible for use in different settings (adoptable). Accordingly, a formative evaluation process was undertaken in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Objectives: To undertake a formative evaluation of the JAT using an iterative process to tailor the tool, pilot its use by people with a disability, and develop a template for its implementation in other LMICs. Methods: An iterative process of consultation and three pilots was undertaken. Participants were people with a disability who undertook journeys with a public transport component accompanied by assistants. Focus groups were held after each pilot, and results were integrated into JAT revisions. Results: Issues of terminology were resolved early, as were process issues related to the length of time taken to complete the JAT. Interpersonal issues were more difficult to address, with assistants tending to exceed their role and record their own comments. Use of the tool provided rich information on barriers. Conclusions: The JAT was both acceptable and adoptable for people with a disability and other stakeholders, and the experience gained will facilitate adaptation of the tool to new settings. The tool has significant potential to shape and support advocacy for change and engagement with transport services and also health, education, employment and other services.
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- 2018
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4. Graduated Driver Licensing : An international review
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Lyndel J. Bates, Siobhan Allen, Kerry Armstrong, Barry Watson, Mark J. King, and Jeremy Davey
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traffic accidents ,public health ,accident prevention ,safety ,automobile driving. ,Medicine - Abstract
Graduated driver licensing (GDL) aims to gradually increase the exposure of new drivers to more complex driving situations and typically consists of learner, provisional and open licence phases. The first phase, the learner licence, is designed to allow novice drivers to obtain practical driving experience in lower risk situations. The learner licence can delay licensure, encourage novice drivers to learn under supervision, mandate the number of hours of practice required to progress to the next phase and encourage parental involvement. The second phase, the provisional licence, establishes various driving restrictions and thereby reduces exposure to situations of higher risk, such as driving at night, with passengers or after drinking alcohol. Parental involvement with a GDL system appears essential in helping novices obtain sufficient practice and in enforcing compliance with restrictions once the new driver obtains a provisional licence. Given the significant number of young drivers involved in crashes within Oman, GDL is one countermeasure that may be beneficial in reducing crash risk and involvement for this group.
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- 2014
5. Factors Contributing to Crashes among Young Drivers
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Lyndel J. Bates, Jeremy Davey, Barry Watson, Mark J. King, and Kerry Armstrong
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traffic accidents ,public health ,accident prevention ,safety ,automobile driving ,oman. ,Medicine - Abstract
Young drivers are the group of drivers most likely to crash. There are a number of factors that contribute to the high crash risk experienced by these drivers. While some of these factors are intrinsic to the young driver, such as their age, gender or driving skill, others relate to social factors and when and how often they drive. This article reviews the factors that affect the risk of young drivers crashing to enable a fuller understanding of why this risk is so high in order to assist in developing effective countermeasures.
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- 2014
6. A retrospective registry analysis of the transport‐related health burden of wheeled recreational devices in Queensland, Australia
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Mark J. King, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, and J.E. Rod
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Descriptive statistics ,business.industry ,Public health ,Australia ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Injury surveillance ,Health outcomes ,Public space ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Relative risk ,Emergency medicine ,Hospital admission ,medicine ,Craniocerebral Trauma ,Humans ,Queensland ,Registries ,business ,Recreation ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate injury patterns from wheeled recreational devices (WRD) in the public space and explore risk factors for hospital admission. METHOD A cross-sectional analysis of WRD injury prevalence and risk factors for hospital admissions was conducted using data from the Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit (QISU) database for 2007 to 2017. Descriptive statistics and a log-binomial regression model were used to calculate adjusted relative risk for hospital admission. RESULTS Most WRD injury in the public space was related to stand-alone WRD injury events such as falls, with few reported WRD users being hit by vehicles from 2007 to 2017. Stand-alone WRD injury events had a higher independent risk of hospital admissions when injured in the head/neck/face (RR 2.08, 95%CI 1.6 to 2.8, p
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- 2022
7. Exploring Women’s Experience of Gender-Based Violence and Other Threats to Safety on Public Transport in Bangladesh
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Melissa Bull, Nicole Edwards, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Julie-Anne Carroll, Mujibul Anam, Julie King, Mark J. King, and Hanna Watling
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Sociology and Political Science ,Social Sciences ,Fundamental rights ,Context (language use) ,Economic Justice ,Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,women's rights ,gender-based violence ,medicine ,HV1-9960 ,crime ,public transport ,business.industry ,Economic mobility ,Work (electrical) ,traffic injury ,Public transport ,mobility justice ,Harassment ,Anxiety ,Demographic economics ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,business ,Law - Abstract
Equal access to safe transport is increasingly conceptualised as a fundamental right for women, with demonstrated impact on health outcomes, social and economic mobility, and societal participation. This study analysed qualitative and quantitative data to examine travel patterns and experiences among 200 women (aged between 18-64 years) using paid transport for work or educational purposes in Bangladesh. Results showed that the women faced multiple threats to their safety, including gender-based violence, harassment and crime, and traffic and non-traffic injury and that the use of paid transport was associated with high levels of anxiety and fear. Despite these circumstances, the women were captive travellers, forced to make transport choices based on price, availability, and ease of travel rather than safety. Unable to choose safe transports, the women attempted to mitigate risks by changing their travel pattern and behaviour, and by restricted their travel frequency. These findings are discussed within the context of women’s rights and mobility justice.
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- 2021
8. Driving simulator validation for speed research on curves of two-lane rural roads
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Saeed Monajjem, Mark J. King, Sanaz Kazemzadehazad, and Gregoire S. Larue
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Transport engineering ,Computer science ,Driving simulator ,Health safety ,Transportation ,Statistical analysis ,Rural roads ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
The numerous advantages of driving simulators make them a useful research tool. However, validation studies need to be conducted before extrapolating driving simulator results from the laboratory to a real-world driving environment. In this study, validation of mean speeds on curves obtained in a driving simulator was performed by monitoring speed on corresponding real-world curves. A mountainous two-lane rural road in Iran was simulated and the driving speeds of 30 participants were collected at the beginning, middle and end of five curves in the simulator. The driving speeds of 40 different participants were also measured at specified points of five curves in the real road using a radar gun. The curves studied included a horizontal curve on a positive grade, three combined crest curves and one combined sag curve. The results of bilateral z-tests indicated that both experiments belonged to the same population and independent t-tests indicated equality of variances for all curves. In most curves, except the combined crest curve with a radius of 300 m, the mean speeds in the driving simulator were higher than the real-road condition. The trends in speed variation from the beginning to the end of the curve were similar in both experiments.
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- 2021
9. Designing cycling and running garments to increase conspicuity
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Laura A. Bentley, Dean Brough, Neil A. King, Fiona Fylan, Alex A. Black, Mark J. King, and Joanne M. Wood
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010407 polymers ,Visual Arts and Performing Arts ,Computer science ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,050211 marketing ,Cycling ,01 natural sciences ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Automotive engineering ,0104 chemical sciences ,Education - Abstract
Poor conspicuity increases the risk of cyclists and pedestrians being involved in collisions with vehicles under low light conditions. Retroreflective strips in biomotion configuration significantl...
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- 2021
10. A Qualitative Study of the Context of Speed Management in Cambodia
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Sakony Pen and Mark J. King
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050210 logistics & transportation ,Government ,business.industry ,Speed limit ,Best practice ,05 social sciences ,Law enforcement ,Context (language use) ,General Medicine ,Monitoring and evaluation ,Public relations ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,0502 economics and business ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Business ,Enforcement ,Transportation and communications ,Knowledge transfer ,HE1-9990 - Abstract
Cambodia has one of the highest road crash rates amongst low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), with speeding a major contributor. Best practice speed management has been promoted internationally, and transfer of knowledge and best practices from high income countries (HICs) to LMICs has been recommended. However there is a need to take account of the physical, social and political environment of the LMIC concerned. The aims of this study were to analyse the context of speed management in Cambodia using the Road Safety Space Model (RSSM), and to recommend how best practice speed management could be implemented. Secondary sources were reviewed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 key informants with professional experience in speed management and enforcement in Cambodia. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, translated and thematic analysis was undertaken. The findings were interpreted using RSSM, within the categories of economic, institutional and social/cultural factors. Although there are Cambodian government initiatives to address speeding issues, many challenges were revealed. Recommendations are made, aligned with best practice recommendations for speed management. They include establishment of a functional road hierarchy and a review of provisions for different road users; a move away from the current complex vehicle-based speed limit scheme; improved databases to support enforcement, monitoring and evaluation; a review of current legislation and practices around fines and implementation of the licence points system; improvement of the spatial and temporal coverage of enforcement; public education to support enforcement; workplace safety measures to address speeding; and better coordination and funding across government agencies.
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- 2020
11. 'They would call me, and I would need to know because it is like life and death': A qualitative examination of the acceptability of smartphone applications designed to reduce mobile phone use while driving
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Atiyeh Vaezipour, Verity Truelove, Mark J. King, Sherrie-Anne Kaye, and Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
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050210 logistics & transportation ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Internet privacy ,Poison control ,Transportation ,Usability ,3. Good health ,Interpersonal ties ,Mobile phone ,Phone ,Need to know ,0502 economics and business ,Automotive Engineering ,Distracted driving ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,business ,050107 human factors ,Applied Psychology ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Distracted driving is one of the most prevalent risky behaviours worldwide. Research has highlighted that current approaches to distracted driving based on education and police enforcement have shown low effectiveness. Smartphone applications to reduce distracted driving are an emerging technology with the potential to prevent road crashes. However, recent evidence has shown that the adoption of these applications has been limited. A qualitative study was carried out to investigate the acceptability of smartphone applications that are designed to prevent distracted driving. A total of 35 drivers (57% females) aged 19–44 years (Mean = 28.43) participated in interviews which explored acceptability constructs for in-vehicle intelligent technology as defined by Regan et al. (2012): usefulness, usability, effectiveness, social acceptability, affordability, and willingness to use the application functions. Generally, drivers perceived that these applications have the potential to increase safety and reduce voluntary and involuntary mobile phone interactions while driving. Nonetheless, it was also found that drivers want to retain some of the functionalities of their mobile phone, such as music playing applications, accessing GPS/maps and being able to interact with certain groups of people through their phones while driving. Finally, barriers to the uptake of the applications among drivers who use their mobile phone while driving are discussed. A frequent barrier that needs to be overcome is the perceived need and pressure to respond to their phone while driving to communicate for work purposes or with people with strong social ties to the driver, for example, a parent or spouse.
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- 2020
12. Road safety lessons to learn from Low and Middle-Income Countries
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Ray Shuey, Mark J. King, and L Mooren
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050210 logistics & transportation ,Low and middle income countries ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,Development economics ,050602 political science & public administration ,General Medicine ,Business ,Transportation and communications ,0506 political science ,HE1-9990 - Abstract
This paper presents aspects of policy and practice observed in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the lessons which can be learned from these and similar initiatives. The role of non-government organisations in capacity building programs and advocacy is identified as a strong foundation for road safety reform. Political will is discussed as a critical component of reform together with the need for a holistic approach to ensure sustainability. The requirement for a strong evidence-base to support evaluation is discussed and the need to ensure strong governance over law enforcement is profiled. Good practice programs are described as well as the importance of harnessing the enthusiasm and dedication of youth in developing and championing initiatives for safer community outcomes. While the lack of resources and financial support may appear as an impediment to some, if viewed as a surmountable challenge, safety outcomes can be achieved. The findings demonstrate that there is a rich environment in LMICs from which to source and undertake key and critical research to stimulate continuous road safety improvement especially in those countries where road trauma remains at a comparatively high level.
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- 2020
13. How drivers adapt their behaviour to changes in task complexity: The role of secondary task demands and road environment factors
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Diana Onate-Vega, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, and Mark J. King
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050210 logistics & transportation ,Secondary task ,Computer science ,Cognitive distraction ,05 social sciences ,Driving simulator ,Transportation ,Generalized linear mixed model ,Standard deviation ,Task (project management) ,Mobile phone ,Distraction ,0502 economics and business ,Automotive Engineering ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,050107 human factors ,Applied Psychology ,Simulation ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
The present study investigates the impact of different sources of task complexity such as driving demands and secondary task demands on driver behaviour. Although much research has been dedicated to understanding the impact of secondary task demands or specific road traffic environments on driving performance, there is little information on how drivers adapt their behaviour to their combined presence. This paper aims to describe driver behaviour while negotiating different sources of task complexity, including mobile phone use while driving (i.e., calling and texting) and different road environments (i.e., straight segments, curves, hills, tunnels, and curves on hills). A driving simulator experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different road scenarios and different types of distraction while driving. The collected data was used to estimate driving behaviour through a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with repeated measures. The analysis was divided into two phases. Phase one aimed to evaluate driver performance under the presence and absence of pedestrians and oncoming traffic, different lanes width and different types of distraction. The second phase analysed driver behaviour when driving through different road geometries and lane widths and under different types of distraction. The results of the experiment indicated that drivers are likely to overcorrect position in the vehicle lane in the presence of pedestrians and oncoming traffic. The effect of road geometry on driver behaviour was found to be greater than the effect of mobile phone distraction. Curved roads and hills were found to influence preferred speeds and lateral position the most. The results of this investigation also show that drivers under visual-manual distraction had a higher standard deviation of speed and lateral position compared to the cognitive distraction and the non-distraction condition.
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- 2020
14. Pollution-Aware Walking in 16 Countries
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Anna Wlodarczyk, Mark J. King, Violeta Enea, Joonha Park, Gabriel Dorantes-Argandar, Rusdi Bin Rusli, Samira Ramezani, Mauricio Orozco-Fontalvo, Rui Sousa Mendes, Laura Martínez-Buelvas, Yonggang Wang, Takashi Tsubakita, Matúš Šucha, Mario Velindro, Tatiana Volkodav, Maria de Fátima Pereira da Silva, Sibele Dias de Aquino, Jorge Tiago Bastos, Anna Marti-Belda, Miguel Barboza-Palomino, Quan Yuan, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Ali Kemal Çelik, Jean Carlos Natividade, Tiina Rinne, Elisabeth Rubie, Duy Q. Nguyen-Phuoc, Erkan Oktay, and Sergio A. Useche
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Pollution ,Health Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Theory of planned behavior ,Transportation ,Environmental economics ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Psychology ,Safety Research ,media_common - Abstract
Background: The current levels of air pollution in European countries reduces life expectancy by an average of 8 months. People who actively travel by walking have a higher level of exposure to air pollution than those who use motor vehicles or electric buses. Some routes have higher air pollution levels than others, but little is known about pollution-aware route choice and intentions to actively avoid walking near polluted roads. An improved understanding of how air pollution influences intentions to walk or avoid polluted routes can inform interventions to decrease exposure. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare experiences walking near roads with high levels of air pollution across countries; (2) identify groups of countries based on perceptions of air quality; and (3) examine how pedestrians develop their intentions of avoiding pollution using the extended TPB (demographics, social norms, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk).Methods: A cross-sectional design was applied. Pedestrians were asked about their experiences walking near roads with high levels of air pollution. To identify groups of countries with different levels of air pollution, a cluster analysis was implemented based on the perceptions of air quality. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians’ intentions to avoid polluted roads per country group using the extended TPB.Results: 6180 respondents (Age M(SD)= 29.4(14.2); Males= 39.2%) ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland completed the questionnaire. The proportion of participants who reported never walking near air polluted roads was 12.4% (from 3% in Brazil to 54% in Japan). Seven groups of countries were identified using perceptions of air quality: G1(Japan, Mexico, Colombia, Turkey, Malaysia & Brazil), G2(Spain, Romania & Czechia), G3(Chile, Russia & Peru), G4(China), G5(Australia), G6(Finland), and G7(Portugal). Participants in China (G4) and Australia (G5) reported the worst and best air quality respectively. Across all countries, intentions to avoid polluted roads were associated with perceptions of risk. TPB-psychosocial factors such as social norms and perceived behavioural control also influenced intention in most groups. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increase intentions to avoid polluted routes.Conclusions: The willingness of pedestrians to walk on or near roads with high levels of air pollution differs significantly among countries in this study. Countries can be grouped based on their perceived air quality. Perceived risk was the only common predictor of intention to avoid polluted routes across the different groups of countries.
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- 2021
15. Alcohol-impaired Walking in 16 Countries: A Theory-Based Investigation
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Maria de Fátima Pereira da Silva, Duy Q. Nguyen-Phuoc, Ali Kemal Çelik, Daniel Demant, J.E. Rod, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Jean Carlos Natividade, Sergio A. Useche, Sibele Dias de Aquino, Ana Martí-Belda, Quan Yuan, Joonha Park, Erkan Oktay, Samira Ramezani, Yonggang Wang, Miguel Barboza-Palomino, Laura Martínez-Buelvas, Matúš Šucha, Mario Velindro, Gabriel Dorantes Argandar, Mauricio Orozco-Fontalvo, Tiina Rinne, Elisabeth Rubie, Takashi Tsubakita, Rui Sousa Mendes, Anna Wlodarczyk, Tatiana Volkodav, Rusdi Bin Rusli, Mark J. King, Violeta Enea, and Jorge Tiago Bastos
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Male ,Theory of planned behaviour ,substance use ,Poison control ,Theory of Planned Behaviour ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Pedestrian ,Intention ,Walking ,Substance use ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk-Taking ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,0502 economics and business ,Injury prevention ,Humans ,multi-country study ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Pedestrians ,050210 logistics & transportation ,05 social sciences ,Logistics & Transportation ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Theory of planned behavior ,Accidents, Traffic ,Human factors and ergonomics ,active travel ,Multi-country study ,Active travel ,3. Good health ,Risk perception ,1117 Public Health and Health Services, 1507 Transportation and Freight Services, 1701 Psychology ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Alcohol ,Psychology ,Vulnerable road users ,human activities ,vulnerable road users ,Demography - Abstract
Alcohol is a global risk factor for road trauma. Although drink driving has received most of the scholarly attention, there is growing evidence of the risks of alcohol-impaired walking. Alcohol-impaired pedestrians are over-represented in fatal crashes compared to non-impaired pedestrians. Additionally, empirical evidence shows that alcohol intoxication impairs road-crossing judgements. Besides some limited early research, much is unknown about the global prevalence and determinants of alcohol-impaired walking. Understanding alcohol-impaired walking will support health promotion initiatives and injury prevention. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare the prevalence of alcohol-impaired walking across countries; (2) identify international groups of pedestrians based on psychosocial factors (i.e., Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and perceptions of risk); and (3) investigate how segments of pedestrians form their intention for alcohol-impaired walking using the extended TPB (i.e. subjective norm, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk). A cross-sectional design was applied. The target behaviour question was “have you been a pedestrian when your thinking or physical ability (balance/strength) is affected by alcohol?” to ensure comparability across countries. Cluster analysis based on the extended TPB was used to identify groups of countries. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians’ intentions per group. A total of 6,166 respondents (Age M(SD) = 29.4 (14.2); Males = 39.2%) completed the questionnaire, ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland. The proportion of participants who reported never engaging in alcohol-impaired walking in the last three months ranged from 30.1% (Spain) to 83.1% (Turkey). Four groups of countries were identified: group-1 (Czech Republic, Spain, and Australia), group-2 (Russia and Finland), group-3 (Japan), and group-4 (final ten countries including Colombia, China, and Romania). Pedestrian intentions to engage in alcohol- impaired walking are predicted by perceptions of risk and TPB-psychosocial factors in group-1 and group-4. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increased alcohol-impaired walking intentions. Conversely, subjective norms were not significant in group-2 and only perceived risk predicted intention in group-3. The willingness of pedestrians to walk when alcohol-impaired differs significantly across the countries in this study. Perceived risk was the only common predictor among the 16 countries.
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- 2021
16. User preferences and design recommendations for voluntary smartphone applications to prevent distracted driving
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Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Mark J. King, and Amy Williamson
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050210 logistics & transportation ,Computer science ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Internet privacy ,Transportation ,Computer-assisted web interviewing ,law.invention ,Bluetooth ,Countermeasure ,law ,Phone ,Mobile phone ,Distraction ,0502 economics and business ,Automotive Engineering ,Distracted driving ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Set (psychology) ,business ,human activities ,050107 human factors ,Applied Psychology ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Mobile phone distracted driving has been identified as a significant contributor to road trauma. The use of voluntary smartphone applications (or mobile phone functions) which are designed to prevent certain phone behaviours while driving is an emerging countermeasure for distracted driving. Despite the potential for voluntary smartphone applications to reduce crashes associated with mobile phone distracted driving, there has been limited research assessing how effective these applications are in reducing mobile phone use while driving, and the perceived acceptance of such applications. The overall aim of this study is to investigate factors that influence the use of voluntary smartphone applications to reduce the distraction associated with mobile phone use while driving. A total of 712 drivers from Australia participated in an online questionnaire about their preferences and opinions regarding smartphone applications to prevent mobile phone distracted driving. Statistical analyses including a random-effects logistic regression model were conducted to analyse the impact of the application functions on the participants’ willingness to install and activate the application. The willingness of participants to install and activate a mobile phone app was determined by the facility to disable visual-manual tasks and notifications and allow hands-free conversations. The facility to set up automatic responses to inform contacts that they are driving was also important. Females were significantly more likely to install and activate the app. Preferred functions included the blocking of visual-manual interactions such as texting and browsing but allowing applications that support driving such as GPS and Bluetooth. Participants also wanted to retain the ability to use music-playing functions. The ability to give commands to the phone exclusively through audio using a hands-free device or Bluetooth was also favoured. Some age-related differences were evident when examining preferred functions. Overall, findings suggest that the use of app-based technology is a potential intervention opportunity to reduce exposure to high-risk behaviours among motorists and particularly young drivers.
- Published
- 2019
17. Can our phones keep us safe? A content analysis of smartphone applications to prevent mobile phone distracted driving
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Mark J. King, Atiyeh Vaezipour, Verity Truelove, and Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
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Computer science ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Transportation ,Workload ,Blocking (computing) ,Mobile phone ,Phone ,Human–computer interaction ,Distraction ,Automotive Engineering ,Global Positioning System ,Distracted driving ,business ,Function (engineering) ,Applied Psychology ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,media_common - Abstract
Mobile phone use while driving is a pervasive problem that continues to increase, notwithstanding the large crash risk this behaviour constitutes. A number of phone applications have been developed with the intention of utilising the technology to prevent dangerous phone behaviours while driving. Despite the potential these applications have in preventing crashes associated with distracted driving, research is yet to explore these emergent applications. Therefore, this study provided a review of the current smartphone applications developed to prevent distracted driving. A content analysis was conducted to identify the smartphone applications targeted at stopping, preventing or reducing phone use behaviour while driving. Their functionality was determined based on the ecosystem of smartphone applications: application-mobile phone interaction, application-driver interaction, and application-context interaction. A total of 29 relevant applications in English language were identified. Most of these applications focused on blocking specific phone functions (e.g. texting or calling) while allowing more desirable driving phone functions to be accessed (e.g. music applications and GPS functions). The specific functions which are blocked or allowed varied greatly between applications. Out of the different application interactions, the function which sends an automatic text message to a contact who texts the driver (associated with external communicator interactions) was the most common feature. A major limitation of the applications was their reliance on blocking specific phone functions as opposed to managing workload while driving or simplifying specific phone tasks to be more compatible with driving. Simply blocking phone functions may not be attractive to drivers who view their phone as a necessity. As such, these drivers are unlikely to use these voluntary applications at all while driving. Smartphone applications designed to prevent phone use while driving show potential for playing a large role in a systemic intervention to prevent mobile phone distracted driving, yet there is a substantial need for further development of these applications.
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- 2019
18. 'Mate! I’m running 10 min late': An investigation into the self-regulation of mobile phone tasks while driving
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Simon Washington, Md. Mazharul Haque, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, and Mark J. King
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Decision Making ,Applied psychology ,Poison control ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Pedestrian ,Self-Control ,Task (project management) ,Young Adult ,Phone ,Distraction ,Adaptation, Psychological ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,050107 human factors ,050210 logistics & transportation ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Driving simulator ,Risk compensation ,Logistic Models ,Mobile phone ,Distracted Driving ,Female ,Self Report ,Psychology ,Cell Phone - Abstract
The adaptive behaviour of mobile phone distracted drivers has been a topic of much discussion in the recent literature, but the mechanisms of behavioural adaptation are still unclear. This study investigated the influence of driving demands, secondary task characteristics, and personal characteristics on behavioural adaptation of mobile phone distracted drivers. In particular, distracted drivers' self-regulation at strategic, tactical, and operational levels was investigated through a driving simulator experiment. In a high-fidelity driving simulator, participants driving through various driving conditions (e.g. interactions with pedestrian crossings, signalized intersections, merging ramps, roundabouts, etc.) needed to decide where and how to perform the following four mobile phone tasks: (a) ring a doctor and cancel an appointment, (b) text a friend and tell him/her that the participant will be arriving 10 min late, (c) share the doctor's phone number with a friend, and (d) take a 'selfie'. At a strategic level, the decision to pull over was modelled as a function of self-reported personal/attitudinal characteristics with a logistic regression model. Similarly, tactical self-regulation (decision to engage in a task while driving in a specific situation) and operational self-regulation (decision to temporarily stop the mobile phone task) were modelled as a function of driving demands and personal/attitudinal characteristics using a random-effects logistic regression model, which accounts for correlations resulting from multiple observations of a driver. Results suggest that tactical self-regulation is more common among distracted drivers followed by operational and strategic self-regulation. Personal beliefs regarding how safe it is to use the mobile phone for texting/browsing while driving were predictors of self-regulation for all levels. Drivers were observed to use the mobile phone more when the driving demands are low, e.g. while stopped at an intersection. This research suggests that distracted drivers engage in various levels of self-regulation, and future research could be focused on further theoretical refinement and development of technology-based interventions.
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- 2019
19. Road safety implications of the blood alcohol concentrations among alcohol users exiting bars in northern Ghana
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Mark J. King, Gavan R. Palk, and James Damsere-Derry
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Adult ,Male ,Automobile Driving ,Alcohol Drinking ,genetic structures ,education ,Ghana ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,parasitic diseases ,Blood alcohol ,Humans ,Medicine ,Drink driving ,030212 general & internal medicine ,health care economics and organizations ,Aged ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,food and beverages ,Alcohol users ,Guideline ,Middle Aged ,030227 psychiatry ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Blood Alcohol Content ,Female ,Safety ,business ,Safety Research - Abstract
The main objective of this study was to establish the blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of bar patrons relative to the legal (BAC) limit for Ghana and the international guideline on alcohol consumption.A cross-sectional study design and a convenience sampling technique were used to collect data at selected bars in 2 cities, namely; Bolgatanga and Wa, in northern Ghana. A breathalyzer was used to measure the breath alcohol concentrations of participants exiting bars and face-to-face questionnaires were administered to participants to capture their accident histories, alcohol consumption patterns, and modes of transport they usually use to travel to their next destination after alcohol consumption.The mean BAC of bar patrons was 0.143 ± 0.096% (95% confidence interval, 0.127 to 0.160%). The mean BAC of males (0.156%) was significantly higher than the mean BAC of females (0.103%; p = 0.004). Sixty-two percent of participants were exiting the bars with BACs of more than the legal BAC limit and 44% of this proportion was at 0.150% or more. Fifty-one percent of participants indicated that they usually consume a mixture of alcoholic beverages consisting of homemade and factory-made drinks. Fifty-seven percent of participants who usually consume a mixture of drinks had BACs of 0.150% or above. Only 22% of females and 6% of males consume alcohol within their respective recommended low risk of 1 to 2 units and 1 to 4 units, respectively. A vast majority of participants (96%) reported that they usually engage in risky behaviors such as riding, walking, or driving to their next destination after consuming alcohol.Motorists were more likely to exit the bars with very high BACs. It is recommended that police should enforce the BAC law. In addition, in order to prevent harmful use of alcohol, the introduction of an alcohol consumption guideline in Ghana is recommended. Because alcohol consumption is increasing currently with motorization, it is also necessary to educate alcohol users about the number of drinks required to stay below the legal limit if they are motorists as well as other road users or to prevent long-term illnesses associated with excessive alcohol use.
- Published
- 2018
20. P5.001 Injury patterns of wheeled recreational vehicles in the traffic environment
- Author
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J.E. Rod, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, and Mark J. King
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Mean age ,Pedestrian ,Injury surveillance ,Helmet use ,Accidental ,Emergency medicine ,Health care ,medicine ,Risk factor ,business ,human activities ,Recreation - Abstract
Background Wheeled recreational vehicles (WRV) are becoming a popular transportation choice among younger commuters. While users of WRV such as skateboards, scooters, and roller-blades are legally regarded as pedestrians in some jurisdictions, injuries occurring due to the use of these devices are not often classified as pedestrian injuries unless a motor vehicle is involved. Methods We seek to describe non-vehicle WRV accidental injury when used in public roads and footpaths. We retrospectively reviewed data from the Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit (QISU) for calendar years 2008–2017. Results There was a total of 1922 non-intentional WRV single events occurring in the traffic environment treated in emergency departments. The mean age of the injured was 13 (SD = 7) with 99% of the events been a fall. Males (73%) were most commonly injured and the trauma most frequently occurred on weekdays (60%) compare to weekends (40%). Upper extremity (54%) and the head (16%) was the most common injured body part while fractures (40%) and sprain-strains (21%) were the most common type of injury. Brain Injury was found to be an important risk factor for hospital admissions. Conclusions Head and brain injuries due to WRV non-vehicle injury could be an important contributor to considerable health care costs and long-term disabilities for young Queenslanders. Learning Outcomes The findings support a revision of Queensland legislation currently not requiring WRV helmet use in the traffic environment.
- Published
- 2021
21. 2D.005 Older pedestrian injury Outcomes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment
- Author
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Teresa Senserrick, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, J.E. Rod, and Mark J. King
- Subjects
Gerontology ,Active ageing ,Population ageing ,business.industry ,Meta-analysis ,Scopus ,Medicine ,Cumulative incidence ,PsycINFO ,Pedestrian ,CINAHL ,business ,human activities - Abstract
Background Older pedestrians 60+ (OP) have worse health outcomes due to pedestrian trauma. There is no available systematic evaluation of OP injury outcomes. This becomes increasingly important as the global population ages. We conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE assessment of OP injury severity and compare them with those of younger age groups. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycInfo, AMED, Web of Science, LILACS and TRID to identify studies assessing OP crashes and falls. Reporting was evaluated using STROBE, and GRADE was used to assess evidence quality. Random-effect model meta-analysis served to obtain pooled estimates. The review is registered in PROSPERO(#CRD42019140786). Results We included 60 studies (1,012,041 pedestrians). The pooled incidence proportion of OP crashes was 25% (95% CI: 22.3 – 28.5). OP were found to have higher severe injury, more critical care admissions, and higher fatality than younger pedestrians. OP also have higher incidence rates and severe injury from pedestrian falls. The overall quality of the evidence supporting the findings was low. Conclusions OP risks may offset some of the health gains from active ageing strategies, especially for developing economies with high numbers of vulnerable road users and with rapid population ageing. Learning Outcomes There is a need for research to improve the quality of evidence in regard to short and medium-term health outcomes and address long-term health outcomes for OP trauma.
- Published
- 2021
22. Overloading Among Crash-Involved Vehicles in China: Identification of Factors Associated with Overloading and Crash Severity
- Author
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Guangnan Zhang, Yanyan Li, Mark J. King, and Qiaoting Zhong
- Published
- 2021
23. Applying latent class analysis to investigate rural highway single-vehicle fatal crashes in China
- Author
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Renjia Luo, Mark J. King, Qin Shi, Yang Huimin, and Yikai Chen
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Rural Population ,Automobile Driving ,China ,Crash severity ,Developing country ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Crash ,Logistic regression ,Affect (psychology) ,Young Adult ,0502 economics and business ,Econometrics ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Mortality ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,050107 human factors ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,050210 logistics & transportation ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Accidents, Traffic ,Middle Aged ,Collision ,Latent class model ,Geography ,Logistic Models ,Latent Class Analysis ,Female ,human activities - Abstract
Rural highways are an important component of highway networks in developing countries. The high fatality rates of single-vehicle crashes in these highways recently attracted increasing attention. Given that most studies on the factors that affect the severity of single-vehicle crashes in rural highways were conducted in developing countries, the present study investigated this issue in a Chinese setting by analyzing the single-vehicle crash data of rural highways in Anhui Province, China from 2014 to 2017. First, in consideration of the unobserved heterogeneity of crash data, a method that combines latent class analysis (LCA) and binary logistic regression (BLR), which is called LC-BLR, was applied to identify the significant factors that affect the severity of single-vehicle crashes in rural highways. Second, the goodness-of-fit and prediction accuracy of the LC-BLR model and the BLR model were compared. Results revealed that the performance of the former was more satisfactory than that of the latter. Finally, countermeasures were proposed based on the analysis of the main factors that affect each sub-class crash in the LC-BLR model. The LC-BLR model results indicated that collision typewas significant in all three sub-class models considered in the analysis, but the effects on crash severity varied. Several variables (e.g., driving license state, time of week, driver age) demonstrated a significant effect in a specific sub-class model, thereby indicating that these factors were only effective in mitigating the crash severity of one sub-class. The findings of this study can facilitate the development of cost-effective policies or countermeasures for reducing the severity of single-vehicle crashes in rural highways.
- Published
- 2020
24. A crash risk identification method for freeway segments with horizontal curvature based on real-time vehicle kinetic response
- Author
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Jie He, Mark J. King, Xintong Yan, Hao Zhang, Changjian Zhang, Ziyang Liu, Lu Xing, and Yikai Chen
- Subjects
Automobile Driving ,Computer science ,Negative binomial distribution ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Crash ,Curvature ,computer.software_genre ,Data acquisition ,Risk Factors ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,050107 human factors ,050210 logistics & transportation ,Measure (data warehouse) ,Models, Statistical ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Accidents, Traffic ,Random effects model ,Data set ,Outlier ,Environment Design ,Data mining ,Safety ,computer - Abstract
With the development and maturation of vehicle-based data acquisition technology, in-vehicle data is increasingly being used to explore road safety. This paper reports on research that analyzed the real-time tire force data (kinetic response) obtained from vehicle kinetic experiments, and constructed a new approach for identifying the high-risk of crashes on freeway segments with horizontal curvature. First, the road was divided into 1km units. Then, taking into account the characteristics of freeway alignment, each segment with horizontal curve was selected as the object of subsequent analysis. Automotive instrumentation was used to obtain a measure of tire force in the course of normal driving. The entire data set was preprocessed according to rate of change and the density of the data was reduced. By defining the outliers of the kinetic data and conducting factor analysis, two representative crash risk indicators of longitudinal and lateral stability were obtained. Negative binomial regression model (NBR model) and random effects negative binomial regression model (RENBR model) were constructed and jointly applied based on the new indicators to predict the risk value of horizontal curve segments. The method showed good prediction performance (71.8 %) for high-risk road segments with design flaws, but the predicted effect for low-risk road segments was not ideal. This study not only illustrated the effectiveness of in-vehicle data in assessing road crash risk by coupling multiple kinetic parameters, but also provided support for freeway safety research using surrogate measures of risk when there is a lack of crash statistics.
- Published
- 2020
25. Increasing conspicuity on night-time roads : Perspectives from cyclists and runners
- Author
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Fiona Fylan, Dean Brough, Laura A. Bentley, Neil A. King, Alex A. Black, Mark J. King, and Joanne M. Wood
- Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation ,Injury control ,05 social sciences ,Applied psychology ,Dusk ,Poison control ,Transportation ,Mean age ,Occupational safety and health ,0502 economics and business ,Automotive Engineering ,Injury prevention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Significant risk ,Psychology ,human activities ,050107 human factors ,Applied Psychology ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Road user - Abstract
Pedestrians and cyclists are at significant risk of being killed as a result of a collision with a vehicle at night-time because of their poor conspicuity. Retroreflective strips positioned on the moveable joints, in a biological motion configuration (biomotion), greatly enhance the night-time conspicuity of pedestrians and cyclists, but it is not clear how widely this strategy is adopted among those running and cycling under low light levels (dawn and dusk or at night). This study explored runners’ and cyclists’ beliefs about their own conspicuity, and the strategies they use to increase their conspicuity and safety under low light levels. Nine focus groups involving 50 participants (mean age = 39.5 ± 13.9 years) were held with individuals who ran and/or cycled under low light conditions or at night-time. The strategies that participants used to increase their conspicuity and enhance their personal safety, and the importance they placed on increased conspicuity to other road users at night was explored. Data were analysed thematically, with two main themes identified. Strategies describes the different approaches used to increase conspicuity when running or cycling in low light, some of which are ineffective. Importance describes how conspicuity relates to other considerations that influence cyclists and runners. While they may believe that conspicuity is essential for their safety, they may compromise their own conspicuity by prioritising style or comfort, or because they believe that being more conspicuous is of limited value because it cannot compensate for the behaviour of other road users. In summary, cyclists and runners are largely unaware of effective strategies to increase their night-time conspicuity, particularly the use of biomotion reflective strips. Garment manufacturers should ensure that conspicuity features (with supporting educative product information on labels) are incorporated into cyclists’ and runners’ clothing or accessories to improve wearer conspicuity and hence safety in low light conditions.
- Published
- 2020
26. Research on prediction methods for motor vehicle driver training demand based on an S-curve
- Author
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Chihang Zhao, Mark J. King, Jie He, Wen Hang, and Zhengrong Wang
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050210 logistics & transportation ,Operations research ,Computer science ,05 social sciences ,Volume (computing) ,Training (meteorology) ,Future trend ,Transportation ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,Predictive value ,Prediction methods ,0502 economics and business ,Automotive Engineering ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Turning point ,Applied Psychology ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Motor vehicle training demand in China is beginning to change. Traditional forecasting methods are unable to adapt to the changing context and therefore cannot correctly predict the future trend. This paper (i) provides an analysis of the characteristics of driver training demand in China and (ii) proposes a new forecasting method based on an S-curve and saturation theory. A case study of small car driver training volume in the city of Huai’an is used as an example to validate this method and compare its predictive value with the traditional method. The traditional method shows continued growth in demand, while the new model indicates a turning point following which demand declines. Given the conditions applying in 2013, the new method provides a more accurate match with the actual situation.
- Published
- 2018
27. Perception of road hazards in a Tanzanian Secondary School before and after a traffic psychology intervention
- Author
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Maria Rita Ciceri, Paolo Perego, Mark J. King, and Federica Biassoni
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050210 logistics & transportation ,biology ,Health Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Applied psychology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Transportation ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,Traffic psychology ,Test (assessment) ,Risk perception ,Tanzania ,Traffic police ,Perception ,Intervention (counseling) ,0502 economics and business ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Rural area ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Psychology ,Safety Research ,050107 human factors ,media_common - Abstract
In Tanzania in 2014, 3,760 people were killed on the roads, and 14,530 were injured (Tanzania Traffic Police, 2015). One barrier to addressing this problem is the fatalistic belief, common in Africa, that a road crash happens ‘because it has to happen’. However, another possible reason is a lack of knowledge about sources of risk when using the road. The purpose of this research was to test a traffic psychology training program designed to improve risk perception regarding road use among school children in a rural area in Tanzania. 211 Students at a school in the Arusha region of Tanzania received a 2-hour lesson developed and conducted by a traffic psychologist about road safety. The effectiveness of training in improving risk perception was measured through a Static Hazard Perception Task (SHPT) administered pre and post lesson. Results show that students identified a higher average number of hazards in the SHPT after the training than before. Notwithstanding limitations of the research, the results strongly suggest that applying a traffic psychology approach to road safety education fostered reflection in the students, about their experiences as road users. Implications for more effective road safety education in Africa are discussed.
- Published
- 2018
28. 'It is frustrating to not have control even though I know it's not legal!': A mixed-methods investigation on applications to prevent mobile phone use while driving
- Author
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Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Verity Truelove, and Mark J. King
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Computer science ,Internet privacy ,Poison control ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Frustration ,Young Adult ,Phone ,Risk Factors ,Distraction ,0502 economics and business ,Distracted driving ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Android (operating system) ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,050107 human factors ,050210 logistics & transportation ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Accidents, Traffic ,Australia ,Workload ,Middle Aged ,Mobile Applications ,Cell Phone Use ,Countermeasure ,Mobile phone ,Distracted Driving ,Female ,Self Report ,business - Abstract
Mobile phone distracted driving is a major risk factor for crashes. However, this behaviour has been increasing in recent years. Effective enforcement of mobile phone bans while driving faces several obstacles; as such, it is important to consider additional countermeasures. Applications designed to prevent distracted driving are a promising solution, yet more research is needed that examines their effectiveness in reducing dangerous phone use while driving behaviours. Additionally, these applications are voluntary in nature; therefore, an understanding of drivers’ perceptions of the applications is necessary to determine how to improve uptake. A mixed methods design was utilised to examine these factors in a comprehensive manner. A total of 40 participants used the smartphone application “Do Not Disturb While Driving” for iOS phone operating systems or “Android Auto” for Android phone operating systems for approximately one week and completed three diary entries reporting on their experience. Two questionnaires that examined phone use while driving behaviours were also administered to participants; one before and one after completing the study. The quantitative results found that engagement in 1) visual-manual, 2) cognitive-auditory and 3) music mobile phone interactions significantly decreased while using the application. Distraction engagement and mental workload while driving also significantly decreased while using the application. The qualitative results identified a number of areas of improvement that need to be addressed, e.g. activation of the application and Bluetooth connection reliability. The features that required improvement presented an obstacle for effective use of the applications, and in some cases resulted in drivers deciding to stop using the application. Positive perceptions of the application were associated with the experiences of the application functioning appropriately and activating automatically. These results show that applications designed for voluntary use to prevent mobile phone distracted driving are a promising countermeasure, although current applications require several improvements.
- Published
- 2019
29. Should I Text or Call Here? A Situation-Based Analysis of Drivers’ Perceived Likelihood of Engaging in Mobile Phone Multitasking
- Author
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Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Mark J. King, Md. Mazharul Haque, and Simon Washington
- Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation ,05 social sciences ,Applied psychology ,Ordered probit ,Sample (statistics) ,Mobile phone ,Physiology (medical) ,Distraction ,0502 economics and business ,Human multitasking ,Distracted driving ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Situational ethics ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Psychology ,Adaptation (computer science) ,050107 human factors - Abstract
This study investigated how situational characteristics typically encountered in the transport system influence drivers’ perceived likelihood of engaging in mobile phone multitasking. The impacts of mobile phone tasks, perceived environmental complexity/risk, and driver’s individual differences were evaluated as relevant individual predictors within the behavioural adaptation framework. An innovative questionnaire, which includes randomized textual and visual scenarios, was administered to collect data from a sample of 447 drivers in South East Queensland-Australia (66% female; n = 296). The likelihood of engaging in a mobile phone task across various scenarios was modelled by a random parameters ordered probit model. Results indicated that drivers who are female, are frequent users of phones for texting/answering calls, have negative attitudes towards safety, and are highly disinhibited were more likely to report stronger intentions of engaging in mobile phone multitasking. However, more years with a valid driving license, self-efficacy towards self-regulation in demanding traffic conditions and police enforcement, texting tasks, and demanding traffic conditions were negatively related to self-reported likelihood of mobile phone multitasking. The unobserved heterogeneity warned of riskier groups among female drivers and participants who need a lot of convincing to believe that multitasking while driving is dangerous. This research concludes that behavioural adaptation theory is a robust framework explaining self-regulation of distracted drivers.
- Published
- 2018
30. Electric bicycle cost calculation models and analysis based on the social perspective in China
- Author
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Bojian Zhou, Xuetong Yan, Mark J. King, Wen Hang, and Jie He
- Subjects
China ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Environmental pollution ,Scrap ,010501 environmental sciences ,Social Environment ,Discount points ,01 natural sciences ,Electric bicycle ,Electricity ,0502 economics and business ,Environmental Chemistry ,Lead–acid battery ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,050210 logistics & transportation ,Social cost ,05 social sciences ,General Medicine ,Models, Theoretical ,Environmental economics ,Pollution ,Bicycling ,Motor Vehicles ,Social Capital ,Business ,Cost calculation - Abstract
Electric bicycles (EBs) are increasingly popular around the world. In April 2014, EB ownership in China reached 181 million. While some aspects of the impact of EBs have been studied, most of the literature analyzing the cost of EBs has been conducted from the buyer's point of view and the perspective of social cost has not been covered, which is therefore the focus of this paper. From the consumer's point of view, only the costs paid from purchase until retirement are included in the cost of EBs, i.e., the EB acquisition cost, battery replacement cost, charging cost, and repair and maintenance cost are included. Considered from the perspective of the social cost (including impact on the environment), costs that are not paid directly by consumers should also be included in the cost of EBs, i.e., the lead-acid battery scrap processing cost, the cost of pollution caused by wastewater, and the traffic-related costs. Data are obtained from secondary sources and surveys, and calculations demonstrate that in the life cycle of an EB, the consumer cost is 6386.2 CNY, the social cost is 10,771.2 CNY, and the ratio of consumer to social cost is 1:1.69. By comparison, the ratio for motor vehicles is 1:1.06, so that the share of the life cycle cost of EBs that is not borne by the consumer is much higher than that for motor vehicles, which needs to be addressed.
- Published
- 2018
31. Overloading among crash-involved vehicles in China: identification of factors associated with overloading and crash severity
- Author
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Mark J. King, Guangnan Zhang, Qiaoting Zhong, and Yanyan Li
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Automobile Driving ,China ,Databases, Factual ,Crash severity ,Specific risk ,Unsafe condition ,Crash ,Logistic regression ,03 medical and health sciences ,Accident Prevention ,Sex Factors ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Environmental health ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Crash data ,Accidents, Traffic ,Age Factors ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Regression analysis ,030229 sport sciences ,Middle Aged ,Health Surveys ,Motor Vehicles ,Identification (information) ,Logistic Models ,Female ,Business ,Safety ,human activities - Abstract
ObjectiveMotor vehicle overloading is correlated with the possibility of road crash occurrence and severity. Although overloading of motor vehicles is pervasive in developing nations, few empirical analyses have been performed on factors that might influence the occurrence of overloading. This study aims to address this shortcoming by seeking evidence from several years of crash data from Guangdong province, China.MethodsData on overloading and other factors are extracted for crash-involved vehicles from traffic crash records for 2006–2010 provided by the Traffic Management Bureau in Guangdong province. Logistic regression is applied to identify risk factors for overloading in crash-involved vehicles and within these crashes to identify factors contributing to greater crash severity. Driver, vehicle, road and environmental characteristics and violation types are considered in the regression models. In addition to the basic logistic models, association analysis is employed to identify the potential interactions among different risk factors during fitting the logistic models of overloading and severity.ResultsCrash-involved vehicles driven by males from rural households and in an unsafe condition are more likely to be overloaded and to be involved in higher severity overloaded vehicle crashes. If overloaded vehicles speed, the risk of severe traffic crash casualties increases. Young drivers (aged under 25 years) in mountainous areas are more likely to be involved in higher severity overloaded vehicle crashes.ConclusionsThis study identifies several factors associated with overloading in crash-involved vehicles and with higher severity overloading crashes and provides an important reference for future research on those specific risk factors.
- Published
- 2018
32. The unequal gender effects of the suburban built environment on perceptions of security
- Author
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Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Kamruzzaman, Nandita Basu, Mark J. King, and Mazharul Haque
- Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation ,Land use ,Health Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Urban design ,Transportation ,Ordered probit ,Pollution ,Risk perception ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Perception ,11. Sustainability ,0502 economics and business ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Socioeconomics ,Psychology ,Safety Research ,Recreation ,Built environment ,media_common ,Diversity (business) - Abstract
Introduction Studies have shown that perceived security discourages pedestrians from walking, which in turn reduces physical activities and associated health benefits. However, there is a dearth of research about what elements of the built environment contribute to perceived security among pedestrians and, in particular, how the perception varies amongst women and amongst men in suburban environments. The present study aims to address this gap in the literature. Methods A range of scenarios (i.e. more/less diversity of land use, presence/absence of trees) were presented in an online experiment to 995 participants in Brisbane (Australia). Participants reported their perceptions of being assaulted/robbed/harassed in each scenario. Random effects ordered probit models were estimated for men and women to identify the association between perceived security and built environment factors, controlling for other confounders such as age and attitudes. Results Women have a higher perceived risk of being assaulted/robbed/harassed compared with men in all scenarios tested in the present study. Importantly, the results indicated that while residential, commercial, and mixed land use provide a sense of security for pedestrians compared to vacant land, the effect was larger for women compared to men. There were no significant differences between vacant and recreational land use in terms of perceived security. At night, pedestrians perceived suburban environments as insecure, and the change in the level of security was higher for women than men. Also, night time security varied over different land-use types between men and women. Conclusions The findings suggest that targeted urban design practices (e.g., functional use of vacant land, increasing diversity of land use, adequate street lights) could be used to improve perceived security and also reduce gender inequality in security perceptions. In turn, improved perceptions of security can help to increase walking as a mode of transport.
- Published
- 2021
33. Health implications of age and gender injury patterns of non-vehicle pedestrian trauma
- Author
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Teresa Senserrick, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Mark J. King, and J.E. Rod
- Subjects
Public infrastructure ,Multivariate analysis ,Transportation ,Pedestrian ,Unit (housing) ,Age and gender ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,11. Sustainability ,0502 economics and business ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,050210 logistics & transportation ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Retrospective cohort study ,Pollution ,3. Good health ,Relative risk ,business ,human activities ,Safety Research - Abstract
Introduction Walking is a healthy, environmentally sustainable, and economically profitable transportation strategy for citizens and governments. Despite these benefits, it is also important to understand, and to inform health professionals, policymakers, and public infrastructure planners about, the preventable injury potential of walking in the transportation system and the distribution of injury by gender and age. This is especially important for non-vehicle pedestrian trauma, given that is more prevalent and there is less information available about its injury outcomes in comparison to pedestrian injury caused by vehicle collisions. Method A retrospective cohort study, and cross-sectional bivariate and multivariate analyses of non-vehicle pedestrian trauma in the traffic environment (NVPTE) were conducted. Relative risks (RR) of the incidence of injury and prevalence of injury outcomes by age and gender were calculated using data collected by the Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit (QISU) in Australia. Results Pedestrians aged 60+ have a consistently higher risk of NVPTE incidence when compared with pedestrians aged Conclusion Promoting walking for transport requires the incorporation of prevention strategies that consider key differences in injury outcomes. Clinical fall risk assessments and protective pedestrian infrastructure could play an important role in reducing the health and economic burden of pedestrian falls to the health system.
- Published
- 2021
34. Road accident fatality risks for 'vulnerable' versus 'protected' road users in northern Ghana
- Author
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James Damsere-Derry, Gavan R. Palk, and Mark J. King
- Subjects
Risk ,Developing country ,Logistic regression ,Computer security ,computer.software_genre ,Ghana ,Odds ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Pedestrians ,Road user ,050210 logistics & transportation ,business.industry ,Protective Devices ,05 social sciences ,Accidents, Traffic ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Odds ratio ,Confidence interval ,Bicycling ,Motorcycles ,Scale (social sciences) ,Relative risk ,business ,human activities ,Safety Research ,computer - Abstract
Background Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a serious epidemic that claims more than a million lives across the globe each year. The burden of RTIs is particularly pronounced in Africa and other low- and middle-income countries. The unfavorable disparity of the burden of road trauma in the world is largely attributable to unsafe vehicles, lack of appropriate road infrastructure, and the predominance of vulnerable road users (VRUs) in developing countries. However, little research exists in northern Ghana to highlight the scale and risk of death among road users. Objective The objective of this research was to establish the relative risk of death among road users in northern Ghana. Methods Crash data from police reports between 2007 and 2011 were analyzed for the Upper Regions of Ghana. Conditional probabilities and multivariable logistic regression techniques were used to report proportions and adjusted odds ratios (AORs), respectively. Results Generally, crashes in northern Ghana were extremely severe; that is, 35% of all injury related collisions were fatal. The proportion of fatal casualties ranged between 21% among victims of sideswipe collisions and 41% among pedestrians and victims of rear-end collisions. Though males were 6 times more likely to die than females overall, females were more likely to die as pedestrians (90% of all female casualty deaths) and males were more likely to die as riders/drivers (78% of all male casualty deaths). Pedestrians were 3 times more likely to die (odds ratio [OR] = 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4 to 4.1) compared with drivers/riders. Compared with drivers, the odds of death among cyclists was about 4 times higher (AOR = 3.6; 95% CI, 2.3 to 5.6) and about 2 times higher among motorcyclists (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.2). Compared with casualties aged between 30 and 59 years, children under 10 years and those aged 60 years and above were independently 2 times more likely to die in traffic collisions. Conclusion Provision of requisite road infrastructure is vital for the safety of VRUs in northern Ghana. Cycle paths and lanes (for cyclists) as well as sidewalks (for pedestrians) in particular will separate VRUs from motorists and improve their safety. Enforcement of traffic laws particularly regarding helmet use, speeding, and alcohol use will be beneficial. Introduction of the demerit points system in the enforcement of traffic regulations may have significant deterrent effects on road users who have the penchant for violating traffic regulations. Road safety education is also required to create responsible road users.
- Published
- 2017
35. Examination of the precaution adoption process model in understanding older drivers’ behaviour: An explanatory study
- Author
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Heidy Hamada Saad Abdelhamed Hassan, Mark J. King, and Kerrianne Watt
- Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation ,Process (engineering) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Applied psychology ,Stage of change ,Transportation ,Sample (statistics) ,Logistic regression ,03 medical and health sciences ,Travel behavior ,0302 clinical medicine ,Perception ,0502 economics and business ,Automotive Engineering ,Quality (business) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Psychology ,Psychosocial ,Social psychology ,Applied Psychology ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,media_common - Abstract
Self-regulation of driving has been proposed as an effective strategy to keep older adults driving safely for longer. Little is known of what influences older adults’ decision to adopt self-regulatory driving behaviours. Hassan et al. (2015) developed an initial model of self-regulation using the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) as a theoretical framework. The present study aims to build on the previous research by investigating whether a sample of older drivers can accurately be assigned to the PAPM stages of change. Further, the study aims to identify the psychosocial and environmental factors associated with different stages of the PAPM and those that predict the decision to adopt self-regulatory behaviour. Logistic regression analysis indicated that self-rated driving confidence, family feedback, self-rated quality of driving and driving relinquishment expectation were significant predictors of PAPM stages. Findings from this research have practical and theoretical applications for improving our understanding of the self-regulatory behaviours of older drivers.
- Published
- 2017
36. Effects of road infrastructure and traffic complexity in speed adaptation behaviour of distracted drivers
- Author
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Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Mark J. King, Md. Mazharul Haque, and Simon Washington
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Engineering ,Adolescent ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Crash ,Transport engineering ,Young Adult ,Phone ,Distraction ,Adaptation, Psychological ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,Attention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Adaptation (computer science) ,050107 human factors ,050210 logistics & transportation ,Verbal Behavior ,business.industry ,Speed limit ,Decision Trees ,05 social sciences ,Accidents, Traffic ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Driving simulator ,Models, Theoretical ,Mobile phone ,Distracted Driving ,ComputerSystemsOrganization_MISCELLANEOUS ,Environment Design ,Female ,Self Report ,business ,Operating speed ,Cell Phone - Abstract
The use of mobile phones while driving remains a major human factors issue in the transport system. A significant safety concern is that driving while distracted by a mobile phone potentially modifies the driving speed leading to conflicts with other road users and consequently increases crash risk. However, the lack of systematic knowledge of the mechanisms involved in speed adaptation of distracted drivers constrains the explanation and modelling of the extent of this phenomenon. The objective of this study was to investigate speed adaptation of distracted drivers under varying road infrastructure and traffic complexity conditions. The CARRS-Q Advanced Driving Simulator was used to test participants on a simulated road with different traffic conditions, such as free flow traffic along straight roads, driving in urbanized areas, and driving in heavy traffic along suburban roads. Thirty-two licensed young drivers drove the simulator under three phone conditions: baseline (no phone conversation), hands-free and handheld phone conversations. To understand the relationships between distraction, road infrastructure and traffic complexity, speed adaptation calculated as the deviation of driving speed from the posted speed limit was modelled using a decision tree. The identified groups of road infrastructure and traffic characteristics from the decision tree were then modelled with a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with repeated measures to develop inferences about speed adaptation behaviour of distracted drivers. The GLMM also included driver characteristics and secondary task demands as predictors of speed adaptation. Results indicated that complex road environments like urbanization, car-following situations along suburban roads, and curved road alignment significantly influenced speed adaptation behaviour. Distracted drivers selected a lower speed while driving along a curved road or during car-following situations, but speed adaptation was negligible in the presence of high visual cutter, indicating the prioritization of the driving task over the secondary task. Additionally, drivers who scored high on self-reported safe attitudes towards mobile phone usage, and who reported prior involvement in a road traffic crash, selected a lower driving speed in the distracted condition than in the baseline. The results aid in understanding how driving task demands influence speed adaptation of distracted drivers under various road infrastructure and traffic complexity conditions.
- Published
- 2017
37. Self-regulation of driving speed among distracted drivers: An application of driver behavioral adaptation theory
- Author
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Mark J. King, Md. Mazharul Haque, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, and Simon Washington
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Engineering ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Acceleration ,Poison control ,Models, Psychological ,Self-Control ,Young Adult ,Phone ,Distraction ,Adaptation, Psychological ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Conversation ,Adaptation (computer science) ,050107 human factors ,Simulation ,media_common ,Adaptive behavior ,050210 logistics & transportation ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Driving simulator ,Distracted Driving ,Female ,Self Report ,Psychological Theory ,business ,Safety Research ,Mobile device ,Cell Phone ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Objective: The adaptive behaviour of mobile phone distracted drivers has been a topic of much discussion in the recent literature. Both simulator and naturalistic studies suggests that distracted drivers generally select lower driving speeds; however, speed adaptation is not observed among all drivers, and the mechanisms of speed selection are not well understood. The aim of this research was to apply a driver behavioural adaptation model to investigate the speed adaptation of mobile phone distracted drivers. Methods: The speed selection behaviour of drivers was observed in three phone conditions including baseline (no conversation), hands-free and handheld phone conversations in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Speed adaptation in each phone condition was modelled as a function of secondary task demand and self-reported personal/psychological characteristics with a system of seemingly unrelated equations (SURE) accounting for potential correlations due to repeated measures experiment design. Results: Speed adaptation is similar between hands-free and handheld phone conditions, but the predictors of speed adaptation vary across the phone conditions. While perceived workload of secondary task demand, self-efficacy, attitude towards safety, and driver demographics were significant predictors of speed adaptation in the handheld condition, drivers’ familiarity with the hands-free interface, attitude towards safety, and sensation seeking were significant predictors in the hands-free condition. Drivers who reported more positive safety attitudes selected lower driving speeds while using phones. Conclusion: This research confirmed that behavioural adaptation models are suitable for explaining speed adaptation of mobile phone distracted drivers, and future research could be focused on further theoretical refinement.
- Published
- 2017
38. Effects of access, geometric design, and heterogeneous traffic on safety performance of divided multilane highways in India
- Author
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Mark J. King, Md. Mazharul Haque, and Sudeshna Mitra
- Subjects
Transport engineering ,050210 logistics & transportation ,Geometric design ,Computer science ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Transportation ,Crash data ,Access management ,Safety Research ,050107 human factors ,Panel data - Abstract
Safety of the national highways (NHs) has been a major concern in India. Using 5 years of crash data from a 65-km stretch of a divided multilane NH, this study employs random parameter panel data m...
- Published
- 2017
39. Injury severity of pedestrians involved in road traffic crashes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Author
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Getu Segni Tulu, Md. Mazharul Haque, Mark J. King, and Simon Washington
- Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation ,education.field_of_study ,05 social sciences ,Population ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Transportation ,Crash ,Pedestrian ,Occupational safety and health ,Transport engineering ,Geography ,Mixed logit ,Environmental health ,0502 economics and business ,Injury prevention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,education ,Safety Research ,050107 human factors - Abstract
Addis Ababa, with a population of 4 million, is the largest urban centre in Ethiopia. Recently, road traffic crashes, and particularly pedestrian crashes, have become a challenging problem within the city. Walking is the principal mode of transportation in Addis Ababa, accounting for about 60% of daily trips, whereas pedestrian injuries account for about 85% of total injury crashes. Noting this disparity, the objective of this study was to examine the influence of roadway geometric, traffic features, spatial characteristics and driver/pedestrian demographics on injury severities of pedestrians in Addis Ababa. Police-reported pedestrian crashes in Addis Ababa from 2009 to 2012 are modelled using a mixed logit model to account for unobserved heterogeneity potentially resulting from crash underreporting, non-linear effects of operational and geometric features, and omitted driver behaviour factors. Factors associated with increased probability of fatal pedestrian injury include crashes that occur on high speed roads, at intersections, during darkness, and which involve heavy vehicles. Relatively less-educated drivers were more likely to be involved in fatal crashes involving pedestrians. Interestingly, pedestrian injuries are more severe when a car is driven by family, friends or relatives of the vehicles owner as compared to the vehicle’s owner. The detailed findings of this research are contrasted with findings from developed countries, and their implications are discussed in relation to suggested infrastructure and policy interventions.
- Published
- 2017
40. Road Safety into the Next Decade: Greater commitment and actions in LMICs (Editorial)
- Author
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Mark J. King, Ray Shuey, Raphael H Grzebieta, and L Mooren
- Subjects
General Medicine ,Transportation and communications ,HE1-9990 - Abstract
In this Special Issue, we encouraged authors to submit papers on road safety in LMICs for peer review. The four peer-reviewed papers cover: • Lack of pedestrian safety in Chennai, India; • Impact of density and urban design features on road safety outcomes in Bogota, Colombia • Availability and usage rates of seat belts in Malawi; and • Analyses of the context of speed management in Cambodia to improve implementation. In addition, we have three contributed articles: • Good practice road safety examples in LMICs; • Features of LMICs making road safety more challenging; and • Review of road safety management and infrastructure in Romania and recommended actions. We hope you find this Special Issue interesting and helpful in your work.
- Published
- 2020
41. Understanding the impacts of mobile phone distraction on driving performance: A systematic review
- Author
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Simon Washington, Md. Mazharul Haque, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, and Mark J. King
- Subjects
Engineering ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Transportation ,Human factors integration ,Computer security ,computer.software_genre ,Vehicle dynamics ,Human–computer interaction ,Distraction ,Reading (process) ,0502 economics and business ,Distracted driving ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,050107 human factors ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,media_common ,Visual search ,050210 logistics & transportation ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Computer Science Applications ,Systematic review ,Mobile phone ,Automotive Engineering ,business ,computer - Abstract
The use of mobile phones while driving—one of the most common driver distractions—has been a significant research interest during the most recent decade. While there has been a considerable amount research and excellent reviews on how mobile phone distractions influence various aspects of driving performance, the mechanisms by which the interactions with mobile phone affect driver performance is relatively unexamined. As such, the aim of this study is to examine the mechanisms involved with mobile phone distractions such as conversing, texting, and reading and the driving task, and subsequent outcomes. A novel human-machine framework is proposed to isolate the components and various interactions associated with mobile phone distracted driving. The proposed framework specifies the impacts of mobile phone distraction as an inter-related system of outcomes such as speed selection, lane deviations and crashes; human-car controls such as steering control and brake pedal use and human-environment interactions such as visual scanning and navigation. Eleven literature-review/meta-analyses papers and 62 recent research articles from 2005 to 2015 are critically reviewed and synthesised following a systematic classification scheme derived from the human-machine system framework. The analysis shows that while many studies have attempted to measure system outcomes or driving performance, research on how drivers interactively manage in-vehicle secondary tasks and adapt their driving behaviour while distracted is scant. A systematic approach may bolster efforts to examine comprehensively the performance of distracted drivers and their impact over the transportation system by considering all system components and interactions of drivers with mobile phones and vehicles. The proposed human-machine framework not only contributes to the literature on mobile phone distraction and safety, but also assists in identifying the research needs and promising strategies for mitigating mobile phone-related safety issues. Technology based countermeasures that can provide real-time feedback or alerts to drivers based on eye/head movements in conjunction with vehicle dynamics should be an important research direction.
- Published
- 2016
42. Applying the Traffic Safety Culture Approach in Low- and Middle-income Countries
- Author
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Mark J. King, Barry C. Watson, and Judy Fleiter
- Subjects
Sustainable development ,Cross-cultural psychology ,Public economics ,Comparative research ,Humanitarian crisis ,Context (language use) ,Safety culture ,Construct (philosophy) ,International development - Abstract
The Traffic Safety Culture (TSC) approach has been applied primarily in high-income countries (HICs), yet the great majority of the burden of road trauma falls on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where it constitutes a humanitarian crisis. The UN Decade of Action for Road Safety established road safety in LMICs as a priority issue and launched a plan to address it. Road safety has subsequently been incorporated into the international development agenda via the Sustainable Development Goals. Characteristics of road user behaviour, governance, infrastructure, enforcement and health services in LMICs have led to assertions that many lack a “safety culture” or, more specifically, a “traffic safety culture”. While this invites the suggestion that a TSC approach would have value in LMICs, the question raised in this chapter is whether a psychosocial approach like TSC, developed and applied in HICs, is transferable to LMICs. This is first explored by examining the critique of the assumption that commonly studied psychological processes are universal, noting examples that are relevant to road safety. Cross-cultural psychology studies show that some of the psychological processes commonly studied in HICs differ in important ways in LMICs, while broader comparative research based on anthropology and sociology demonstrates the important influence of religious and cultural factors, economic and infrastructure conditions, institutional capacity and governance. The sociological construct of governmentality provides insight into why public compliance with traffic safety law may be lower in LMICs, and why this situation is likely to take a protracted period of time to change. Given the broader context of road safety in LMICs, the Road Safety Space Model (RSSM) provides a useful framework for identifying the economic, institutional, social and cultural factors that influence a particular road safety issue in a particular country. This has implications for methodological approaches to TSC in LMICs, as less structured, more ethnographic methods are arguably more appropriate. An analysis of a typical TSC model, drawing on research from LMICs, demonstrates that the model assumes a particular hierarchy of elements (values, behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs, prototypical image, control beliefs), and relationships between them, that may not be true in LMICs. It is therefore more challenging to apply TSC in LMICs, particularly making the transition from identification of the TSC values and beliefs that lead to behaviour, to the development of an intervention to bring about changes in behaviour. TSC is undoubtedly a promising approach in LMICs, however its first steps should incorporate qualitative approaches and recognise the wide range of factors that are relevant to TSC; use of the RSSM would facilitate such a process. There is scope for further research to refine models of TSC, to determine the best mix of methods to use, and to explore the role of governmentality and its implications for TSC. In the interim, practitioners should strive to understand and take into account the broader social and cultural factors that influence behaviour in the particular LMIC where they are working.
- Published
- 2019
43. Evaluating new treatments for improving driver performance on combined horizontal and crest vertical curves on two-lane rural roads: A driving simulator study
- Author
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Gregoire S. Larue, Mark J. King, Saeed Monajjem, and Sanaz Kazemzadehazad
- Subjects
Driver performance ,111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified ,Transportation ,Driving simulator ,Signal ,010401 Applied Statistics ,080602 Computer-Human Interaction ,Free flow ,0502 economics and business ,Brake ,Chevron (geology) ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,050107 human factors ,Applied Psychology ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,050210 logistics & transportation ,Combined horizontal and crest vertical curve ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Treatments ,Rural roads ,Structural engineering ,Lateral position ,Automotive Engineering ,Crest ,business ,human activities ,Geology - Abstract
Combined horizontal and crest vertical curves are among the most hazardous road segments because of drivers’ difficulties in perceiving early road geometry. This study evaluates new treatments to improve the safety of horizontal and crest vertical curves and compares their efficiency for driver performance based on design consistency criteria under free flow traffic and on-coming traffic. A combination of chevron signs with three promising treatments included herringbones, sealed shoulder and a yellow blinking signal was applied to hazardous curve sections in a driving simulator. Performance measures consisted of mean of speed and lateral position. The results indicated that combining chevrons and a warning blinking signal is the most appropriate treatment for horizontal and crest vertical curves, as this resulted in lower speed and lateral position. In addition, speed and lateral position variations along the curves were lower compared to other treatments specially, with an on-coming vehicle. Sealed shoulder makes drivers drive faster while entering a curve and brake suddenly while changing direction. Using herring bones is found to reduce speed and speed differential along the curve but not lateral position which was even higher in treated curves particularly, in presence of an on-coming vehicle.
- Published
- 2019
44. Assessing driver acceptance of technology that reduces mobile phone use while driving: The case of mobile phone applications
- Author
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Sherrie-Anne Kaye, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Mark J. King, and Oliver Briant
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Technology ,Adolescent ,Applied psychology ,Psychological intervention ,Poison control ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Intention ,Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology ,Young Adult ,Distraction ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,0502 economics and business ,Distracted driving ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,050107 human factors ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,050210 logistics & transportation ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Theory of planned behavior ,Accidents, Traffic ,Middle Aged ,Mobile Applications ,Cell Phone Use ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Mobile phone ,Distracted Driving ,Technology acceptance model ,Female ,Psychology ,Psychological Theory - Abstract
The nature of the road environment requires drivers to be vigilant and attentive. Distracted driving is a primary concern, as it threatens the safety of road users. However very little research has been conducted into interventions to combat such an issue. Existing interventions such as police enforcement and legislation appear to have limited effect. The use of mobile phone applications to assist in limiting driver distraction is an alternative intervention that is currently gaining traction. With a great array of potential benefits, such as reducing road toll, these applications can be readily available to all road users. Despite the positive implications, it is vital that drivers accept the use of such a technology for the intervention to be effective. Therefore, understanding driver acceptance is an important step in implanting such applications. To assess this, the present study examines the utility of two versions of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) for understanding the acceptance of technology designed to reduce distraction. Participants were presented with two different applications and responded to questions that indicated their attitudes towards the factors included in the TAM, TPB and UTAUT, alongside their intent to use the technology. A total of 731 participants responded to the survey, and their responses analysed. The results indicated that overall, Davis’ (1985) TAM was slightly better in explaining behavioural intent for both Mobile Phone Application (MPA) 1 and MPA 2, explaining 66.1% and 68.7% of the variance, respectively. Davis’ (1989) TAM and the TPB were close behind, while the UTAUT explained the least variance in behavioural intent of all the models. Overall, the findings of this study provide support for using psychological theories to assess the acceptance of mobile phone applications.
- Published
- 2019
45. Older adult pedestrian trauma: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment of injury health outcomes from an aggregate study sample of 1 million pedestrians
- Author
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Teresa Senserrick, J.E. Rod, Mark J. King, and Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
- Subjects
Gerontology ,Scopus ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Crash ,Walking ,CINAHL ,Pedestrian ,PsycINFO ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,Medicine ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,GRADE Approach ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,050107 human factors ,Aged ,Pedestrians ,050210 logistics & transportation ,business.industry ,Incidence ,musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,05 social sciences ,Accidents, Traffic ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Meta-analysis ,Relative risk ,Wounds and Injuries ,Accidental Falls ,business ,human activities - Abstract
This systematic review sought to assess older adult pedestrian injury severity, injury by anatomical location and incidence proportions, including comparisons to younger age groups when available and provide an analysis of the quality of the existing evidence. A structured search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycInfo, AMED, Web of Science, LILACS and TRID. STROBE was used to assess the reporting quality of the included studies. Random-effect model meta-analysis served to obtain pooled relative risk, incidence proportions and standardized mean differences for different outcomes due to pedestrian crashes comparing older and younger pedestrians, while meta-analyses could not be conducted for pedestrian falls. We screened 7460 records of which 60 studies (1,012,041 pedestrians) were included in the review. Injured pedestrians 60+ compared to those60 were found to have a higher relative risk of severe injury (pooled relative risk RR 1.6, 95 % CI: 1.4-2.0 p0.001), critical care admission (pooled RR 1.5, 95 %CI: 1.3-1.8 p0.001), and fatality (pooled RR of 3.7, 95 % CI: 3.0-4.5 p0.001). Pedestrians 60+ also had higher incidence rates of pedestrian falls causing higher injury severity. GRADE was used to evaluate evidence quality, with the results suggesting that the overall quality of the evidence supporting these findings was low. Further research is needed to understand health risks associated with older pedestrian trauma and to develop effective risk management strategies.
- Published
- 2021
46. Is organized carpooling safer? Speeding and distracted driving behaviors from a naturalistic driving study in Brazil
- Author
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Tatiana Maria Cecy Gadda, Pedro Augusto Borges dos Santos, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios, Eduardo Cesar Amancio, Mark J. King, José Aurélio Ramalho, and Jorge Tiago Bastos
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Matching (statistics) ,Computer science ,Health Behavior ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Context (language use) ,Transport engineering ,Young Adult ,SAFER ,Distraction ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,Distracted driving ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,050107 human factors ,Statistical hypothesis testing ,050210 logistics & transportation ,05 social sciences ,Accidents, Traffic ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Mobile Applications ,Cell Phone Use ,Mobile phone ,Distracted Driving ,Female ,Performance indicator ,Safety ,Brazil - Abstract
Carpooling consists of drivers and passengers sharing a journey and its costs. Nowadays, in the context of mobility as a service, organized carpooling encompasses a service and trust relationship between drivers and passengers, by matching common routes and splitting cost through mobile phone applications. Therefore, passengers expect a certain level of travel quality and safety. In this context, this research aims to verify the hypothesis that drivers in an organized carpooling situation (CP) show safer driving behavior in terms of speeding (SP) and mobile phone use while driving (MPU) in comparison with non-carpooling (NCP) drivers. The research is based on data from the Brazilian Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS-BR) conducted in the City of Curitiba, with 40.45 driving hours and a traveled distance of 895.87 km. Methodology included the selection of safety performance indicators on SP and MPU, use of nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test for safety performance indicator comparisons and Pearson Chi-Square to test the association between CP or NCP and low or high indicator values. Hypothesis test results point in the same direction and partially confirm the initial assumption that CP induces safer behavior in terms of speeding. The statistically sound results showed that CP drivers engaged in less speeding episodes and mobile phone use duration in comparison to NCP drivers, as well as lower speed while using a mobile phone. In addition, driver behavior in CP and NCP situations also differed in terms of the type of MPU, with the proportion of types of use that demand a higher level of visual and manual distraction being higher among NCP drivers. In summary, these results confirm the initial hypothesis of safer driving behavior during carpooling in terms of MPU while driving.
- Published
- 2021
47. Alcohol-related driving in China: Countermeasure implications of research conducted in two cities
- Author
-
Mark J. King, Mary C. Sheehan, Judy Fleiter, Wenjun Ma, Keqin Jia, Jianzhen Zhang, and Jing Lei
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,China ,Engineering ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Applied psychology ,Poison control ,Human Factors and Ergonomics ,Computer security ,computer.software_genre ,03 medical and health sciences ,Law Enforcement ,0302 clinical medicine ,Traffic police ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,0502 economics and business ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Cities ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Driving Under the Influence ,Health Education ,Qualitative Research ,Driving under the influence ,media_common ,050210 logistics & transportation ,Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,celebrities ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Law enforcement ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Police ,celebrities.reason_for_arrest ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Countermeasure ,Female ,business ,computer ,Publicity - Abstract
Objective Drunk driving (blood alcohol concentration (BAC) 80 mg/100 ml) was upgraded to become a criminal offence under China's Criminal Law in May 2011. While this had a major road safety benefit, there was still a high level of alcohol related crashes and fatalities. This paper develops recommendations based on a programme of research undertaken in 2012 that examined the perceptions of general motor vehicle drivers, convicted drunk driving offenders and traffic police about drinking and driving and law enforcement in the cities of Guangzhou and Yinchuan. Alcohol misuse problems were also explored using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). This paper integrates the findings to examine existing problems in alcohol management, law enforcement, education and rehabilitation and provides recommendations for addressing alcohol-related driving in China. Methods A multi-study cross-sectional research programme was conducted in two Chinese cities involving general drivers, drunk driving offenders and traffic police. In total, 16 traffic police officers were interviewed and 105 traffic police officers were surveyed. In addition, 207 drunk driving offenders in detention facilities and 802 general motor vehicle drivers were surveyed. Results Traffic police resources including human resources and facilities such as breathalysers were reported as insufficient in both cities. There were problems reported in the process of law enforcement, and shortcomings in police knowledge of factors involved in drink/drunk driving and in the practice of conducting breath alcohol testing (BAT). Knowledge about legal BAC levels and how to keep under the legal limit was very low among general motor vehicle drivers and drunk driving offenders. Proportions with alcohol misuse problems in the two driver groups were high, especially among offenders. Conclusions Recommendations to manage alcohol-related driving are proposed for the three groups of traffic police, general motor vehicle drivers and drunk driving offenders. In particular, traffic police resources need to be improved and further education provided to police on the general deterrence potential of BAT. There should be enhanced community education and publicity to improve knowledge of drink driving regulations and how to avoid breaking the law. Alcohol misuse problems should be addressed, particularly for drunk driving offenders.
- Published
- 2016
48. Older male and female drivers in car-dependent settings: how much do they use other modes, and do they compensate for reduced driving to maintain mobility?
- Author
-
Bridie Scott-Parker and Mark J. King
- Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation ,Population ageing ,Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Sample (statistics) ,Pedestrian ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,03 medical and health sciences ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,030502 gerontology ,0502 economics and business ,Injury prevention ,Demographic economics ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,human activities - Abstract
Among the societal and health challenges of population ageing is the continued transport mobility of older people who retain their driving licence, especially in highly car-dependent societies. While issues surrounding loss of a driving licence have been researched, less attention has been paid to variations in physical travel by mode among the growing proportion of older people who retain their driving licence. It is unclear how much they reduce their driving with age, the degree to which they replace driving with other modes of transport, and how this varies by age and gender. This paper reports research conducted in the state of Queensland, Australia, with a sample of 295 older drivers (>60 years). Time spent driving is considerably greater than time spent as a passenger or walking across age groups and genders. A decline in travel time as a driver with increasing age is not redressed by increases in travel as a passenger or pedestrian. The patterns differ by gender, most likely reflecting demographic and social factors. Given the expected considerable increase in the number of older women in particular, and their reported preference not to drive alone, there are implications for policies and programmes that are relevant to other car-dependent settings. There are also implications for the health of older drivers, since levels of walking are comparatively low.
- Published
- 2016
49. Drunk driving offenders’ knowledge and behaviour in relation to alcohol-involved driving in Yinchuan and a comparison with Guangzhou, China
- Author
-
Jianzhen Zhang, Mary C. Sheehan, Wenjun Ma, Mark J. King, Keqin Jia, Judy Fleiter, and Jing Lei
- Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation ,Engineering ,Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ,Recidivism ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,030508 substance abuse ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Transportation ,Computer security ,computer.software_genre ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Drunk drivers ,03 medical and health sciences ,Environmental health ,0502 economics and business ,Automotive Engineering ,Injury prevention ,0305 other medical science ,business ,computer ,Applied Psychology ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
Objective This study was conducted after a legislative amendment criminalising drunk driving (BAC > 80 mg/100 ml) had been in force for a year and investigated whether drunk driving offenders in Yinchuan, China were aware of the law, and whether their knowledge of and exposure to enforcement and the existence of alcohol use disorders were related to their alcohol-involved driving behaviour. The results were compared with results from an earlier study in Guangzhou, China. Method A survey was conducted from July to October 2012 in Yinchuan to collect information on drunk driving offenders’ knowledge and practice in relation to alcohol-involved driving. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess hazardous drinking levels. In total, 106 drunk driving offenders were recruited while in detention. The findings were compared with those of the Guangzhou study, where the same procedure was used to recruit 101 drunk driving offenders. Results The mean age of the sample was 31.7 years (SD = 8.1; range 17–59 years). Males constituted 96% of the sample. The mean age at which offenders reported starting to drink alcohol was 18.7 years (SD = 3.2; range 10–26 years). Driver’s licenses had been held for an average of 8.5 years. The status of knowledge in relation to alcohol-involved driving in Yinchuan was slightly lower in proportion than in Guangzhou. The rate of alcohol-involved driving reported in the previous 12 months in Yinchuan (43%) was slightly higher than in Guangzhou (39%). The proportion of recidivists in Guangzhou (21.8%) was higher than Yinchuan’s (10.4%). On average, offenders had experienced 1.6 police alcohol breath tests in the previous year (SD = 1.3; range 1–10). AUDIT scores indicated that a substantial proportion of the offenders had high levels of alcohol use disorders. Discussion Limited awareness of legal alcohol limits might contribute to drunk driving offences. The high level of alcohol consumption by many offenders suggests that hazardous drinking levels may be a contributor. Recidivist drivers also had higher AUDIT scores, which suggest there may be benefit in using the AUDIT to identify potential drink drivers and recidivists, subject to further research.
- Published
- 2016
50. Knowledge and behaviors of drunk-driving offenders in Guangzhou, China
- Author
-
Mary C. Sheehan, Mark J. King, Judy Fleiter, Keqin Jia, Jianzhen Zhang, and Wenjun Ma
- Subjects
Drunk drivers ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Community education ,Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ,Drunk driving ,medicine ,Legislation ,Context (language use) ,Audit ,Psychiatry ,China ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
Jia, K., Fleiter, J., King, M., Sheehan, M., Ma, W., & Zhang, J. (2015). Knowledge and behaviors of drunk-driving offenders in Guangzhou, China. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4 (2), 151-158. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.203 Aims: To better understand the knowledge and behaviors of drunk-driving offenders relating to alcohol use and driving in the context of recently amended Chinese legislation, and to investigate the involvement of alcohol-use disorders. Design: The study was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2012. Setting and participants: Data were collected at a local jail and 101 participants were recruited while in detention. Measures: Questionnaire items examined demographic characteristics as well as practices and knowledge relating to alcohol use and driving. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to assess hazardous drinking levels. Findings: Knowledge about the two legal limits for “drink driving” and for “drunk driving” was low, at 28.3% and 41.4%, respectively. AUDIT scores indicated that a substantial proportion of the offenders had high levels of alcohol-use disorders. Higher AUDIT scores were found among the least experienced drivers, those who lacked knowledge about the legal limits, and recidivist drunk drivers. Conclusions: Limited awareness of legal alcohol limits might contribute to offending; high AUDIT scores suggest that hazardous drinking levels may also contribute. This study provides important information to assist in refining community education and prevention efforts.
- Published
- 2015
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