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CI-986 (5-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1,3, 4-thiadizole-2(3H)-thione, choline salt) was evaluated for its effect on arachidonic acid metabolism by human neutrophils in response to different stimuli. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) release in response to calcium ionophore A23187 was 15 to 35 fold greater than the responses to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) or serum-opsonized zymosan (SOZ), respectively, while the thromboxane B2 (TXB2) release response was similar for the three stimuli tested. CI-986 inhibited the release of LTB4 and TXB2 in response to A23187 with IC50s of 63.4 and 1.6 microM, respectively. In comparison, the compound inhibited SOZ-stimulated LTB4 release with an IC50 of 11.2 microM, while having no effect on TXB2 at concentrations up to 100 microM. Conversely, CI-986 inhibited FMLP-stimulated LTB4 release by 42% at 100 microM, while inhibiting TXB2 release with an IC50 of 0.13 microM. These results demonstrate a stimulus-dependent inhibitory effect of CI-986 on human neutrophil eicosanoid metabolism.

The cell activation inhibitor CI-959 [5-methoxy-3-(1-methylethoxy)-N-1H-tetrazol-5-ylbenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide, monosodium salt] was evaluated for its effects on human neutrophil functions. CI-959 inhibited spontaneous migration and chemotaxis toward N-formyl–methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (fMLP) with 50% inhibition (IC50) values of 3.6 and 3.1 μM, respectively. CI-959 also inhibited superoxide anion generation in response to C5a, fMLP, serum-opsonized zymosan (SOZ), concanavalin A (Con A), and calcium ionophore A23187 with IC50 values of 2.5, 4.7, 14.5, 5.4, and 14.8 μM, respectively. In comparison, CI-959 inhibited myeloperoxidase release in response to C5a, fMLP, SOZ, and Con A with IC50 values of 11.6, 16.1, 7.5, and 100 μM). These results demonstrate that CI-959 inhibits cellular responses to stimuli that mobilize intracellular calcium. For cellular responses to ionophore-mediated calcium influx, only oxygen radical production was inhibited by CI-959. CI-959 was further evaluated for its effects on neutrophil stimulus-response coupling. At 100 μM, CI-959 had no effect on human neutrophil phospholipase C or protein kinase C. CI-959 inhibited fMLP-stimulated intracellular calcium mobilization and calcium influx with IC50 values of 16.7 and 3.1 μM, respectively, and exhibited less potent calmodulin antagonist activity (IC50 = 90.5 μM). These results indicate that CI-959 may exert its stimulus- and response-specific inhibitory effects on neutrophil functions, in part, through inhibition of calcium-regulated signalling mechanisms. J. Leukoc. Biol. 55: 443–451; 1994.

It was previously reported that 3-alkoxybenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamides exemplified by 1, 5-methoxy-3-(1-methylethoxy)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide, decreased the adherence of neutrophils to activated endothelial cells by inhibiting the upregulation of the adhesion molecules E-selectin and ICAM-1 on the surface of the endothelium. This finding is extended here to a series of 3-thiobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamides and also heterocyclic analogs of 1, including benzofurans, indoles, and naphthalenes. The compounds that inhibited the expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 had the same effect on the expression of VCAM-1. PD 144795, 5-methoxy-3-(1-methylethoxy)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide 1-oxide (44), the sulfoxide analog of 1, was orally active in several models of inflammation. The in vitro and in vivo activity of PD 144795 resided predominately in the S-enantiomer.

L-PIA, a standard A1-selective adenosine agonist, was evaluated orally in carrageenan (CRG)- and reverse passive arthus-pleurisy. White blood cell (WBC) and exudate accumulation were assessed four hours after induction of the inflammatory response. L-PIA inhibited WBC accumulation in both models with ID50's of 4.37 and 4.42 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, exudate was inhibited by L-PIA only in the CRG pleurisy model (ID50=1.01 mg/kg). In mechanistic studies, L-PIA reversed the drop in circulating neutrophil count which occurred within 15 minutes after CRG injection, suggesting that L-PIA may inhibit adhesion of the cells to the endothelium. The effects of L-PIA on several parameters of rat neutrophil function were determined. Enzyme release, O 2 − , TXB2, and LTB4 production were monitored in response to FMLP and opsonized zymosan (SOZ) stimulation. At high concentrations L-PIA had a mild inhibitory effect on O 2 − release in response to FMLP and had a moderate effect on arachidonic acid metabolite production, in response to both stimuli. The other response were unaffected. These results suggest that L-PIA may prevent diapedisis or neutrophil adhesion to the endothelium, but has a minimal effect on enzyme release O 2 − , LTB4 and TXB2 production.

Glucosinolates are common components of cruciferous vegetables that can be hydrolyzed during food processing to yield isothiocyanates, some of which have been shown to inhibit the induction of mammary tumors in rats by 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene. To determine how intact glucosinolates affect the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in mammalian cells in culture, the effects of a series of glucosinolates on the metabolism and DNA binding of B[a]P were investigated in early passage Syrian hamster embryo cell cultures. Glucolimnanthin, a glucosinolate from Limnanthes douglasii increased the amount of B[a]P metabolized by the hamster embryo cell cultures during a 24 h exposure. The glucolimnanthin-treated cultures contained a higher proportion of B[a]P-phenol glucuronides and other water-soluble metabolites than control cultures. Cotreatment with glucolimnanthan and [3H]B[a]P for 24 h resulted in a greater than 2-fold increase in the amount of B[a]P bound to DNA and a 3-fold increase in the amount of deoxyguanosine adduct formed by reaction of 7R,8S-dihydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroB[a]P [(+)-anti-B[a]PDE]. The glucolimnanthin was metabolized essentially completely within 24 h. An increase in B[a]P metabolism similar to that caused by glucolimnanthin was induced by cotreatment of hamster embryo cell cultures with m-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate, a metabolite that can be formed from glucolimnanthin by enzymatic hydrolysis. These results indicate that the glucosinolate glucolimnanthin can increase the metabolic activation of B[a]P in mammalian cells in culture.