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OBJECTIVE To describe acute cerebral compression caused by an epidural hematoma (EDH) in a dog with cryptococcal infection. CASE SUMMARY An 18-month-old neutered male Neapolitan Mastiff was found comatose with no preceding clinical signs apart from a mild forelimb lameness. A CT scan of the head revealed a lesion within the right caudal nasal cavity that traversed the cribriform plate in addition to a right epidural lesion resulting in compression of the right cerebrum. Assessment of brain death was made based on the presence of coma, apnea, and absence of brain stem reflexes and included assessment of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Postmortem identified a large EDH causing marked compression of the right frontal lobe. A nasal biopsy cultured Cryptococcus gattii. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED EDH formation in a dog secondary to cryptococcosis has not been previously reported. This is also the first time a caloric vestibulo-ocular reflex assessment has been reported in a dog.

Background: Dog-to-dog bite wounds are a common veterinary emergency presentation: despite this, there is insufficient information to guide veterinarians on appropriate empirical antimicrobial management. Objectives: Investigate the effectiveness of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid with and without enrofloxacin in the treatment of moderate grade dog bite wounds (DBW). To describe common pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Materials and methods: In a single-centre parallel group pragmatic trial, 50 dogs presenting with moderate grade DBW were prospectively randomised to receive amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (group A) or amoxicillin–clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin (group B). Swabs were taken for culture and susceptibility testing at admission. Stabilisation, wound care and surgical debridement were performed at the discretion of admitting clinicians. The primary outcome was complication due to infection at 10 days, with Bayesian inference used to estimate the difference in proportions between treatment groups. Results: Of the 24 dogs in treatment group A, 1 required the addition of enrofloxacin at re-examination. None of the 26 dogs in group B required alteration of antimicrobial coverage. The difference in complication rate due to infection between treatment groups was 4.2%. Twenty-one different organisms were identified: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Neisseria spp., Pasteurella multocida and P. canis were the most common. Over 90% of gram-negative and gram-positive isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Ninety-six percent of gram-negative and 86% of gram-positive isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin. Conclusion and clinical significance: Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid is an appropriate empirical antimicrobial choice for moderate DBW in South East Queensland. Reduced empirical enrofloxacin use will promote antimicrobial stewardship and potentially antimicrobial resistance.

Venom is a key evolutionary innovation which plays a primary role in prey subjugation by venomous snakes. However, while there is a growing body of literature indicating the composition and activity of snake venoms is under strong natural selection driven by differences in prey physiology, the majority of studies have historically focussed on the activity of snake venoms with regards only towards human or mammalian physiologies. This study aimed to use clotting assays measuring both time and strength of clotting to characterise the coagulotoxic activity of venoms from a taxonomically, morphologically, and ecologically diverse range of Bitis spp. of viperid snakes upon the plasma of model species: amphibian (Cane Toad, Rhinella marina); lizard (Blue-tongue Skink, Tiliqua scincoides); avian (Domestic Chicken, Gallus gallus); and rodent (Brown Rat, Rattus norvegicus). Significant variation in coagulotoxic activity across the different plasmas was observed between species and compared to the known affects upon human plasma. Bitis caudalis was notable in being active on all four plasmas, but in extremely divergent manners: accelerating clotting times and producing strong, stable clots upon amphibian plasma (consistent with true procoagulation); accelerating clotting time but producing weak, unstable clots upon lizard plasma (consistent with pseudo-procoagulation); delaying avian clotting time beyond machine maximum reading time (strong anticoagulation consistent with either inhibition of clotting enzymes or total destruction of fibrinogen, or both); and delaying clotting of rodent plasma (consistent with inhibition of clotting enzymes) and with only weak clots formed (consistent with destruction of fibrinogen). In contrast, the sister species B. peringueyi and B. schneideri displayed activity only upon the lizard plasma, slightly accelerating the clotting times to produce weak, unstable clots (consistent with pseudo-procoagulation). The other dwarf species, B. cornuta, displayed strong anticoagulation upon avian and rodent plasmas, delaying clotting beyond the machine maximum reading time (strong anticoagulation consistent with either inhibition of clotting enzymes or total destruction of fibrinogen, or both). In contrast, the giant species studied (B. gabonica) showed only a very weak pseudo-procoagulant activity upon lizard plasma. The wide range of variation seen within this study highlights the importance of studying venom activity on relevant models when making conclusions about the ecological role of venoms and the extreme limitation in extrapolating animal results to predict potential human clinical effects.

The objective of this study was to evaluate critically the nature and prevalence of histological pulmonary lesions in dogs and cats that had died or were euthanized because of tick paralysis. A retrospective and prospective case study of 11 cats and 23 dogs was carried out. Retrospective cases were gathered from the Veterinary Laboratory Services database at The University of Queensland (UQ). Prospective cases were provided by Veterinary Specialist Services and UQ VETs Small Animal Hospital. Lung and other tissue samples were collected for histopathological analysis. All tick intoxicated animals demonstrated evidence of pulmonary parenchymal changes: alveolar oedema, interstitial and alveolar congestion and alveolar fibrin exudation. Eleven of 23 (48%) dogs exhibited mild to severe bronchopneumonia. A lower rate (18%) of bronchopneumonia was found in cats, with one case of aspiration pneumonia. A novel pulmonary histological grading scheme was developed to evaluate the correlation between clinical presentation and histopathological changes. Novel extrapulmonary lesions in cats included hepatic necrosis and acute renal tubular necrosis attributed to hypoxia. We concluded that both dogs and cats with high clinical grade tick paralysis are extremely likely to have pulmonary pathology. High-protein oedema and fibrin exudation are predicted to be present in most cases of canine and feline tick paralysis.

The surgical cricothyrotomy (CTT) has been recommended for emergency front of neck airway access (eFONA) during a cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate scenario for military working dogs (MWD) and civilian law enforcement working dogs (operational K9s). In prehospital and austere environments, combat medics and emergency medical service providers are expected to administer emergency medical care to working dogs and may only have emergency airway kits designed for humans at their disposal. The objective of this article is to provide a detailed description of the application of such devices in cadaver dogs and highlight potential alterations to manufacturer guidelines required for successful tube placement. The kits evaluated included the Portex® PCK, Melker universal cricothyrotomy kit and H&H® emergency cricothyrotomy kit. A novel technique for awake cricothyrotomy in the dog is also described, which can also be considered for in-hospital use, together with the open surgical method described for the H&H® kit. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first publication documenting and providing instruction on the application of commercial cricothyrotomy kits in dogs.

Sureiyan Hardjo, Catriona Croton, Mark D HaworthSchool of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, AustraliaCorrespondence: Sureiyan HardjoSchool of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Queensland, AustraliaEmail s.hardjo@uq.edu.auBackground: Tube cricothyrotomy has been suggested as a first-choice for emergency surgical airway access in small animals, rather than the more commonly accepted procedures of tracheotomy and needle cricothyrotomy.Methods: A small pilot study of tube cricothyrotomy in a live porcine model was conducted to evaluate this method. The technique was modified to permit the use of commonly available equipment and ease of application. Following ethics approval, a tube cricothyrotomy was performed on 9 live pigs. The endpoints were the efficacy of ventilation through the tube as measured by end-tidal carbon dioxide, successful placement of the tube and the time taken for placement.Results: Of the nine pigs, eight had a tube placed successfully, with the median procedure time being 111.5 seconds (range: 35–240 seconds). After 10 mins, the mean end-tidal carbon dioxide was 58.3 mmHg (95% CI: 55.2–61.3 mmHg), with a range of 54–64 mmHg. Tube cricothyrotomy holds promise as a means of rapidly obtaining tracheal access in small animals and temporarily sustaining ventilation in an emergency.Conclusion: Further detailed investigation is warranted to assess the use of this technique in the small animal emergency setting.Keywords: cricothyrotomy, tracheostomy, canine, ventilation, airway, obstruction, front of neck access

Case report We describe the clinical signs and management of a case of anaphylaxis in a dog after intravenous administration of alphaxalone (Alfaxan®, Jurox, NSW, Aust), which has not been previously published. A female spayed cattle dog undergoing routine imaging for forelimb lameness was induced with Alfaxan after receiving sedation with acepromazine and methadone 70 min prior. Immediately after intravenous administration of Alfaxan, the dog exhibited vomiting and diarrhoea associated with acute hypotension. Gallbladder wall oedema was visualised consistent with anaphylaxis. The dog responded to rapid volume expansion. Adrenaline was not required. The dog made a full recovery within 6 h of the reaction and was re-anaesthetised 3 days later without incident, using propofol as the induction agent. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first published case of anaphylaxis associated with intravenous Alfaxan in the dog. The APVMA reporting of reactions in small animals from 2003 to 2013 of Alfaxan is consistent with this case report's finding involving the respiratory, circulatory and gastrointestinal systems.

The viperid snake genus Bothriechis consists of eleven species distributed among Central and South America, living across low and high-altitude habitats. Despite Bothriechis envenomations being prominent across the Central and South American region, the functional effects of Bothriechis venoms are poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the coagulotoxic and neurotoxic activities of Bothriechis venoms to fill this knowledge gap. Coagulotoxic investigations revealed Bothriechis nigroviridis and B. schlegelii to have pseudo-procoagulant venom activity, forming weak clots that rapidly break down, thereby depleting fibrinogen levels and thus contributing to a net anticoagulant state. While one sample of B. lateralis also showed weaker pseudo-procoagulant activity, directly clotting fibrinogen, two samples of B. lateralis venom were anticoagulant through the inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa activity. Differential efficacy of PoliVal-ICP antivenom was also observed, with the pseudo-procoagulant effect of B. nigroviridis venom poorly neutralised, despite this same activity in the venom of B. schlegelii being effectively neutralised. Significant specificity of these fibrinogen cleaving toxins was also observed, with no activity upon model amphibian, avian, lizard or rodent plasma observed. However, upon avian plasma the venom of B. nigroviridis exerted a complete anticoagulant effect, in contrast to the pseudo-procoagulant effect seen on human plasma. Neurotoxic investigations revealed B. schlegelii to be unique among the genus in having potent binding to the orthosteric site of the alpha-1 postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (with B. lateralis having a weaker but still discernible effect). This represents the first identification of postsynaptic nAChR neurotoxic activity for Bothriechis. In conclusion this study identifies notable differential activity within the coagulotoxic and postsynaptic neurotoxic activity of Bothriechis venoms, supporting previous research, and highlights the need for further studies with respect to antivenom efficacy as well as coagulotoxin specificity for Bothriechis venoms.

Australia has some of the most venous snakes in the world, and envenomations of domestic dogs are common, but clinical signs as well as the diagnostic procedures and treatments of snake envenomations are poorly described. Therefore, we invited veterinary clinics in the state of Queensland, Australia, to provide detailed data on snake envenomation cases in dogs. A total of 230 cases were reported from 19 veterinary hospitals, with an average of 12.1 dogs per clinic, per year. Detailed case data were provided from 20 dogs—of these, 65.0% (13/20) were envenomated during the daytime, with collapse and paresis being the most common signs reported by owners. The median time between the onset of clinical signs and admission to the veterinary hospital was 60 min. Clinical signs were the sole diagnostic modality utilised by veterinarians in 30.0% (6/20) of cases. Activated clotting time was the most common diagnostic procedure conducted, while snake venom detection kits (SVDK) were only used in 15.0% (3/20) of cases. Of the dogs that received antivenom (85.0%, 17/20), the tiger/multibrown combination (3000 units tiger/4000 units brown) was predominately (13/17) provided. Three of the 17 dogs that received antivenom (17.6%) died or were euthanised. About 82.4% (14/17) of the dogs treated with antivenom, but only 33.3% (1/3) of the dogs not treated with antivenom, recovered (p = 0.140). Overall, veterinarians relied frequently on medical history, clinical signs, and diagnostic tests other than the SVDK and, thus, most likely, administered snake envenomation treatment based on their clinical experience.

Objectives:In novice final year veterinary students, we sought to: (1) compare the procedure time between a novel cricothyrotomy (CTT) technique and an abbreviated tracheostomy (TT) technique in canine cadavers, (2) assess the success rate of each procedure, (3) assess the complication rate of each procedure via a damage score, (4) evaluate the technical difficulty of each procedure and (5) determine the preferred procedure of study participants for emergency front-of-neck access.Materials and Methods:A prospective, cross-over, block randomised trial was performed, where veterinary students completed CTT and TT procedures on cadaver dogs. Eight students were recruited and performed 32 procedures on 16 dogs. A generalised estimating equation approach to modelling the procedure times was used.Results:The procedure time was significantly faster for the CTT than the TT technique, on average (p< 0.001). The mean time taken to complete the CTT technique was 49.6 s (95% CI: 29.5–69.6) faster on average, with a mean CTT time of less than half that of the TT. When taking into account the attempt number, the procedure time for a CTT was 66.4 s (95% CI: 38.9–93.9) faster than TT for the first attempt, and for the second attempt, this was 32.7 s (95% CI: 15.2–50.2) faster, on average. The success rate for both procedures was 100% and there was no difference detected in the damage or difficulty scores (P= 0.13 and 0.08, respectively). Seven of eight participants preferred the CTT.Clinical Significance:CTT warrants consideration as the primary option for emergency front-of-neck airway access for dogs.

Black snakes (Pseudechis spp) are a genus of venomous Australian elapid snakes that can cause major clinical envenomation in companion animals, which may be fatal, even with appropriate antivenom treatment. Despite its clinical significance, there is little published information on the pathology of black snake envenomation. We report the gross and microscopic lesions associated with black snake envenomation in two dogs, one with a definitive immunological species identification of red-bellied black snake (RBBS; Pseudechis porphyriacus), the other with a black snake immunotype on a venom detection kit. Both dogs were located in a geographical area where the RBBS is found. The prominent gross findings in both cases included icterus, localized facial oedema in the region of the presumed bite wound, pigmenturia and multicavitary serosanguineous effusions. Histopathology of the confirmed RBBS case revealed acute renal tubular necrosis with haemosiderosis, marked splenic haemosiderosis and centrilobular to midzonal hepatocellular necrosis with severe cholestasis. Defining the spectrum of lesions of elapid snake envenomation improves understanding of the pathogenesis, which may lead to improved patient outcomes and post-mortem diagnosis.

An entire male Siberian Husky presented for diarrhoea, weakness, inappetence, and collapse following a six-day period of illness. On clinical examination the dog displayed vasoconstrictive circulatory shock, dehydration, and melena. Laboratory tests revealed a marked hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, and a decreased sodium/potassium ratio of ≤ 12.4. The baseline and poststimulation serum cortisol concentrations were markedly elevated following adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) stimulation test, yielding 712 nmol/L and 706 nmol/L, respectively. The elevated cortisol concentration excluded hypoadrenocorticism. A concurrent Trichuris vulpis (whipworm) infection was also identified. The dog was treated with supportive care including fenbendazole and recovered uneventfully. The final diagnosis was Trichuris vulpis infection with secondary pseudohypoadrenocorticism. This case report further supports a previous observation that the Siberian Husky breed may have an increased sensitivity to infection with Trichuris vulpis and development of pseudohypoadrenocorticism.

Objectives To (i) assess the clinical diagnostic accuracy of SNAP canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) and specific canine pancreatic lipase (Spec cPL) and (ii) assess the agreement of an abnormal test result between SNAP cPL and Spec cPL in dogs presenting with acute abdominal disease. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Setting University teaching hospital emergency center. Animals Thirty-eight client-owned dogs that presented with acute abdominal disease, with a known final diagnosis between March 2009 and April 2010. Dogs were retrospectively assigned into 2 groups, dogs with acute pancreatitis (AP) (Group 1) and dogs without AP (Group 2). Interventions Paired serum samples obtained within 24 hours of presentation were analyzed using the SNAP cPL test and Spec cPL assay. Measurements and Results SNAP cPL clinical sensitivity and specificity was 82% (9/11 dogs of group 1) and 59% (16/27 dogs of group 2), respectively. Spec cPL clinical sensitivity and specificity was 70% (7/10 dogs of group 1) and 77% (20/26 dogs of group 2), respectively. Accuracy of the SNAP and Spec cPL for a clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis was found to be 66% and 75%, respectively. Agreement between a positive SNAP (cPL ≥ 200 μg/L) and a clinical diagnosis pancreatitis resulted in κ = 0.33. Agreement between an increased Spec (cPL ≥ 400 μg/L) and a clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis resulted in a κ = 0.43. The agreement between SNAP and Spec cPL (cPL ≥ 200 μg/L) for the entire cohort resulted in κ = 0.78. Conclusion SNAP cPL and Spec cPL results may provide a "false positive" diagnosis of pancreatitis in up to 40% of dogs presenting with acute abdominal disease. There is good overall agreement between SNAP cPL and Spec cPL; however, there were 4/38 dogs with positive SNAP cPL and "normal" Spec cPL.

Background Tick paralysis, resultant from envenomation by the scrub-tick Ixodes holocyclus, is a serious threat for small companion animals in the eastern coast of Australia. We hypothesise that surveillance systems that are built on Internet search queries may provide a more timely indication of high-risk periods more effectively than current approaches. Methods Monthly tick paralysis notifications in dogs and cats across Australia and the states of Queensland (QLD) and New South Wales (NSW) were retrieved from Disease WatchDog surveillance system for the period 2011–2013. Internet search terms related to tick paralysis in small companion animals were identified using Google Correlate, and corresponding search frequency metrics were downloaded from Google Trends. Spearman’s rank correlations and time series cross correlations were performed to assess which Google search terms lead or are synchronous with tick paralysis notifications. Results Metrics data were available for 24 relevant search terms at national level, 16 for QLD and 18 for NSW, and they were all significantly correlated with tick paralysis notifications (P

Objective: To describe the use of intravenous lipid emulsion (IVLE) as an adjunctive therapy in 3 cats with permethrin toxicosis. Case Series Summary: Three cats with permethrin toxicosis were treated with IVLE in addition to the current accepted treatment regime. All 3 cats demonstrated a subjective rapid clinical improvement after the administration of IVLE, with no adverse reactions observed. New or Unique Information Provided: This is the first reported use of IVLE for feline permethrin toxicosis, with encouraging results. A possible reduction in costs associated with treatment may contribute to a reduction in euthanasia. Further investigation of the use of IVLEs in permethrin toxicosis is warranted.

(2009). The Catalogue of the Sale of Camille Silvy's Studio, London 1869. History of Photography: Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 339-345.

A project to enhance access to architectural drawings and manuscripts has recently begun at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in London. Two major collections of designs - those in the V&A’s Prints, Drawings and Paintings Collection and those in the Special Collections of the British Architectural Library at the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) - will be housed together at the Museum from 2003. In this article two of the V&A’s curators outline the planning for the move, which involves modifying existing space to provide new accommodation for staff, storage and consultation by the public, and describe the broader partnership between the two institutions, which promises much for the study and appreciation of architecture.

(1993). The committee of national photographic collections. Journal of the Society of Archivists: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 193-195.

Some writers on photography enjoy playing the psychoanalyst. Bill Brandt (1904–83) attracts such interpretation partly because the Viennese psychoanalyst Dr Wilhelm Stekel treated him in his youth. The cause of the treatment was Brandt's tuberculosis rather than any psychological illness. I have always liked the series of portraits of Brandt taken by Laelia Goehr. She had asked him to teach her photography. This photograph is one of a series of seven taken at Brandt's flat in Hillfield Court, Belsize Park, North London, in 1945. She kindly gave the negatives to the Victoria and Albert Museum forty years later.1

First a note about how this fascinating little book came into print. Over twenty years ago John Szarkowski, Director of the Department of Photography at the Museum of Modem Art, New York, attended a lecture at the College Art Association in Baltimore (1963). He heard the late Professor Schwarz inaugurate a session on Art and Photography with a paper titled ‘Before 1839: Symptoms and Trends’. He was ‘deeply impressed by the lecture and its illustrative materials’, as we later learned from Peter Galassi, whose Before Photography (1981), a MOMA exhibition and book, extended the train of thought begun so many years before. The original lecture, however, had disappeared. Galassi's book prompted its re-emergence. As Park explains, Schwarz gave his lecture (somewhat revised) a second time: as keynote speaker for a Symposium on the History of Photography sponsored by George Eastman House, in collaboration with the Society for Photographic Education. On this occasion, in November 1964, the lecture was att...