37 results on '"Mark J. Cowan"'
Search Results
2. Strategic Surrogates or Sad Sinners: U.S. Taxation of Bartering in Digital Services
- Author
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Mark J. Cowan, Joshua Cutler, and Ryan J. Baxter
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Business and International Management ,Law - Published
- 2021
3. Taxing Cannabis on the Reservation
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Mark J. Cowan
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Public economics ,biology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Reservation ,Equity (finance) ,Context (language use) ,Certainty ,biology.organism_classification ,Indian country ,Cannabis ,Business ,Business and International Management ,Law ,Tax law ,Equity (law) ,Legalization ,media_common - Abstract
American Indian tribes that enter the cannabis industry confront a multi-sovereign tax system that lacks certainty and horizontal equity. The complex interaction of state legalization and taxation of cannabis, federal tax law, the status of tribes as both governments and business enterprises, and the legal and tax landscape in Indian country can give tribes tax advantages and disadvantages compared to off-reservation cannabis dispensaries. This article analyzes these tax issues, examines them in the context of prior challenges posed by Indian gaming, and suggests reforms that address the tax inequities that can result from cannabis sales on Indian reservations.
- Published
- 2020
4. DUPILUMAB-INDUCED SEVERE HYPEREOSINOPHILIA COMPLICATED WITH EOSINOPHILIC PNEUMONIA
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KAMEL GHARAIBEH, HAMZA ALSAID, KATHRYN S ROBINETT, MARK J COWAN, and ASHUTOSH SACHDEVA
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine - Published
- 2022
5. Leaving Money on the Table(s): An Examination of Federal Income Tax Policy Towards Indian Tribes
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Mark J. Cowan
- Abstract
“When asked by an anthropologist what the Indians called America before thewhite man came, an Indian said simply, ‘Ours’”“[G]overnment’s view of the economy could be summed up in a few shortphrases: If it moves, tax it. If it keeps moving, regulate it. And if it stops moving,subsidize it.”Indian tribes are on the move. At least those that have opened casinos. Following decades of abject poverty, the advent and rapid expansion of Indian gaming has finally provided tribes with a viable economic development opportunity. Approximately 201 tribes run 321 gaming facilities that employ over 300,000 people. In 2001, tribal gaming operations generated revenue of $12.7 billion. This income goes untaxed at the tribal level since, for nearly forty years, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has taken the position that the income of Indian tribes is not subject to federal income taxation.
- Published
- 2022
6. Cross-Fertilizing the Tax Classroom
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Mark J. Cowan and Joshua Cutler
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Computer Networks and Communications ,Hardware and Architecture ,Software - Abstract
Cross-Fertilizing the Tax Classroom
- Published
- 2022
7. Activation of heat shock response augments fibroblast growth factor-1 expression in wounded lung epithelium
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James H. Shelhamer, Rachel Greenberg Scheraga, Jeffrey D. Hasday, Ratnakar Potla, Irina G. Luzina, Ashish Nagarsekar, Carolea Logun, Nevins W. Todd, Ishwar S. Singh, Junfeng Sun, Rongman Cai, Sergei P. Atamas, Christopher R. Thompson, Mohan E. Tulapurkar, and Mark J. Cowan
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0301 basic medicine ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Physiology ,Apoptosis ,Lung injury ,Biology ,Fibroblast growth factor ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Epithelium ,Cell Line ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Heat Shock Transcription Factors ,Physiology (medical) ,Animals ,Humans ,HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ,Heat shock ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Lung ,A549 cell ,Wound Healing ,Binding Sites ,Epithelial Cells ,Lung Injury ,Cell Biology ,respiratory system ,FGF1 ,Molecular biology ,Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ,respiratory tract diseases ,Hsp70 ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,Heat shock factor ,030104 developmental biology ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Immunology ,Call for Papers ,Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 ,Wound healing ,Heat-Shock Response ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
We previously showed that coincident exposure to heat shock (HS; 42°C for 2 h) and TNF-α synergistically induces apoptosis in mouse lung epithelium. We extended this work by analyzing HS effects on human lung epithelial responses to clinically relevant injury. Cotreatment with TNF-α and HS induced little caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in human small airway epithelial cells, A549 cells, and BEAS2B cells. Scratch wound closure rates almost doubled when A549 and BEAS2B cells and air-liquid interface cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells were heat shocked immediately after wounding. Microarray, qRT-PCR, and immunoblotting showed fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) to be synergistically induced by HS and wounding. Enhanced FGF1 expression in HS/wounded A549 was blocked by inhibitors of p38 MAPK (SB203580) or HS factor (HSF)-1 (KNK-437) and in HSF1 knockout BEAS2B cells. PCR demonstrated FGF1 to be expressed from the two most distal promoters in wounded/HS cells. Wound closure in HS A549 and BEAS2B cells was reduced by FGF receptor-1/3 inhibition (SU-5402) or FGF1 depletion. Exogenous FGF1 accelerated A549 wound closure in the absence but not presence of HS. In the presence of exogenous FGF1, HS slowed wound closure, suggesting that it increases FGF1 expression but impairs FGF1-stimulated wound closure. Frozen sections from normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lung were analyzed for FGF1 and HSP70 by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and qRT-PCR. FGF1 and HSP70 mRNA levels were 7.5- and 5.9-fold higher in IPF than normal lung, and the proteins colocalized to fibroblastic foci in IPF lung. We conclude that HS signaling may have an important impact on gene expression contributing to lung injury, healing, and fibrosis.
- Published
- 2016
8. Lung Cancer Screening in Patients with COPD—A Case Report
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Mark J. Cowan, Janaki Deepak, Roxana Amirahmadi, and Avnee Kumar
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Medicine (General) ,Population ,Psychological intervention ,Case Report ,lung nodule ,R5-920 ,lung cancer screening ,Medicine ,COPD ,In patient ,Risks and benefits ,Intensive care medicine ,Lung cancer ,education ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,respiratory system ,medicine.disease ,respiratory tract diseases ,Increased risk ,business ,Lung cancer screening ,low dose computed tomography - Abstract
We present two cases demonstrating the nuances that must be considered when determining if a patient could benefit from low dose computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening. Our case report discusses the available literature, where it exists, on lung cancer screening with special attention to the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and poor functional status. Patients with COPD and concurrent smoking history are at higher risk of lung cancer and may therefore benefit from lung cancer screening. However, this population is at increased risk for complications related to biopsies and lobar resections. Appropriate interventions other than surgical resection exist for COPD patients with poor pulmonary reserve. Risks and benefits of lung cancer screening are unique to each patient and require shared decision-making.
- Published
- 2019
9. Validation of Factors Affecting the Outcome of Cardiopulmonary Arrest in a Large, Urban, Academic Medical Center
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Soleyah C. Groves, Steven M. Scharf, Mark J. Cowan, and Dafna Koldobskiy
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Improved survival ,medicine.disease ,Intensive care unit ,Obesity ,law.invention ,law ,Chart review ,cardiovascular system ,medicine ,Etiology ,Statistical analysis ,Neurologic disease ,Intensive care medicine ,business ,Surgical patients - Abstract
Background. Recent studies of risks in cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) have been performed using large databases from a broad mix of hospital settings. However, these risks might be different in a large, urban, academic medical center. We attempted to validate factors influencing outcomes from CPA at the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC). Methods. Retrospective chart review of all adult patients who underwent CPA between 2000 and 2005 at UMMC. Risk factors and outcomes were analyzed with appropriate statistical analysis and compared with published results. Results. 729 episodes of CPA were examined during the study period. Surgical patients had better survival than medical or cardiac patients. Intensive care unit' (ICU) patients had poor survival, but there was no difference on monitored or unmonitored floors. Respiratory etiologies survived better than cardiac etiologies. CPR duration and obesity were negatively correlated with outcome, while neurologic disease, trauma, and electrolyte imbalances improved survival. Age, gender, race, presence of a witness, presence of a monitor, comorbidities, or time of day of CPA did not influence survival, although age was associated with differences in comorbidities. Conclusions. UMMC risk factors for CPA survival differed from those in more broad-based studies. Care should be used when applying the results of database studies to specific medical institutions.
- Published
- 2014
10. Prostaglandin E2 potentiates heat shock-induced heat shock protein 72 expression in A549 cells
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Mohan E. Tulapurkar, Nirav Shah, Jeffrey D. Hasday, Mark J. Cowan, Ishwar S. Singh, and James H. Shelhamer
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endocrine system ,Physiology ,HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Article ,Dinoprostone ,Heat Shock Transcription Factors ,Western blot ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Heat shock protein ,Gene expression ,medicine ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,Prostaglandin E2 ,Transcription factor ,Heat-Shock Proteins ,Plant Proteins ,Pharmacology ,A549 cell ,HSPA14 ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Cell Biology ,Molecular biology ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,biology.protein ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Cyclooxygenase ,Heat-Shock Response ,Transcription Factors ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The heat shock (HS) response is an important cytoprotective response comprising the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and orchestrated by the heat/stress-induced transcription factor, heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1). Previous studies suggest that the activation threshold and magnitude of the HS response may be modified by treatment with arachidonic acid (AA). We analyzed the effect of exogenous AA and its metabolites, PGE 2 , LTD 4 , and 15-HETE on HSF-1-dependent gene expression in A549 human respiratory epithelial-like cells. When added at 1 μM, PGE 2 much more than LTD 4 , but not 15-HETE increased activity of a synthetic HSF-1-dependent reporter after HS exposure (42 °C for 2 h), but had no effect in the absence of HS. Exposing A549 cells to HS stimulated the release of PGE 2 and treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, ibuprofen, reduced HS-induced HSF-1-dependent transcription. PGE 2 increased HS-induced HSP72 mRNA and protein expression but EMSA and Western blot analysis failed to show an effect on HSF-1 DNA binding activity or post-translational modification. In summary, we showed that HS stimulates the generation of PGE 2 , which augments the generation of HSPs. The clinical consequences of this pathway have yet to be determined.
- Published
- 2010
11. Anatomy of a State/Tribal Tax Dispute: Legal Formalism, Shifting Incidence, Potatoes, and the Idaho Motor Fuel Tax
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Mark J. Cowan
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Double taxation ,Direct tax ,Tax reform ,Tax avoidance ,Value-added tax ,Ad valorem tax ,Accounting ,Law ,Political science ,State income tax ,Tax law ,Finance ,Law and economics - Abstract
The law regarding state taxation in Indian country is one of the last bastions of legal formalism in tax law jurisprudence. The ability of a state to tax in Indian country turns on the legal incidence of the tax: in general, a tax on the tribe or tribal members is not allowed; a tax on nonmembers doing business with the tribes or tribal members is allowed. In a world where legal formalism governs and there is no overarching mechanism for reconciling the competing interests of state and tribal governments, state/tribal tax disputes can quickly become contentious. A recent battle between the state of Idaho and the tribes within its borders over fuel tax revenue exemplifies the truculence of state/tribal tax disputes, but also shows that amicable resolution is possible when the courts take small steps away from legal formalism. This article provides an overview of the tax landscape in Indian country and then analyzes the dispute over the Idaho motor fuel tax and what it reveals about resolving state/tribal tax disputes.
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- 2010
12. Book Reviews
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Jean T. Wells, John E. Karayan, Brigitte W. Muehlmann, Robert J. Eger, Donald J. Swanz, and Mark J. Cowan
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Accounting ,Finance - Published
- 2006
13. A Coke, a Smile … and a Tax Bill? A Look at the Tax Treatment of Exclusive Provider Agreements in Higher Education
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Mark J. Cowan
- Subjects
Finance ,Labour economics ,Double taxation ,business.industry ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,Tax avoidance ,Taxable income ,Unrelated Business Income Tax ,Value-added tax ,Ad valorem tax ,Accounting ,State income tax ,Business ,Law ,Indirect tax - Abstract
The purpose of this article is to critically analyze the tax treatment of amounts that colleges and universities receive under exclusive provider agreements (also known as “pouring rights contracts”). Under these agreements, beverage companies pay millions of dollars to institutions of higher education for the right to be the exclusive provider of beverages at campus points of sale. There is no bright-line rule indicating whether revenue from such agreements is subject to the unrelated business income tax. Colleges and universities must therefore dissect the revenue they receive from these contracts and apply the general rules of the unrelated business income tax to separate the taxable amounts from the nontaxable amounts. The article reviews this process and then looks at whether there is any policy justification for taxing revenue from exclusive provider agreements. Based on a review of the policy underlying the unrelated business income tax, the article concludes that exempting exclusive provider agreement revenue from taxation would greatly simplify the law without violating the spirit or purposes underlying the unrelated business income tax.
- Published
- 2005
14. The role of TFIID, the initiator element and a novel 5′ TFIID binding site in the transcriptional control of the TATA-less human cytosolic phospholipase A2-α promoter
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Mark J. Cowan, Xiu-li Huang, Tong Wu, James H. Shelhamer, Xianglan Yao, Patricia Madara, Sura Alsaaty, Carolea Logun, and Rafał Pawliczak
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Transcription, Genetic ,TATA box ,Biophysics ,Bronchi ,Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ,Biochemistry ,Epithelium ,Phospholipases A ,Cytosol ,Phospholipase A2 ,Initiator element ,Structural Biology ,Genes, Regulator ,Genetics ,Transcriptional regulation ,Humans ,Binding site ,Luciferases ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Sequence Deletion ,Reporter gene ,Binding Sites ,biology ,Group IV Phospholipases A2 ,TATA Box ,Phospholipases A2 ,Mutation ,Transcription Factor TFIID ,biology.protein ,Transcription Initiation Site ,Transcription factor II D ,HeLa Cells - Abstract
Human cytosolic phospholipase A2-alpha (cPLA2-alpha) is a critical enzyme in the liberation of arachidonic acid (AA) from cellular membranes and the subsequent formation of prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and platelet activating factor in many different cell types. Much is known of the effect of posttranslational phosphorylation and calcium binding events on the enzymatic activity of cPLA2-alpha, but to date little is known about its specific transcriptional control. Through the use of reporter gene constructs and eletrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), this study determined the minimal promoter required for basal transcriptional activity of the human cPLA2-alpha promoter to include base pairs -40 through the transcription start site (TSS). In addition, it confirms the importance of an initiator (Inr) element at the TSS by deletion reporter gene analysis, and further identifies bases -3 (C) and -2 (T) as critical bases in the Inr function by mutation reporter gene analysis. Finally, this study describes a novel AAGGAG motif at -30 to -35 which is bound by TATA-box binding protein (TBP) and is critical for basal transcriptional activity.
- Published
- 2004
15. Characterization of the human p11 promoter sequence
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Mark J. Cowan, Xianglan Yao, James H. Shelhamer, Sura Alsaaty, Xiu-li Huang, Patricia Madara, and Rafał Pawliczak
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Cell Extracts ,Recombinant Fusion Proteins ,TATA box ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Oligonucleotides ,CAAT box ,Gene Expression ,Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ,Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ,Biology ,Transfection ,Rapid amplification of cDNA ends ,Genetics ,Humans ,Electrophoretic mobility shift assay ,Luciferases ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Gene ,Annexin A2 ,Reporter gene ,Binding Sites ,Base Sequence ,Calcium-Binding Proteins ,S100 Proteins ,NF-kappa B ,Nuclear Proteins ,Promoter ,DNA ,General Medicine ,Molecular biology ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,Transcription Factor AP-1 ,Transcription Factor AP-2 ,Regulatory sequence ,Transcription Initiation Site ,HeLa Cells ,Protein Binding ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
p11 is expressed in many different cell types, and serves a variety of regulatory functions. In order to better understand the transcriptional control of this protein, the 5' promoter region of the human p11 gene was cloned and sequenced. After confirming the transcription start point (TSP) using 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis, the 5' promoter was analysed. The sequence lacks a TATA box, but contains a variety of putative regulatory elements. There are two GAS sites, two AP-1 sites, two overlapping Sp-1 sites, and a gamma-IRE site clustered between -1080 and -1450. There is another cluster of putative regulatory sites between the TSP and -550 which contains two Sp-1 sites, two AP-2 sites, one GAS site, one NF-kappaB site, an incomplete CAAT box (8/9) and an overlapping Sp-1/AP-2 site at -17 to -26. Reporter gene constructs containing 4225 and 1498 bases 5' of the TSP demonstrated excellent unidirectional transcriptional activity in both constructs. Reporter genes containing serial 5' deletions were compared to the -1498 construct. The reporter gene which contained base pairs (bp) -36 to +89 had almost no activity. The reporter gene containing -188 to +89 had 50% of the -1498 construct, indicating that this sequence contains at least the minimal promoter. The Sp-1/AP-2 site near the transcription start site was studied by electrophoretic mobility shift and reporter gene assays. Addition of HeLa cell nuclear extract to labeled double-stranded (ds) oligonucleotide containing this sequence resulted in a gel shift which was inhibited by excess unlabeled ds oligonucleotide and by a consensus cold Sp-1 ds oligonucleotide, indicating specific Sp-1 binding. Excess AP-2 or NF-kappaB ds oligonucleotide had no effect on nuclear protein binding to the sequence. Mutation of the p11 wild-type Sp-1/AP-2 sequence eliminated both nuclear protein binding and the sequences ability to compete with native sequence for nuclear binding protein. A -1048 to +89 reporter construct containing a mutated Sp-1/AP-2 site resulted in a 40% decrease in transcriptional activity. Therefore, the 5' flanking sequence of the p11 gene exhibits promoter activity which may be localized to a variety of controlling regions, of which the proximal Sp-1/AP-2 site appears to be important for basal activity via its Sp-1 binding ability.
- Published
- 2003
16. Interferon-γ Induces p11 Gene and Protein Expression in Human Epithelial Cells through Interferon-γ-activated Sequences in the p11Promoter
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Xiu-li Huang, Michael J. Holtzman, Rafał Pawliczak, Mark T. Gladwin, Carolea Logun, Patricia Madara, Michael J. Walter, James H. Shelhamer, Mark J. Cowan, and Xianglan Yao
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congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities ,Time Factors ,Transcription, Genetic ,Blotting, Western ,Immunoblotting ,Biology ,Transfection ,Biochemistry ,Interferon-gamma ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ribonucleases ,Genes, Reporter ,Gene expression ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,Phosphorylation ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Molecular Biology ,Annexin A2 ,Genes, Dominant ,Cell Nucleus ,Reporter gene ,Messenger RNA ,Expression vector ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Calcium-Binding Proteins ,S100 Proteins ,Epithelial Cells ,Tyrosine phosphorylation ,Cell Biology ,Oligonucleotides, Antisense ,Molecular biology ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,STAT1 Transcription Factor ,chemistry ,Mutation ,Trans-Activators ,RNA ,Tyrosine ,Signal transduction ,Gene Deletion ,HeLa Cells ,Protein Binding ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
The effect of interferon (IFN)-gamma on p11 expression was studied in two human epithelial cell lines (BEAS-2B and HeLa). Treatment with IFN-gamma resulted in increased steady-state levels of p11 mRNA and protein expression, with a time-dependent and dose-dependent effect. Transient transfection experiments of a reporter gene construct containing 1498 bp of the 5'-flanking region of the p11 promoter demonstrated that IFN-gamma induced p11 gene expression at the transcriptional level. These effects were inhibited at the promoter and protein levels by a specific JAK-2 kinase inhibitor, AG-490. Functional analysis of the p11 promoter indicates that two gamma-activated sequence elements (GAS) located at positions 1219 and 1090 are important for the induction of the p11 promoter by IFN-gamma. Transfection of mutated reporter constructs demonstrated that the mutation at the GAS-2 site (1090) inhibited the p11 promoter activity, with a reduction of about approximately 73% and mutation at the GAS-3 site (1219) eliminated about 26% of the p11 promoter activity. A STAT1 dominant negative mutant vector at Tyr-701 (JAK kinase phosphorylation site) blocked the effect of IFN-gamma on the p11 promoter activity. IFN-gamma induced a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1 protein, which is involved in the binding to the GAS-2 site in the p11 promoter by EMSA analysis. These data suggest that IFN-gamma-induced p11 expression is mediated through the binding of STAT1 to GAS sites in the p11 promoter. Inhibition of p11 expression by inhibitory antisense RNAs (iRNA) treatment resulted in enhanced IFN-gamma and calcium ionophore-stimulated arachidonic acid release suggesting that at least in part IFN-gamma-stimulated p11 expression may serve a counterregulatory role.
- Published
- 2003
17. CT Virtual Bronchoscopy of the Central Airways in Patients With Wegener's Granulomatosis
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Neil R. Aggarwal, Ronald M. Summers, James H. Shelhamer, Mark J. Cowan, Carol A. Langford, Bradford J. Wood, and Michael C. Sneller
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Adult ,Male ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Bronchoscopist ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,User-Computer Interface ,Bronchoscopy ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,medicine ,Humans ,In patient ,Prospective Studies ,Observer Variation ,Wegener s ,Bronchus ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Vascular disease ,business.industry ,Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis ,Double reading ,Bronchography ,Middle Aged ,respiratory system ,medicine.disease ,Airway Obstruction ,Stenosis ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Female ,Radiology ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Tracheal Stenosis ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
Objectives To compare CT virtual bronchoscopy (VB) to CT alone and to conventional bronchoscopy for evaluation of central airway stenoses in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Design Prospective observer study, in which 18 thin-section helical CT scans of the trachea and bronchi of 11 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis were obtained. VB was performed using surface rendering and was evaluated by one bronchoscopist and one radiologist in a blinded fashion. Bronchoscopic correlation within an average of 1.8 days of CT was available. Measurements and results VB displayed 188 of 198 bronchi (95%). Thirty-two of 40 stenoses (80%) were detected by VB by at least one of two physicians (double reading), and 22 of 40 stenoses (55%) were detected by a third physician reading only the CT. Conclusions VB depicts bronchi to the segmental level and detects the majority of central airway stenoses in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. A team approach is useful to attain optimal clinical benefit from VB for these patients.
- Published
- 2002
18. OXIDANT-INDUCED CELL DEATH IN RESPIRATORY EPITHELIAL CELLS IS DUE TO DNA DAMAGE AND LOSS OF ATP
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Rafał Pawliczak, Uday B. Nanavaty, James H. Shelhamer, Mark J. Cowan, Mark T. Gladwin, Jeremy Doniger, and Carolea Logun
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Programmed cell death ,Cell Survival ,DNA damage ,Poly ADP ribose polymerase ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Apoptosis ,Respiratory Mucosa ,Lung injury ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Cell Line ,Adenosine Triphosphate ,medicine ,Humans ,Molecular Biology ,A549 cell ,Epithelial Cells ,Hydrogen Peroxide ,Oxidants ,Molecular biology ,Comet assay ,Immunology ,Comet Assay ,Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases ,Oxidative stress ,DNA Damage - Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be an important pathogenic event in ischemia-reperfusion injury, leading to apoptosis or necrosis. We show acute cytotoxicity upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in BEAS-2B cells and A549 cells. Single-cell gel electrophoresis showed formation of large comet tails from DNA upon oxidant exposure suggestive of DNA damage. The ATP content of the cells decreased upon exposure to H(2)O(2). Preincubation with 3-aminobenzamide (3-ABA), an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribosyl) polymerase (PARP), prevented the cytotoxicity. The decrease in the ATP content of the cells was also prevented by 3-ABA. Increase in PARP activity was further confirmed by measuring incorporation of [(32)P]-NAD into nuclear proteins in presence of the cell extracts. Markers of apoptosis were not seen in cells treated with H(2)O(2) with or without 3-ABA pretreatment. These studies suggest that DNA damage is one of the primary reasons for oxidant-induced cell death and that PARP plays an important role in cell death due to its consumption of ATP. Further elaboration of this and other pathways that consume ATP may help prevent oxidant-mediated acute lung injury.
- Published
- 2002
19. p11 Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Is Increased by Nitric Oxide in a cGMP-dependent Pathway Involving Protein Kinase G Activation
- Author
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James H. Shelhamer, Mark J. Cowan, Carolea Logun, Xiulie Huang, Rafał Pawliczak, Uday B. Nanavaty, and Sura Alsaaty
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Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase ,Indoles ,Time Factors ,Immunoblotting ,Response element ,Carbazoles ,Bronchi ,Biology ,Nitric Oxide ,Transfection ,Biochemistry ,Nitric oxide ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Alkaloids ,Genes, jun ,Genes, Reporter ,Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ,Electrophoretic mobility shift assay ,RNA, Messenger ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Nuclear protein ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Cyclic GMP ,Molecular Biology ,Annexin A2 ,Genes, Dominant ,Cell Nucleus ,Reporter gene ,Expression vector ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Calcium-Binding Proteins ,S100 Proteins ,Epithelial Cells ,Cell Biology ,Thionucleotides ,Molecular biology ,Enzyme Activation ,Transcription Factor AP-1 ,chemistry ,Mutation ,Nitrogen Oxides ,Spermine ,cGMP-dependent protein kinase ,Plasmids ,Protein Binding - Abstract
The effect of nitric oxide on p11 expression was studied in an immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B cells). Three nitric oxide donors were used: spermine NONOate (SP), (+/-)-S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and S-nitrosoglutathione (SNOG). All three nitric oxide donors had similar effects resulting in dose-dependent and time-dependent accumulation of p11 protein and an increase of steady-state p11 mRNA. Studies using a reporter gene containing the region from -1499 to +89 of the p11 promoter demonstrated an increase in transcriptional activity after stimulation with NO donors for 4 h. These effects were abolished at the promoter and protein level using protein kinase G inhibitors (KT5823 and R(p)-8-pCPT-cGMPS). Incubation of transfected cells with a cell permeable cGMP analogue (8-Br-cGMP) resulted in a dose-related increase of promoter activity. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay of nuclear proteins extracted from BEAS-2B cells identified an AP-1 site located at -82 to -77 of the p11 promoter region as an NO- and cGMP- dependent response element. These data were confirmed using a c-jun dominant negative mutant vector and a c-jun expression plasmid. Therefore, we conclude that nitric oxide-induced p11 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells is mediated at least in part through increased binding of activator protein one to the p11 promoter.
- Published
- 2001
20. Septicemia and Aortic Valve Endocarditis due to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a Homeless Man
- Author
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Mark J. Cowan and Dean Campbell
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Urinary bladder ,biology ,business.industry ,Acute kidney injury ,Aortic valve endocarditis ,Case Report ,General Medicine ,Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Respiratory failure ,Aortic valve replacement ,Ampicillin ,medicine ,Ceftriaxone ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
We report a case of bacterial endocarditis due toErysipelothrix rhusiopathiaein a homeless man with no animal exposure. His course was complicated by an allergic reaction to ampicillin, urinary bladder infection, respiratory failure, and acute kidney injury. He recovered completely after aortic valve replacement and a 6-week course of intravenous ceftriaxone.
- Published
- 2013
21. A 32-Year-Old Female with AIDS, Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia, and Methemoglobinemia
- Author
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Dean Campbell, Guillermo J. Giangreco, and Mark J. Cowan
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Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,lcsh:Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid ,Case Report ,lcsh:RC86-88.9 ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,Methemoglobinemia ,medicine.disease ,Pathophysiology ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Etiology ,Young female ,business - Abstract
We report a case of methemoglobinemia with significant hemoglobin desaturation in a young female with AIDS who was being treated forPneumocystis jirovecipneumonia. A review of the etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of methemoglobinemia is presented.
- Published
- 2013
22. Optimization Of Surface Cooling Efficiency In Humans: A Proof Of Principle Study
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Mark J. Cowan, Edward M. Pickering, Nirav Shah, Carl Shanholtz, Keith E. Herold, Houtan Sareh, Majid Afshar, and Jeffrey D. Hasday
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Physics ,Proof of concept ,Mechanics ,Surface cooling - Published
- 2012
23. Wound Healing In A549 Lung Epithelial Cells Is Accelerated By Post-Wounding Heat Shock
- Author
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Jeffrey D. Hasday, Mark J. Cowan, Mohan E. Tulapurkar, Ishwar S. Singh, and Rachel G. Scheraga
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Lung ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,business.industry ,Shock (circulatory) ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Wound healing ,business - Published
- 2012
24. A GAAP Critic’s Guide to Corporate Income Taxes
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Mark J. Cowan
- Subjects
Double taxation ,Value-added tax ,business.industry ,Direct tax ,State income tax ,Accounting ,Tax reform ,Tax avoidance ,business ,Accounting standard ,Corporate tax - Abstract
The basic framework for accounting for income taxes under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) has been in place for nearly 20 years. Influential GAAP commentators have recently called for a thorough review of the GAAP tax accounting rules in light of normative accounting theory. Before such a review can take place, GAAP reformers must be armed with an overview of the legal, economic, and practical realities of the corporate income tax in today’s business environment. Nothing in the extant literature provides such an overview. This Article provides that overview, drawing on classic and contemporary authorities from a variety of perspectives. Among other topics, this Article reviews the legal definition of a tax, demonstrates how taxes are noncontractual in nature, discusses issues of economic incidence, reviews the reality of tax planning in today’s business environment, reviews the legal literature that describes the government as a “shareholder” in all firms, and shows the interconnected relationship among GAAP, corporate tax planning, and government enforcement efforts. This Article helps bridge the GAAP and tax law worlds by laying the ground work for GAAP critics to thoroughly examine and critique the current GAAP rules for income taxes.
- Published
- 2012
25. The type I NADH dehydrogenase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis counters phagosomal NOX2 activity to inhibit TNF-alpha-mediated host cell apoptosis
- Author
-
Jessica L. Miller, Mark J. Cowan, Kamalakannan Velmurugan, and Volker Briken
- Subjects
Immunology/Innate Immunity ,Apoptosis ,Microbiology/Innate Immunity ,Antioxidants ,Infectious Diseases/Bacterial Infections ,Mice ,0302 clinical medicine ,Phagosomes ,Macrophage ,Immunology/Cellular Microbiology and Pathogenesis ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Mice, Knockout ,0303 health sciences ,NADPH oxidase ,Membrane Glycoproteins ,Cell Biology/Cellular Death and Stress Responses ,3. Good health ,Cell biology ,Host-Pathogen Interactions ,NADPH Oxidase 2 ,Tumor necrosis factor alpha ,Microbiology/Cellular Microbiology and Pathogenesis ,Research Article ,lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,Immunology ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Biology ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Virology ,Immunology/Immunity to Infections ,Genetics ,In Situ Nick-End Labeling ,Animals ,Humans ,Secretion ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology ,Reactive oxygen species ,Innate immune system ,Electron Transport Complex I ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Intracellular parasite ,Macrophages ,NADPH Oxidases ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Parasitology ,lcsh:RC581-607 ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,030215 immunology - Abstract
The capacity of infected cells to undergo apoptosis upon insult with a pathogen is an ancient innate immune defense mechanism. Consequently, the ability of persisting, intracellular pathogens such as the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to inhibit infection-induced apoptosis of macrophages is important for virulence. The nuoG gene of Mtb, which encodes the NuoG subunit of the type I NADH dehydrogenase, NDH-1, is important in Mtb-mediated inhibition of host macrophage apoptosis, but the molecular mechanism of this host pathogen interaction remains elusive. Here we show that the apoptogenic phenotype of MtbΔnuoG was significantly reduced in human macrophages treated with caspase-3 and -8 inhibitors, TNF-α-neutralizing antibodies, and also after infection of murine TNF−/− macrophages. Interestingly, incubation of macrophages with inhibitors of reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduced not only the apoptosis induced by the nuoG mutant, but also its capacity to increase macrophage TNF-α secretion. The MtbΔnuoG phagosomes showed increased ROS levels compared to Mtb phagosomes in primary murine and human alveolar macrophages. The increase in MtbΔnuoG induced ROS and apoptosis was abolished in NOX-2 deficient (gp91−/−) macrophages. These results suggest that Mtb, via a NuoG-dependent mechanism, can neutralize NOX2-derived ROS in order to inhibit TNF-α-mediated host cell apoptosis. Consistently, an Mtb mutant deficient in secreted catalase induced increases in phagosomal ROS and host cell apoptosis, both of which were dependent upon macrophage NOX-2 activity. In conclusion, these results serendipitously reveal a novel connection between NOX2 activity, phagosomal ROS, and TNF-α signaling during infection-induced apoptosis in macrophages. Furthermore, our study reveals a novel function of NOX2 activity in innate immunity beyond the initial respiratory burst, which is the sensing of persistent intracellular pathogens and subsequent induction of host cell apoptosis as a second line of defense., Author Summary Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is highly adapted to survive in macrophages of its human host. Host cell suicide is an ancient host cell defense mechanism employed by organisms to wall off invading pathogens. M. tuberculosis manipulates infected cells to inhibit host cell death but the molecular mechanism of this interaction has not been elucidated. Here we describe that M. tuberculosis uses an enzyme complex (NDH-1) usually needed for energy generation in order to neutralize the NOX-2 enzyme-mediated production of toxic oxygen radicals (ROS) by the host cell. We demonstrate that an M. tuberculosis mutant deficient in NDH-1 accumulates ROS inside the macrophage which induces the secretion of an inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and subsequent host cell death. The increase of ROS is dependent upon functional NOX-2, since host cells missing a NOX-2 component do not undergo cell death upon infection with the mutant. We propose that a novel function of the host cell NOX-2 complex is to allow sensing of intracellular pathogens by the host cell in order to commit suicide and thus limit bacterial survival.
- Published
- 2009
26. Core temperature correlates with expression of selected stress and immunomodulatory genes in febrile patients with sepsis and noninfectious SIRS
- Author
-
Steven B. Johnson, Lauren Hawkins, Pam Maldeis, Ishwar S. Singh, Richard D. Moore, Mark J. Cowan, Matthew Lissauer, Michael Towns, Larry A. Sonna, and Jeffrey D. Hasday
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Time Factors ,Fever ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Severity of Illness Index ,Body Temperature ,HSPA1B ,Sepsis ,Heat shock protein ,Gene expression ,medicine ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,Heat-Shock Proteins ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ,Regulation of gene expression ,Original Paper ,Cell Biology ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ,Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ,Heat shock factor ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Female ,Inflammation Mediators ,Lipopolysaccharide binding protein - Abstract
Environmental hyperthermia and exercise produce extensive changes in gene expression in human blood cells, but it is unknown whether this also happens during febrile-range hyperthermia. We tested the hypothesis that heat shock protein (HSP) and immunomodulatory stress gene expression correlate with fever in intensive care unit patients. Whole blood messenger RNA was obtained over consecutive days from 100 hospitalized patients suffering from sepsis or noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) as defined by conventional criteria. The most abnormal body temperature in the preceding 24 h was recorded for each sample. Expression analysis was performed using the Affymetrix U133 chip. ANCOVA followed by correlation analysis was performed on a subset of 278 prospectively identified sequences of interest. Temperature affected expression of 60 sequences, either independently or as a function of clinical diagnosis. Forty-eight of these (representing 38 genes) were affected by temperature only, including several HSPs, transcription factors heat shock factor (HSF)-1 and HSF-4, cellular adhesion molecules such as ICAM1/CD54 and JAM3, toll receptors TLR-6 and TLR-7, ribosomal proteins, and a number of molecules involved in inflammatory pathways. Twelve sequences demonstrated temperature-dependent responses that differed significantly between patients with sepsis and noninfectious SIRS: CXCL-13; heat shock proteins DNAJB12 and DNAJC4; the F11 receptor; folate hydrolase 1; HSF-2; HSP 70 proteins HSPA1A, HSPA1B, and HSPA1L; interleukin 8; lipopolysaccharide binding protein; and prostaglandin E synthase. Febrile-range temperatures achieved during sepsis and noninfectious SIRS correlate with detectable changes in stress gene expression in vivo, suggesting that fever can activate HSP gene expression and modify innate immune responses. For some genes, it appears that clinical condition can alter temperature-sensitive gene expression. Collectively, these data underscore the potential importance of body temperature in shaping the immune response to infection and injury.
- Published
- 2009
27. Tobacco smoking inhibits expression of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of IL-1R-associated kinase, p38, and NF-kappaB in alveolar macrophages stimulated with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists
- Author
-
Haiyan Chen, Andrei E. Medvedev, Mark J. Cowan, Jeffrey D. Hasday, and Stefanie N. Vogel
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Chemokine ,CD14 ,p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Immunology ,Lipopolysaccharide Receptors ,Lymphocyte Antigen 96 ,Biology ,p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Humans ,Cells, Cultured ,Macrophages ,Smoking ,Toll-Like Receptors ,NF-kappa B ,Middle Aged ,NFKB1 ,Toll-Like Receptor 2 ,Toll-Like Receptor 3 ,Enzyme Activation ,Toll-Like Receptor 4 ,TLR2 ,Endocrinology ,Cytokine ,Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases ,Gene Expression Regulation ,biology.protein ,TLR4 ,Cytokines ,Inflammation Mediators - Abstract
Tobacco smoking has been associated with impaired pulmonary functions and increased incidence of infections; however, mechanisms that underlie these phenomena are poorly understood. In this study, we examined whether smokers’ alveolar macrophages (AM) exhibit impaired sensing of bacterial components via TLR2 and TLR4 and determined the effect of smoking on expression levels of TLR2, TLR4 and coreceptors, and activation of signaling intermediates. Smokers’ AMs exhibited reduced gene expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and chemokines (RANTES and IL-8) upon stimulation with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists, S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2-RS)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-Cys-(S)-Ser-Lys4-OH trihydrochloride (Pam3Cys), and LPS, whereas expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1 receptor antagonist) was not affected. TLR3 activation with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid led to comparable or even higher cytokine responses in smokers’ AMs, indicating that smoking-induced suppression does not affect all TLRs. Comparable expression of cytokines and chemokines was detected in PBMC and purified monocytes obtained from smokers and nonsmokers, demonstrating that the suppressive effect of smoking is restricted to the lung. TLR2/4-inducible IL-1R-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) and p38 phosphorylation and NF-κB activation was suppressed in smokers’ AMs, whereas TLR2, TLR4, CD14, MD-2 mRNA levels, and TLR4 protein expression were not altered. These data suggest that changes in expression and/or activities of signaling intermediates at the postreceptor level account for smoking-induced immunosuppression. Thus, exposure of AMs to tobacco smoke induces a hyporesponsive state similar to endotoxin tolerance as manifested by inhibited TLR2/4-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and impaired activation of IRAK-1, p38, and NF-κB, resulting in suppressed expression of proinflammatory mediators.
- Published
- 2007
28. Severe metabolic alkalosis due to pyloric obstruction: case presentation, evaluation, and management
- Author
-
Meredith Mccauley, Mark J. Cowan, and Manjula Gunawardane
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Alkalosis ,business.industry ,Gastric Outlet Obstruction ,Metabolic disorder ,Metabolic alkalosis ,Gastric outlet obstruction ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Intensive care unit ,Surgery ,law.invention ,Respiratory failure ,law ,medicine ,Vomiting ,Humans ,Stomach Ulcer ,medicine.symptom ,Differential diagnosis ,Intensive care medicine ,business - Abstract
A 46-year-old man presented to the emergency room with severe metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and respiratory failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. The cause of his acid-base disorder was initially unclear. Although alkalosis is common in the intensive care unit, metabolic alkalosis of this severity is unusual, carries a very high mortality rate, and requires careful attention to the pathophysiology and differential diagnosis to effectively evaluate and treat the patient. A central concept in the diagnosis of metabolic alkalosis is distinguishing chloride responsive and chloride nonresponsive states. Further studies are then guided by the history and physical examination in most cases. By using a systematic approach to the differential diagnosis, we were able to determine that a high-grade gastric outlet obstruction was the cause of the patients' alkalosis and to offer effective therapy for his condition. A literature review and algorithm for the diagnosis and management of metabolic alkalosis are also presented.
- Published
- 2006
29. Polyamine-mediated reduction in human airway epithelial migration in response to wounding is PGE2 dependent through decreases in COX-2 and cPLA2 protein levels
- Author
-
Mark J. Cowan, James H. Shelhamer, and Timothy Coll
- Subjects
Physiology ,Cell Survival ,Spermine ,Ibuprofen ,Respiratory Mucosa ,Ornithine Decarboxylase ,Dinoprostone ,Phospholipases A ,Ornithine decarboxylase ,Cell Line ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Tissue culture ,Cell Movement ,Physiology (medical) ,Humans ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,RNA, Small Interfering ,Wound Healing ,biology ,Biogenic Polyamines ,Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors ,Cell biology ,Drug Combinations ,chemistry ,Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitor ,Biochemistry ,Cell culture ,Cyclooxygenase 2 ,biology.protein ,Cyclooxygenase ,Polyamine ,Wound healing ,Drug Antagonism - Abstract
Both ornithine decarboxylase inhibition to deplete polyamines and cyclooxygenase inhibition diminish the migration response to injury of human airway epithelial cells in tissue culture monolayers by ∼75%. Restoration of normal migration responses is achieved in the polyamine depleted system either by exogenous reconstitution of polyamines or the addition of prostaglandin E2(PGE2). However, only PGE2was able to restore migration in the cyclooxygenase-inhibited systems. Western blot for cyclooxygenase-2 and cytosolic phospholipase A2protein levels and ELISAs for PGE2secretion demonstrate dramatic increases over 24–48 h after monolayer wounding. These increases are completely abolished by polyamine depletion or cyclooxygenase inhibition. We conclude that polyamine inhibition decreases cellular migration in response to injury in airway epithelial cells at least in part through inhibiting normal PGE2production in response to injury. This may be brought about by decreases in cytosolic phospholipase A2and cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels.
- Published
- 2006
30. Epidermal growth factor induces p11 gene and protein expression and down-regulates calcium ionophore-induced arachidonic acid release in human epithelial cells
- Author
-
Carolea Logun, Mark T. Gladwin, Rafał Pawliczak, Patricia Madara, Xiu-li Huang, James H. Shelhamer, and Mark J. Cowan
- Subjects
SB 203580 ,MAP Kinase Signaling System ,p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases ,Organophosphonates ,Down-Regulation ,Arachidonic Acids ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Phospholipases A ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Epidermal growth factor ,Gene expression ,Humans ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Phosphorylation ,Molecular Biology ,Annexin A2 ,Calcimycin ,Arachidonic Acid ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Epidermal Growth Factor ,Ionophores ,Kinase ,Calcium-Binding Proteins ,S100 Proteins ,Epithelial Cells ,Cell Biology ,Molecular biology ,Recombinant Proteins ,ErbB Receptors ,chemistry ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Arachidonic acid ,Calcium ,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,HeLa Cells - Abstract
p11, a member of the S-100 family of proteins, is the cellular ligand of annexin II and also interacts with the C-terminal region of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), inhibiting cPLA(2) activity and arachidonic acid (AA) release. It has been reported that epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces cPLA(2) activation or cPLA(2) expression and subsequent AA release. It was of interest to study the effect of EGF on p11 production and on AA release in human epithelial cells (HeLa). EGF (20 ng/ml) treatment of HeLa cells increased the cellular p11 protein and the steady-state levels of p11 mRNA in a time- and dose-dependent manner but did not affect cPLA(2) protein expression over a 4-48-h incubation time. Transient transfection experiments of a reporter gene construct containing 1498 bp of the 5'-flanking region of p11 promoter demonstrated that EGF induced p11 gene expression at the transcriptional level. EGF caused a rapid phosphorylation of p44/42 and p38 kinases with a maximum level at 10 min. AG 1478 (EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor), PD 98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor), and SB 203580 (p38 inhibitor) significantly inhibited EGF-induced p11 expression. EGF-induced AA release was significantly suppressed by AG 1478, PD 98059, SB 203580, and methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphate (a specific cPLA(2) inhibitor). Methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphate (50 microm) also significantly inhibited EGF-induced p11 expression, demonstrating that the activation of cPLA(2) may have a role in the EGF-induced p11 expression. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that EGF induced increased p11 binding to cPLA(2) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. EGF treatment for 30 min increased -induced AA release, whereas EGF treatment for 24 h inhibited -induced AA release. These results suggest that EGF treatment increased p11 bound to cPLA(2) may lead to the late suppression of AA release induced by EGF.
- Published
- 2002
31. Differential systemic MyD88-dependent versus MyD88- independent cytokine ratio by etiologic agent in adults with severe community-acquired pneumonia
- Author
-
Mark J. Cowan and Dean Campbell
- Subjects
Innate immune system ,biology ,medicine.drug_class ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Antibiotics ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,TLR2 ,Cytokine ,Community-acquired pneumonia ,Immunology ,medicine ,TLR4 ,Pneumonia (non-human) ,Bacteria - Abstract
Purpose: Classifying bacteria early, before cultures results are available, would improve the choice of initial antibiotics in patients with severe pneumonia. TLR2 and TLR4 transduce signal through the MyD88- dependent pathway to stimulate IL-8 and TNF-α production. TLR4 can also signal through a MyD88- independent pathway to stimulate RANTES and IFN-β production. As gram-negative bacteria primarily activate TLR4, while gram-positive bacteria also activate TLR2, differential cytokine expression would be expected depending on specific bacterial etiologies.
- Published
- 2014
32. Disorders of ciliary motility
- Author
-
Mark T. Gladwin, James H. Shelhamer, and Mark J. Cowan
- Subjects
Dextrocardia ,Adult ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Lung ,Bronchiectasis ,business.industry ,Kartagener Syndrome ,Cilium ,Respiratory disease ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Situs inversus ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Cilia ,business ,Child ,Primary ciliary dyskinesia ,Ciliary Motility Disorders - Abstract
Clearance of mucus and other debris from the airways is achieved by 3 main mechanisms: mucociliary activity, coughing, and alveolar clearance. Disorders of ciliary structure or function results in impaired clearance, and result in chronic sinopulmonary disease manifested as chronic sinusitis, otitis media, nasal polyposis, and ultimately bronchiectasis. In addition, situs inversus, dextrocardia, and infertility can be associated with dysfunctional ciliary activity. The term primary ciliary dyskinesia has been proposed for the spectrum of these diseases. The term Kartagener syndrome applies to this syndrome when accompanied by infertility and dextrocardia or situs inversus. The more common types of ciliary dysmotility syndromes are characterized by missing dynein arms, central microtubule pairs, inner sheath, radial spokes, or nexin links. In addition to structural defects within the cilia, disordered ciliary beating and disordered ciliary arrays on epithelial cell surfaces have been described in this syndrome. Treatment includes rigorous lung physiotherapy, prophylactic and organism-specific antibiotics, and immunization against common pulmonary pathogens. Late stages of the disease may require surgical intervention for bronchiectasis or lung transplant for end-stage lung disease.
- Published
- 2001
33. Acute respiratory failure in the HIV-seropositive patient
- Author
-
Stewart J. Levine, James H. Shelhamer, and Mark J. Cowan
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatric AIDS ,Adolescent ,medicine.medical_treatment ,HIV Infections ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,law.invention ,Patient Isolation ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,Acute respiratory failure ,Intensive care medicine ,Child ,Mechanical ventilation ,business.industry ,Pneumonia, Pneumocystis ,Infant ,Pneumothorax ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,Intensive care unit ,Pathophysiology ,Survival Rate ,Respiratory failure ,Child, Preschool ,Etiology ,business ,Respiratory Insufficiency - Abstract
As of September 30, 1996, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported the existence of 566,002 cases of AIDS in the United States, with 7472 of these in children less than 13 years of age. 23 Approximately 40% to 65% of patients with AIDS develop pulmonary abnormalities. 86,94,133 Therefore, patients with AIDS represent a large cohort of immunosuppressed individuals with the potential to progress to respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). This article reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and management of acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation in HIV-seropositive patients. Prognostic factors and survival rates for episodes of respiratory failure are also discussed. In addition, an overview of acute respiratory failure in pediatric AIDS patients is presented.
- Published
- 1997
34. Nonpharmacologic approach to minimizing shivering during surface cooling: A proof of principle study
- Author
-
Jeffrey D. Hasday, Mark J. Cowan, Edward M. Pickering, Keith E. Herold, Houtan Sareh, Dawn Fox, Majid Afshar, Jennifer Marron, Jennifer Davis, Nirav Shah, and Carl B. Shanholtz
- Subjects
animal structures ,Critically ill ,business.industry ,Hemodynamics ,Hypothermia ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,Blood pressure ,Anesthesia ,Shivering ,medicine ,VEST ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Vasoconstriction ,Surface cooling - Abstract
Purpose This study had 2 objectives: (1) to quantify the metabolic response to physical cooling in febrile patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and (2) to provide proof for the hypothesis that the efficiency of external cooling and the subsequent shivering response are influenced by site and temperature of surface cooling pads. Methods To quantify shivering thermogenesis during surface cooling for fever, we monitored oxygen consumption (VO2) in 6 febrile patients with SIRS during conventional cooling with cooling blankets and ice packs. To begin to determine how location and temperature of surface cooling influence shivering, we compared 5 cooling protocols for inducing mild hypothermia in 6 healthy volunteers. Results In the patients with SIRS, core temperature decreased 0.67°C per hour, all patients shivered, VO2 increased 57.6%, and blood pressure increased 15% during cooling. In healthy subjects, cooling with the 10°C vest was most comfortable and removed heat most efficiently without shivering or VO2 increase. Cooling with combined vest and thigh pads stimulated the most shivering and highest VO2 and increased core temperature. Reducing vest temperature from 10°C to 5°C failed to increase heat removal secondary to cutaneous vasoconstriction. Capsaicin, an agonist for the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) warm-sensing channels, partially reversed this effect in 5 subjects. Conclusions Our results identify the hazards of surface cooling in febrile critically ill patients and support the concept that optimization of cooling pad temperature and position may improve cooling efficiency and reduce shivering.
- Published
- 2012
35. HOSPITAL SETTING AND SURVIVAL AMONG PATIENTS SUFFERING IN-HOSPITAL CARDIO-RESPIRATORY ARREST (CPA)
- Author
-
Soleyah C. Groves, Steven M. Scharf, Mark J. Cowan, and Dafna Koldobskiy
- Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hospital setting ,business.industry ,medicine ,Cardiorespiratory fitness ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine ,Intensive care medicine ,business - Published
- 2008
36. SMOKING INHIBITS EXPRESSION OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND ACTIVATION OF IRAK-1, p38 AND NF-κB IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES STIMULATED WITH TLR2 AND TLR4 AGONISTS (40.6)
- Author
-
Haiyan Chen, Mark J Cowan, Jeffrey D Hasday, Stefanie N Vogel, and Andrei E Medvedev
- Subjects
Immunology ,Immunology and Allergy - Abstract
Bronchiolitis is common in smokers and we hypothesized that this may be due to impaired sensing of bacterial components via TLR2 and TLR4 by smokers’ alveolar macrophages (AM). AM and PBMC obtained from smokers and non-smoking volunteers were stimulated with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists, Pam3Cys and LPS, and expression of cytokines and activation of intracellular intermediates were examined. Smokers’ AM exhibited suppressed gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and chemokines IL-8 and RANTES upon stimulation with LPS and Pam3Cys, whereas expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1RA was not affected. Comparable expression levels of these cytokines and chemokines were detected in PBMC obtained from smokers and non-smokers, indicating that the suppressive effect of smoking is restricted to the lung. TLR2/4-inducible phosphorylation of IRAK-1 and p38, and IκB-α degradation were markedly inhibited in smokers’ AM, whereas expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, CD14, MD-2 mRNA, and TLR4 protein, were not significantly changed. These results indicate that smoking induces a state of tolerance in AM manifested by suppression of TLR2/4-induced signaling that may underlie bronchiolitis associated with smoking. This work was supported by grants from Philip Morris USA Inc. and Philip Morris International, OTRD/University of Maryland, Baltimore, and NIH grants AI059524 (AEM) and AI44936 (SNV).
- Published
- 2007
37. The type I NADH dehydrogenase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis counters phagosomal NOX2 activity to inhibit TNF-alpha-mediated host cell apoptosis.
- Author
-
Jessica L Miller, Kamalakannan Velmurugan, Mark J Cowan, and Volker Briken
- Subjects
Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,RC581-607 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The capacity of infected cells to undergo apoptosis upon insult with a pathogen is an ancient innate immune defense mechanism. Consequently, the ability of persisting, intracellular pathogens such as the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to inhibit infection-induced apoptosis of macrophages is important for virulence. The nuoG gene of Mtb, which encodes the NuoG subunit of the type I NADH dehydrogenase, NDH-1, is important in Mtb-mediated inhibition of host macrophage apoptosis, but the molecular mechanism of this host pathogen interaction remains elusive. Here we show that the apoptogenic phenotype of MtbDeltanuoG was significantly reduced in human macrophages treated with caspase-3 and -8 inhibitors, TNF-alpha-neutralizing antibodies, and also after infection of murine TNF(-/-) macrophages. Interestingly, incubation of macrophages with inhibitors of reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduced not only the apoptosis induced by the nuoG mutant, but also its capacity to increase macrophage TNF-alpha secretion. The MtbDeltanuoG phagosomes showed increased ROS levels compared to Mtb phagosomes in primary murine and human alveolar macrophages. The increase in MtbDeltanuoG induced ROS and apoptosis was abolished in NOX-2 deficient (gp91(-/-)) macrophages. These results suggest that Mtb, via a NuoG-dependent mechanism, can neutralize NOX2-derived ROS in order to inhibit TNF-alpha-mediated host cell apoptosis. Consistently, an Mtb mutant deficient in secreted catalase induced increases in phagosomal ROS and host cell apoptosis, both of which were dependent upon macrophage NOX-2 activity. In conclusion, these results serendipitously reveal a novel connection between NOX2 activity, phagosomal ROS, and TNF-alpha signaling during infection-induced apoptosis in macrophages. Furthermore, our study reveals a novel function of NOX2 activity in innate immunity beyond the initial respiratory burst, which is the sensing of persistent intracellular pathogens and subsequent induction of host cell apoptosis as a second line of defense.
- Published
- 2010
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