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Background: The threat posed by mosquito-borne diseases continues to increase globally. The increase of pesticide resistance is impacting vector control and public health globally. The development and testing of new pesticides faces several challenges, e.g., time for development, high cost, and regulatory hurdles. Adapting pesticides that are currently used within integrated vector management can help alleviate these challenges. Methoprene has demonstrated reduction of larval populations and fecundity in adult mosquitoes. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the efficacy of ProVector Entobac with methoprene (Entobac M) on mosquito populations in rural sites in Southeastern Georgia. Methods: ProVector® Military Camouflage Tubes with ProVector Entobac M pesticide were placed in a grid at test sites. A positive control test site and a negative control site were used to compare results statistically. Mosquito diversity and evenness among sites were measured using Shannon Diversity Index and Equitability. Results: Deployment of ProVector® Military Camouflage Tubes with ProVector Entobac M pesticide was effective in reducing total mosquito populations. The mosquito species shared among the test sites and positive control site were similar, and the negative control site was least similar in diversity and evenness. There was variation of control within Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex genera. Discussion: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the efficacy of the ProVector Military Camouflage Tube delivery of Entobac with methoprene (Entobac M) on mosquito populations. Mosquito-borne diseases are an increasing threat to communities around the world due to invasive species and global warming. In previous studies, ProVector® Entobac™ has been validated in laboratory and field studies to control both adult and larval mosquitoes in the United States and several other countries. Application of ecofriendly and target specific pesticides with no-resistance is critical in reducing mosquito populations and the risk of vector-borne diseases. Our study demonstrated a significant decrease in adult mosquito populations due to the utilization of a target specific mosquito larvicide that has been adapted to kill adult mosquitoes.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between baseline characteristics and CD4 cell count response on first-line antiretroviral therapy and risk of virological failure (VF) with or without drug resistance. Methods: We conducted an analysis of UK Collaborative HIV Cohort data linked to the UK HIV Drug Resistance Database. Inclusion criteria were viral sequence showing no resistance prior to initiation of first-line efavirenz + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + emtricitabine and virological suppression within 6 months. Outcomes of VF (≥200 copies/mL) with or without drug resistance were assessed using a competing risks approach fitted jointly with a model for CD4 cell count recovery. Hazard ratios for each VF outcome were estimated for baseline CD4 cell count and viral load and characteristics of CD4 cell count response using latent variables on a standard normal scale. Results: A total of 3640 people were included with 338 VF events; corresponding viral sequences were available in 134 with ≥1 resistance mutation in 36. VF with resistance was associated with lower baseline CD4 (0.30, 0.09–0.62), lower CD4 recovery (0.04, 0.00–0.17) and higher CD4 variability (4.40, 1.22–12.68). A different pattern of associations was observed for VF without resistance, but the strength of these results was less consistent across sensitivity analyses. Cumulative incidence of VF with resistance was estimated to be >2% at 3 years for baseline CD4 ≥350 cells/μL. Conclusion: Lower baseline CD4 cell count and suboptimal CD4 recovery are associated with VF with drug resistance. People with low CD4 cell count before ART or with suboptimal CD4 recovery on treatment should be a priority for regimens with high genetic barrier to resistance.