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Concerns have been raised regarding the impact of time-restricted eating (TRE) on sex hormones in females. This study examined how TRE affects sex steroids in premenopausal and postmenopausal females.This is a secondary analysis of an 8-week TRE study (4- to 6-hour eating window) conducted in adults with obesity. Men and perimenopausal females were excluded. Females were classified into two groups based on menstrual status: premenopausal (n = 12) or postmenopausal (n = 11).After 8 weeks, body weight decreased in premenopausal females (-3% ± 2%) and postmenopausal females (-4% ± 2%) (main effect of time, p 0.001), with no difference between groups (no group × time interaction). Circulating levels of testosterone, androstenedione, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) did not change in either group (no group × time interaction). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations decreased (p 0.05) in premenopausal (-14% ± 32%) and postmenopausal females (-13% ± 34%; main effect of time, p = 0.03), with no difference between groups. Estradiol, estrone, and progesterone were measured only in postmenopausal females, and they remained unchanged.In premenopausal females, androgens and SHBG remained unchanged during TRE, whereas DHEA decreased. In postmenopausal females, estrogens, progesterone, androgens, and SHBG did not change, but DHEA was reduced.

Background: Time restricted eating (TRE) involves restricting the ad libitum eating window to a specific number of hours daily, while water fasting for the remaining hours. Objective: This study examined if changes in body weight and metabolic risk factors during TRE, differ in women based on menopausal status. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of an 8-week TRE study (4-6 h eating window, 18-20 h fasting window daily) conducted in adults with obesity. Male participants were excluded, and female subjects were classified in two groups based on menstrual status: premenopausal (n = 13) , or postmenopausal (n = 19) . Perimenopausal women were excluded from the original study. Results: Body weight decreased in both premenopausal women (-3.3 ± 0.4%) and postmenopausal women (-3.3 ± 0.5%) (main effect of time, P < 0.001) , with no difference between groups (no group × time interaction) by week 8. Adherence in both groups was very high, with premenopausal women adhering to their prescribed eating window on 6.2 ± 0.1 d/week, and postmenopausal women adhering to their window on 6.2 ± 0.2 d/week. Fat mass, lean mass, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and 8-isoprostane (marker of oxidative stress) were reduced similarly in both groups (main effect of time, P < 0.for all comparisons) . Visceral fat mass, relative skeletal muscle index (RSMI) , blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, HbA1c, TNF-alpha and IL-6 remained unchanged by 8 weeks in both groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the weight loss and metabolic benefits of TRE do not differ between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with obesity. Disclosure K.Gabel: None. K.Varady: None. S.Cienfuegos: None. M.Ezpeleta: None. Funding R01DK119783

Background: Time restricted eating (TRE) is a form of intermittent fasting that involves confining the period of eating to 8-h and fasting with zero-calorie beverages for 16-h. Short-term studies (2-3 month) suggest that 8-h TRE produces moderate weight loss and improves blood pressure and plasma lipids. What remains unknown is whether these improvements by TRE would become more pronounced over longer periods of time (6-months) , and whether these benefits are comparable to that of daily calorie restriction (CR) . Objective: Accordingly, this study compared the effects of 8-h TRE versus CR and a no-intervention control group on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with obesity over 6-months. Design: Adults with obesity (n = 63) were randomized to 1 of 3 interventions for 6-months: 8-h TRE (ad libitum eating between 12:00 to 8:00 pm, fasting between 8:00 to 12:00 pm) ; CR (25% energy restriction daily) ; or control (ad libitum food intake with no meal timing restrictions) . Results: By month 6, body weight decreased (P = 0.02) by CR (-4.9 ± 1.4%) but not TRE (-3.4 ± 0.7%) , versus controls (-0.7 ± 1.1%) . Diastolic blood pressure was significantly (P = 0.04) reduced by TRE (-4.0 ± 1.4 mm Hg) , but not CR (-0.1 ± 1.7 mm Hg) , versus controls (1.6 ± 1.5 mm Hg) . Changes in systolic blood pressure, fat mass, visceral fat mass, lean mass, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and heart rate did not differ between groups at month 6. Adherence to 8-h TRE remained high throughout the trial, i.e. subjects adhered to the 8-h eating window on 6 ± 0.1 days/week. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest CR may produce greater weight loss compared to TRE over 6-months. While TRE did not produce significant weight loss, the diet did lower diastolic blood pressure. This would suggest that this intermittent fasting regimen may produce improvements in cardiovascular parameters in the absence of body weight reductions. Disclosure S. Lin: None. S. Cienfuegos: None. K. Gabel: None. K. Varady: None. A. Mulas: None. Funding NIH-NIDDK (1R01DK128180 - 01A1)

Background: Approximately 65% of individuals with obesity have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) . The primary treatment for NAFLD is regulating weight per diet and exercise. Alternate day fasting (ADF) has been shown to improve body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in animals. This is the first human trial to compare the effects of ADF plus endurance exercise, ADF alone, endurance exercise alone versus a no intervention control, on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in participants with obesity and NAFLD. Methods: Subjects with obesity and NAFLD (n = 48) were randomized to 1 of 4 groups for 12 weeks:1) ADF (600 kcal “fast day”, alternated with an ad libitum intake “feast day”) ,2) exercise (endurance exercise 5 times/week for 60 min/d) ,3) combination (ADF + exercise) ,or 4) control (usual diet) . Results: Body weight was reduced (P < 0.05) in the ADF group (-5.3 ± 1.0 %) and combination group (-4.9 ± 0.6 %) , but not the exercise group (-1.9 ± 0.6 %) , versus controls (-0.3 ± 1.2 %) . ALT was reduced (P < 0.05) in the combination group (-29 ± 9%) , but not in the ADF group (-9 ± 8%) , exercise group (1 ± 3%) , versus controls (17 ± 10%) . No significant changes were observed for liver fat, body composition, AST, lipid markers, or glucoregulatory factors. Subjects in the ADF and combination groups were adherent with the fast day energy goal (600 kcal) at week 12 (ADF: 548 kcal; combination: 657 kcal) . Subjects in the exercise and combination groups were adherent with attending the 5 workout sessions per week (exercise: 79% attendance; combination: 83% attendance) . Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest that combination of ADF plus exercise and ADF alone may be effective non-pharmacological therapies to reduce body weight and ALT. However, neither combination intervention nor ADF alone have had any effect on liver fat, metabolic risk factors, or glucoregulatory factors such as insulin. Disclosure K. Gabel: None. K. Varady: None. S. Cienfuegos: None. Funding NIH/NIDDK (R01DK119783-03)

Background: Time restricted feeding (TRF) involves deliberately restricting the times during which energy is ingested. Preliminary findings suggest that 8–10-h TRF improves sleep. However, the effects of shorter TRF windows (4–6 h) on sleep, remain unknown. Aims: This study compared the effects of 4-h versus 6-h TRF on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: Adults with obesity ( n = 49) were randomized into one of three groups: 4-h TRF (eating only between 3 and 7 p.m.), 6-h TRF (eating only between 1 and 7 p.m.), or a control group (no meal timing restrictions) for 8 weeks. Results: After 8 weeks, body weight decreased ( p < 0.001) similarly by 4-h TRF (–3.9 ± 0.4 kg) and 6-h TRF (–3.4 ± 0.4 kg), versus controls. Sleep quality, measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), did not change by 4-h TRF (baseline: 5.9 ± 0.7; week 8: 4.8 ± 0.6) or 6-h TRF (baseline: 6.4 ± 0.8; week 8: 5.3 ± 0.9), versus controls. Wake time, bedtime, sleep duration and sleep onset latency also remained unchanged. Insomnia severity did not change by 4-h TRF (baseline: 4.4 ± 1.0; week 8: 4.7 ± 0.9) or 6-h TRF (baseline: 8.3 ± 1.2; week 8: 5.5 ± 1.1), versus controls. Percent of participants reporting obstructive sleep apnea symptoms did not change by 4-h TRF (baseline: 44%; week 8: 25%) or 6-h TRF (baseline: 47%; week 8: 20%), versus controls. Conclusion: These findings suggest that 4- and 6-h TRF have no effect on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity, or the risk of obstructive sleep apnea.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study examined if the weight loss and metabolic benefits of alternate day fasting (ADF) varies according to sex and menopausal status in adults with obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS: This secondary analysis pooled the data of men and women (n = 75) who participated in three 12-week ADF studies (500 kcal fast day; alternated with an ad libitum intake feast day). Body weight decreased in premenopausal women (−4.6 ± 3.2%), postmenopausal women (−6.5 ± 3.2%) and men (−6.2 ± 4.4%) (main effect of time, P < 0.001), with no difference between groups (no group × time interaction). Energy intake on fast days was higher than prescribed in all groups (~400-500 excess kcal consumed), with no differences between groups. Fat mass, lean mass, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance, and blood pressure decreased similarly in all groups (main effect of time, P < 0.05 for all comparisons). LDL cholesterol decreased more in postmenopausal versus premenopausal women (group × time interaction, P = 0.01). Fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides remained unchanged in all groups. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the weight loss and metabolic benefits of ADF do not generally vary according to sex or menopausal status in adults with obesity.

Intermittent fasting diets have become very popular in the past few years, as they can produce clinically significant weight loss. These diets can be defined, in the simplest of terms, as periods of fasting alternating with periods of eating. The most studied forms of intermittent fasting include: alternate day fasting (0-500 kcal per 'fast day' alternating with ad libitum intake on 'feast days'); the 5:2 diet (two fast days and five feast days per week) and time-restricted eating (only eating within a prescribed window of time each day). Despite the recent surge in the popularity of fasting, only a few studies have examined the health benefits of these diets in humans. The goal of this Review is to summarize these preliminary findings and give insights into the effects of intermittent fasting on body weight and risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in humans. This Review also assesses the safety of these regimens, and offers some practical advice for how to incorporate intermittent fasting diets into everyday life. Recommendations for future research are also presented.

Innovative non-pharmacological lifestyle strategies to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are critically needed. This study compared the effects of alternate day fasting (ADF) combined with exercise to fasting alone, or exercise alone, on intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content. Adults with obesity and NAFLD (n = 80, 81% female, age: 23-65 years) were randomized to 1 of 4 groups for 3 months: combination of ADF (600 kcal/2,500 kJ "fast day" alternated with an ad libitum intake "feast day") and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (5 session per week, 60 min/session); ADF alone; exercise alone; or a no-intervention control group. By month 3, IHTG content was significantly reduced in the combination group (-5.48%; 95% CI, -7.77% to -3.18%), compared with the exercise group (-1.30%; 95% CI, -3.80% to 1.20%; p = 0.02) and the control group (-0.17%; 95% CI, -2.17% to 1.83%; p 0.01) but was not significantly different versus the ADF group (-2.25%; 95% CI, -4.46% to -0.04%; p = 0.05). Body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels significantly decreased, while insulin sensitivity significantly increased in the combination group compared with the control group. Lean mass, aspartate transaminase (AST), HbA1c, blood pressure, plasma lipids, liver fibrosis score, and hepatokines (fetuin-A, FGF-21, and selenoprotein P) did not differ between groups. Combining intermittent fasting with exercise is effective for reducing hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD but may offer no additional benefit versus fasting alone.

Summary Objective Alternate day fasting (ADF) is a popular weight loss regimen. Whether carbohydrate restriction can enhance the weight loss achieved with ADF remains unclear. Accordingly, this study examined the effect of ADF combined with a low‐carbohydrate diet on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors. Methods Adults with obesity (n = 31) participated in ADF (600 kcal “fast day” alternated with an ad libitum “feast day”) with a low‐carbohydrate background diet (30% carbohydrates, 35% protein, and 35% fat). The 6‐month trial consisted of a 3‐month weight loss period followed by a 3‐month weight maintenance period. Results Body weight decreased (−5.5 ± 0.5%; P < .001) during the weight loss period (month 0‐3) but remained stable (P = .57) during the weight maintenance period (month 4‐6). Net weight loss by month 6 was −6.3 ± 1.0%. Fat mass was reduced (P < .01) by month 6, while lean mass and visceral fat mass remained unchanged. Total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels decreased (P < .05) by −6 ± 2% and − 8 ± 3%, respectively, by month 6. Systolic blood pressure was also reduced (P = .03) by −7 ± 3 mm Hg. Fasting insulin decreased (P = .03) by −24 ± 8% by month 6 relative to baseline. High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, fasting glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), and haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) remained unchanged. Conclusions These findings suggest that ADF combined with a low‐carbohydrate diet is effective for weight loss, weight maintenance, and improving certain metabolic disease risk factors such as LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting insulin. While these preliminary findings are promising, they still require confirmation by a randomized control trial.

This review aims to summarize the effects of intermittent fasting on markers of cardiometabolic health in humans. All forms of fasting reviewed here—alternate-day fasting (ADF), the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating (TRE)—produced mild to moderate weight loss (1–8% from baseline) and consistent reductions in energy intake (10–30% from baseline). These regimens may benefit cardiometabolic health by decreasing blood pressure, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels are also lowered, but findings are variable. Other health benefits, such as improved appetite regulation and favorable changes in the diversity of the gut microbiome, have also been demonstrated, but evidence for these effects is limited. Intermittent fasting is generally safe and does not result in energy level disturbances or increased disordered eating behaviors. In summary, intermittent fasting is a safe diet therapy that can produce clinically significant weight loss (>5%) and improve several markers of metabolic health in individuals with obesity.

This review examines the effects of two popular intermittent fasting regimens on sleep in adults with overweight and obesity. Specifically, the effects of time restricted eating (TRE; eating all food within a 4–10 h window) and alternate day fasting (ADF; 600 kcal fast day alternated with ad libitum feast day) on sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, insomnia severity, and risk of obstructive sleep apnea, will be summarized. The role of weight loss will also be discussed. Results from our review reveal that the majority of these trials produced weight loss in the range of 1–6% from baseline. Sleep quality and sleep duration remained unaltered with TRE and ADF, as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The effects of intermittent fasting on sleep latency and sleep efficiency are mixed, with one study showing worsening of these parameters, and others showing no effect. Insomnia severity and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea remained unchanged in the trials assessing these metrics. Taken together, these preliminary findings suggest that TRE and ADF produce mild to moderate weight loss (1–6%) but their effects on sleep remain unclear. Solid conclusions are difficult to establish since participants in the studies had healthy sleep durations and no clinical insomnia at baseline, leaving little room for improvement in these metrics. Moreover, none of the trials were adequately powered to detect statistically significant changes in any measure of sleep. Future well-powered trials, conducted in individuals with diagnosed sleep disturbances, will be necessary to elucidate the effect of these popular diets on sleep.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a form of intermittent fasting that involves confining the eating window to 4–10 h and fasting for the remaining hours of the day. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature pertaining to the effects of TRE on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors. RECENT FINDINGS: Human trial findings show that TRE reduces body weight by 1–4% after 1–16 weeks in individuals with obesity, relative to controls with no meal timing restrictions. This weight loss results from unintentional reductions in energy intake (~350–500 kcal/day) that occurs when participants confine their eating windows to 4–10 h/day. TRE is also effective in lowering fat mass, blood pressure, triglyceride levels, and markers of oxidative stress, versus controls. This fasting regimen is safe and produces few adverse events. SUMMARY: These findings suggest that TRE is a safe diet therapy that produces mild reductions in body weight and also lowers several key indicators of cardiovascular disease in participants with obesity.

Background: Alternate day fasting combined with a low carbohydrate diet (ADF-LC) is an effective weight loss regimen. Whether the weight loss induced by ADF-LC can improve sleep, remains unknown. Objective: This study examined the effect an ADF-LC diet on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: Adults with obesity (n = 31) participated in ADF (600 kcal “fast day”; ad libitum intake “feast day”) with a low-carbohydrate diet (30% carbohydrates, 35% protein, and 35% fat). The 6-month trial consisted of a 3-month weight loss period followed by a 3-month weight maintenance period. Results: Reductions in body weight (−5 ± 1 kg, p < 0.001) and fat mass (−4 ± 1 kg, p < 0.01) were noted during the weight loss period, and these reductions were sustained during the weight maintenance period. Lean mass and visceral fat remained unchanged. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score indicated poor sleep quality at baseline (6.4 ± 0.7) with no change by month 3 or 6, versus baseline. ISI score indicated subthreshold insomnia at baseline (8.5 ± 1.0), with no change by month 3 or 6, versus baseline. The percent of subjects with high risk of obstructive sleep apnea at baseline was 45%, with no change by month 3 or 6. Wake time, bedtime, and sleep duration remained unchanged. Conclusion: The ADF-LC diet does not impact sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity or the risk of obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Alternate day fasting (ADF) has been shown to lower body weight and improve subjective appetite by increasing fullness. What remains unknown, however, is whether carbohydrate restriction during ADF would provide additional weight loss benefits by helping to lower hunger as well. Accordingly, this study examined the effect of 6-months of ADF combined with a low carbohydrate diet on fasting and postprandial appetite ratings. METHODS: Adults with obesity (n = 31) participated in ADF (600 kcal “fast day” alternated with an ad libitum “feast day”) with a low-carbohydrate background diet (30% carbohydrates, 35% protein, and 35% fat). The 6-month trial consisted of a 3-month weight loss period followed by a 3-month weight maintenance period. RESULTS: After 6-months of an ADF-low carbohydrate diet, body weight decreased (P < 0.01) by 6.2 ± 1.0 kg, relative to baseline. Subjective hunger and fullness did not change throughout the study. Fasting insulin decreased (P < 0.05) by 3.3 ± 1.3 μlU/mL by month 6, relative to baseline. Fasting glucose and insulin resistance, remained unchanged over the course of the study. Hunger and fullness were not related to body weight, glucoregulatory factors or energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that ADF combined with a low carbohydrate diet is not associated with any changes in appetite, relative to baseline. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03528317.

Summary Time-restricted feeding (TRF) regimens have grown in popularity; however, very few studies have examined their weight-loss efficacy. We conducted the first human trial (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03867773) to compare the effects of two popular forms of TRF (4 and 6 h) on body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors. Adults with obesity were randomized to 4-h TRF (eating only between 3 and 7 p.m.), 6-h TRF (eating only between 1 and 7 p.m.), or a control group (no meal timing restrictions). After 8 weeks, 4- and 6-h TRF produced comparable reductions in body weight (∼3%), insulin resistance, and oxidative stress, versus controls. Energy intake was reduced by ∼550 kcal/day in both TRF groups, without calorie counting. These findings suggest that 4- and 6-h TRF induce mild reductions in body weight over 8 weeks and show promise as interventions for weight loss. These diets may also improve some aspects of cardiometabolic health.

OBJECTIVES: Alternate day fasting (ADF) has been shown to lower body weight and improve subjective appetite by increasing fullness over time. What remains unknown, however, is whether carbohydrate restriction during ADF would provide additional weight loss benefits by helping to lower hunger as well. Accordingly, this study examined the effect of 6-months of ADF combined with a low carbohydrate diet on fasting and postprandial appetite ratings. The relationship between changes in appetite and body weight was also examined. METHODS: Adults with obesity (n = 31) participated in ADF (600 kcal “fast day” alternated with an ad libitum “feast day”) with a low‐carbohydrate background diet (30% carbohydrates, 35% protein, and 35% fat). The 6‐month trial consisted of a 3‐ month weight loss period followed by a 3‐month weight maintenance period. RESULTS: Body weight (P

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to compare the effects of 4-h TRF to that of 6-h TRF on body weight, body composition, and metabolic disease risk factors in adults with obesity. We hypothesized that 4-h TRF would produce the greatest decreases in body weight, fat mass, blood pressure, and insulin resistance, compared to 6-h TRF. METHODS: Adults with obesity (n = 49) were randomized to 1 of 3 interventions for 8 weeks: 4-h TRF (ad libitum eating between 3:00 to 7:00 pm, water fasting between 7:00 to 3:00 pm); 6-h TRF (ad libitum eating between 1:00 to 7:00 pm, water fasting between 7:00 to 1:00 pm); or control (ad libitum food intake with no timing restrictions). RESULTS: Body weight decreased similarly in the 4-h TRF group (–3.3 ± 0.5%) and 6-h TRF group (–2.6 ± 0.5%) relative to controls over 8 weeks (P

OBJECTIVES: Time restricted feeding is a novel approach to intermittent fasting which includes a 6–10 hour feeding window and a 14–18 hour fasting window daily. Some forms of intermittent fasting have resulted in improvement in IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in mice. These factors may affect cancer risk and cancer progression after diagnosis. However, effect in humans remains unknown. This exploratory analysis examined the effect of 12 weeks of 8-hour time-restricted feeding (10:00–18:00) and 8 weeks of 6-hour time-restricted feeding (12:00–18:00) versus a control in adults with obesity. METHODS: Participants with obesity (n = 24) participated in either an 8-h time restricted feeding intervention (ad libitum feeding between 10:00–6:00 pm) for 12 weeks or a 6-h time restricted feeding intervention (ad libitum feeding between 1:00–700 pm) for 8 weeks. Data for two time-restricted feeding trials were combined for this exploratory analysis and compared to a no intervention control group with obesity (n = 8). Weight loss, glucose regulatory factors, IGF-1 and IGFBP3 were measured. RESULTS: Body weight decreased significantly more in the 6-h (−2.82 ± 0.05 kg) and the 8-h (−2.77 ± 0.50 kg) groups than the controls (p

Background: Time restricted feeding is a form of intermittent fasting where participants shorten the daily window in which they eat. Aim: This is the first study to examine the effects of intermittent fasting on changes in the gut microbiome. Methods: Adults with obesity ( n = 14) participated in a daily 8-hour time restricted feeding intervention (8-hour feeding window/16-hour fasting window) for 12 weeks. Fecal microbiota were determined by 16 S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene sequencing of stool samples. Results: Body weight decreased ( P < 0.05) by -2 ± 1 kg. Gut microbiota phylogenetic diversity remained unchanged. The two most common phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes accounting for 61.2% and 26.9% of total abundance at baseline. No significant alterations in the abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, or any other phyla were detected after 12 weeks of time restricted feeding. Conclusions: Time restricted feeding did not significantly alter the diversity or overall composition of the gut microbiome.

BACKGROUND: Time restricted feeding (TRF) involves confining the eating window to a specific number of hours, and fasting for the remaining hours of the day. OBJECTIVE: This study examined if changes in body weight and metabolic risk factors during TRF, differ between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of an 8-week TRF study (4–6 h eating window, 18–20 h fasting window daily) conducted in adults with obesity. Male participants were excluded, and female subjects were classified in two groups based on menstrual status: premenopausal (n = 13), or postmenopausal (n = 19). Perimenopausal women were excluded from the original study. RESULTS: Body weight decreased by week 8 in premenopausal women (−3.3 ± 0.4%) and postmenopausal women (−3.3 ± 0.5%) (main effect of time, P < 0.001), with no difference between groups (no group × time interaction). Adherence was excellent in both groups, with premenopausal women adhering to their prescribed eating window on 6.2 ± 0.1 d/week, and postmenopausal women adhering to their window on 6.2 ± 0.2 d/week. Fat mass, lean mass, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and 8-isoprostane (marker of oxidative stress) were reduced similarly in both groups (main effect of time, P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Visceral fat mass, relative skeletal muscle index (RSMI), blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, HbA1c, TNF-alpha and IL-6 remained unchanged in both groups by week 8. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the weight loss and metabolic benefits of TRF do not differ between premenopausal and postmenopausal women with obesity.