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The increasing prevalence of sexual abuse calls for exceptional awareness of its multidimensional impact on the mental, sexual, and social wellbeing of male adults. This study aims to deepen the overall understanding of sexual abuse consequences; to highlight some common resilience factors; and to strengthen therapeutic and social support. In this qualitative research, we conducted seven semi-structured interviews with male victims of sexual violence. The data were analysed with the interpretative phenomenological analysis. They shed light on the great suffering linked to sexual violence, and on seven themes which are seemingly pillars of resilience: bond to others, bond to the body, making sense of things, expression, rediscovering oneself, institutions, and finally, learning and commitment. The exploration of these themes reveals several avenues for adjusting care, most of which imply the importance of raising awareness so that spaces receiving the victims’ word can emerge.

Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder that mainly affects women (sex ratio 1/10) and for which the prognosis remains poor (10% of deaths and high risk of chronicity). This disorder is associated with a risk of infertility explained by different physiopathological pathways. Thus, the clinical and subclinical forms of this disease may be over-represented in populations of women using medically assisted reproduction technologies. This raises the question of a narcissistic investment of the pregnancy, with a desire for pregnancy for what it brings to the woman. However, this recourse to mechanized care to access motherhood leads to questions for these women for whom access to femininity and sexuality may have been hindered. Furthermore, suffering from eating disorders might have a significant impact upon pregnancy, birth, and the offspring's well-being with psychiatric, obstetric, pediatric, child psychiatric and developmental morbidities. Thus, several specific aspects must be considered by medical professionals when women with anorexia nervosa either intend to undergo fertility treatment or become pregnant. It is important to promote the training of nursing and medical staff to the specific clinic of anorexia nervosa and the development and implementation of multidisciplinary teams to ensure follow-up of these women from the beginning of their treatment until the sixth month postpartum.

Background: The extent and nature of sexual abuse (SA) and its consequences in psychiatry are still poorly described in adolescence. Objective: This article describes the frequency of SA reported in an adolescent population hospitalized in psychiatry, and assesses its links with the severity of mental disorders and the medical issues of these adolescents. Methods: The study includes 100 patients for whom SA has been mentioned, among all patients aged 13 to 17 years old hospitalized for about 4 years. The characteristics of sexual abuse were correlated with the medical severity of the patients, as well as the number, the duration of their hospitalization(s), and the time until disclosure. Results: The results show the central place of SA in adolescent psychiatry, with a prevalence of 28.5% and a cumulative hospital stay which is five times longer than average. Correlations have been observed between the number of suicide attempts and the number of abuses reported. The medical severity of patients is significantly increased when the named aggressor is an adult. The number of hospitalizations is positively correlated with the number of reported abuses, as well as with the intrafamilial and adult status of the perpetrator. Finally, an early age of onset, repeated abuse, and the intrafamilial nature of the abuse are associated with a longer time to disclosure. Conclusions: The severity of adolescent psychiatric situation is statistically in favor of a history of SA, which should therefore be actively explored during care.

In adolescent psychiatry, when patients present high-risk sexual behaviours, analysing the symptoms usually leads back to a traumatic sexual event in childhood. These clinical situations include a first stage in which the trauma is constituted and a second adolescent stage in which the mnemic trace can lead to the traumatic experience being reproduced within a destructured psychic apparatus that is seeking restructuration through actions. These two psychopathological stages are examined in the light of the connection between Freud's two paradigms of the neurotica and the theory of fantasy, focusing therapeutically either on the primacy of sexual abuse or on the psychic representation of a traumatic sexuality, respectively. Here, the elaboration of these behaviours relates either to the individual traumatic history or the transgenerational history, or to both histories, intermingled or even undifferentiated. The repetition processes and the temporary loss of reality-testing in these clinical situations are analysed there, including by the yardstick of the psychopathology of complex trauma, as well as by that of containment in the familial and therapeutic environment, from which the subject will benefit in the context of the revelation processes.

International audience; Within the European Research Network on BPD (EURNET-BPD; n = 85 BPD adolescents, n = 84 healthy controls, aged 13–19), this study explored the combination of three types of adversity—maltreatment, stressful life events (early separation from parents, parental suicide attempt, parental chronic disease) and parental bonding—as predictors of BPD, on a criteria-based approach. Results indicated that cumulative traumatic experiences largely characterize borderline adolescent’s history; and, in the multivariate regression models, all adversity experiences were likely to contribute to BPD symptoms. The role of emotional abuse, parental suicide attempt, and a decrease in paternal level of care were particularly prominent. Moreover, adversities combinations were different for each criterion, suggesting that specific sets of traumatic experiences are leading to BPD. These findings argue for a further criteria-based exploration of trauma in borderline patients, as well as a more accurate and efficient prevention.

Malgré l’enjeu majeur de santé publique qu’elles représentent, les maltraitances infantiles, et particulièrement les négligences, restent sous-estimées en psychiatrie, tant dans leur prévalence que leur impact sur la santé. De plus, le phénomène de maltraitance reste habituellement associé à un fort déterminisme socio-culturel et est très peu évalué dans les catégories sociales aisées. Cette étude mesure la prévalence et l’impact sur l’état médical des facteurs d’adversité précoce - maltraitances (abus et négligences) et événements de vie (divorce, séparations précoces, antécédents familiaux de maladie psychiatrique) - dans une population d’adolescents hospitalisés en psychiatrie et issus de milieux aisés, afin d’en évaluer l’ampleur et l’impact. Les résultats montrent l’ampleur et le cumul des facteurs d’adversité, incluant des fréquences élevées de maltraitances (64.8%), d’événements de vie difficile (dont 29.7% de séparations précoces et 36.4% de troubles psychiatriques familiaux). Ils soutiennent ainsi l’idée d’une sous-estimation importante de ces phénomènes en population générale et en psychiatrie, et ce, notamment dans les catégories sociales aisées. Les maltraitances sont associées à la gravité médicale (niveau de fonctionnement global, nombre et durée d’hospitalisation). Les abus sont particulièrement corrélés au nombre d’hospitalisations, alors que les négligences semblent également impacter leur durée et le niveau de gravité médicale de l’adolescent. Cette étude invite à une évaluation systématique des phénomènes d’adversité en pédopsychiatrie, quel que soit le contexte environnemental du patient, et à renforcer les prises en charge familiales ainsi que la prévention des abus et négligences.

La passivation adolescente semble revolue avec l’avenement d’une jeunesse citoyenne mobilisee pour la defense du vivant. Mais le sauvetage du contenant a un cout extreme pour le sujet en developpement si l’adulte ne l’assure pas lui-meme, comme le montre la clinique de certains adolescents suicidaires, chez qui les reproches aux adultes ne peuvent plus se faire que par les passages a l’acte, et non plus par les mots ou par les actes.

Background: Emotional dysregulation seems to be a core feature of Borderline Personality Disorders (BPD). In addition, recent research in the adolescent population has shown that suicidal behaviours have been associated with maladaptive strategies of emotion regulation. Methods: This study examined the relative contributions of emotional dysregulation to suicide attempt history in a clinical sample of borderline adolescents. Data were analyzed from 85 participants of the Collaborative European Research Network on Borderline Personality Disorder. Participants completed measures of BPD traits and symptoms, suicide behaviours, emotional dysregulation, attachment styles and lifetime depressive disorders. Results: In an SEM model, lifetime depressive disorders and insecure attachment styles have a significant direct effect on lifetime suicide attempt, but only lifetime depressive disorders have an indirect effect through emotion dysregulation. The results suggest that emotional dysregulation has a mediating role in suicide attempts among BPD adolescents. Conclusions: These findings call for the development of interventions targeting the role of emotion dysregulation in effectively predicting and preventing suicidality in borderline adolescents., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

L’article decrit comment les tentatives de solutions trouvees dans le soin psychiatrique de l’adolescent hospitalise en unite de crise, aident a apprehender la graduation et la complexite des facteurs participant a la violence qui scelle souvent cette clinique. L’adolescent interroge, ici comme ailleurs, les differents niveaux de contenants comme trois poupees russes : la contenance globale, la contenance locale et la contenance individuelle.

Resume Objectifs Cet article s’interesse a la filiation trauma-acte et tente de reperer comment, chez les auteurs d’agirs violents, la re-actualisation d’une trace psychique d’origine traumatique pourrait conduire a des actes a priori « insenses » et pourtant porteurs d’un sens inaccessible au sujet lui-meme. Methode Apres nous etre questionnes sur la notion de trace traumatique (et de « non-trace »), nous nous interessons specifiquement aux dynamiques du traumatisme a l’acte chez les auteurs de violence. Nous centrerons notre reflexion sur les effets apres-coup du traumatisme via la contrainte de repetition. Resultats Ce faisant, nous serons amenes a envisager le passage a l’acte violent comme reviviscence sensori-motrice du traumatisme, puis comme potentielle mise en scene d’un vecu traumatique clive et non symbolisable. Discussion Ces reflexions nous aident a concevoir certains types d’actes violents dans leur fonction d’evitement face a un risque d’effondrement psychotique. Conclusion L’etude de l’agir violent a travers le prisme traumatique peut aider le clinicien a donner sens a son travail face aux auteurs de passages a l’acte qu’il se doit de prendre en charge. Elle contribue ainsi a une comprehension globale de l’acte dans une demarche humaniste.

BackgroundLiterature data about emotion perception in patients with borderline personality disorders (BPD) revealed some discrepancies between some patients that are vigilant and accurate to detect their emotional environment and others that are impaired at identifying emotions of others. Even if some links between childhood adversity and facial affect recognition have been established, there is a need to understand the heterogeneous psychobiological mechanisms underlying this association. The aim is to distinguish in a BPD sample, the links between facial emotion recognition (FER) and adversity types (maltreatment and parental bonding), by evaluating two dimensions of disengaged and controlling environment.MethodThe study includes BPD adolescents (n = 45) and healthy controls (HC, n = 44): two scores of disengaged environment (parental low care; emotional and physical neglect) and controlling environment (high level of parenting control; emotional, physical and sexual abuse) were established and correlated to FER, as well as to attachment dimensions. Multiple linear regression analyzes were conducted to evaluate the effect of disengaged and controlling dimensions, on FER scores of sensitivity and accuracy, including anxious and avoidant attachment as covariables.ResultsAnalyzes revealed that a disengaged environment was positively correlated to sensitivity in BPD patients, and the correlation was negative in the HC group. Controlling environment was negatively associated to accuracy of emotion in BPD. Avoidant and anxious attachment did not influence these associations.ConclusionsThese results suggest that distinct adverse experiences account for the heterogeneity observed in emotion regulation in BPD patients.

Background: The study examines the psychometric properties of the French version of the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD) created by M. Zanarini to screen borderline personality disorder in clinical and non-clinical populations.Method: In this multicentric longitudinal study from the European Network on Borderline Personality Disorder, a sample of 84 adolescent patients from five psychiatric centres and 85 matched controls without psychiatric comorbidity completed the MSI-BPD, French version, and were interviewed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP-IV), in order to assess the presence or absence of borderline personality disorder.Results: The MSI-BPD showed excellent internal consistency (α = 0.87 [0.84;0.90]). Compared to the semi-structured reference interview (SIDP-IV), the MSI-BPD showed substantial congruent validity (AUC = 0.93, CI 95%: 0.90 - 0.97). The optimal cut-off point in the present study was 5 or more, as it had relatively high sensitivity (0.87) and specificity (0.85). In our sample, the cut-off point (7 or more) proposed by the original developers of the MSI-BPD showed high specificity (0.95) but low sensitivity (0.63).Conclusions: The French version of the MSI-BPD is now available, and its psychometric properties are satisfactory. The French version of the MSI-PBD can be used as a screening tool for borderline personality disorder, for clinical purposes or in research studies.

Background The study examines the psychometric properties of the French version of the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD) created by M. Zanarini to screen borderline personality disorder in clinical and non-clinical populations. Method In this multicentric longitudinal study from the European Network on Borderline Personality Disorder, a sample of 84 adolescent patients from five psychiatric centres and 85 matched controls without psychiatric comorbidity completed the MSI-BPD, French version, and were interviewed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP-IV), in order to assess the presence or absence of borderline personality disorder. Results The MSI-BPD showed excellent internal consistency (α = 0.87 [0.84;0.90]). Compared to the semi-structured reference interview (SIDP-IV), the MSI-BPD showed substantial congruent validity (AUC = 0.93, CI 95%: 0.90–0.97). The optimal cut-off point in the present study was 5 or more, as it had relatively high sensitivity (0.87) and specificity (0.85). In our sample, the cut-off point (7 or more) proposed by the original developers of the MSI-BPD showed high specificity (0.95) but low sensitivity (0.63). Conclusions The French version of the MSI-BPD is now available, and its psychometric properties are satisfactory. The French version of the MSI-PBD can be used as a screening tool for borderline personality disorder, for clinical purposes or in research studies.

Socio-emotional difficulties have been observed on adult patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN). But researches with adolescents are scarce and non-congruent. The aim of this paper is to identify the socio-emotional difficulties that are encountered by AN during adolescence, and to isolate them from those encountered by control adolescents. 41 AN and 38 control adolescents were assessed using the emotional quotient inventory by Bar-On, youth version (EQ-i: YV), the Toronto Alexithymia Questionnaire (TAS-20), the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and anxiety and depression were controlled using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Personal distress remains the main difference between the two groups, even when depression and anxiety are controlled. Intrapersonal difficulties are observed in the AN group, as well as alexithymic traits. Research on AN has to focus on the socio-emotional difficulties during adolescence, to properly identify which difficulties are linked to that life period, and which are a trait of AN. Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies, preferably from more than one center or research group.

A CRITICAL LENS OF EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING IN PUERTO RICO February 2019 ROBIN L. MARION, B.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Dr. Denise K. Ives Teacher education research has shown that ethnically, linguistically, and economically diverse students have been historically under-served in U.S. public schools (Bennett, 2013; Gay, 2010). Scholars attribute the under-serving of diverse students to a deficit perspective that exists in many schools across the United States, both in classrooms and within school administration. This deficit perspective devalues the cultural and linguistic resources many students possess (Sleeter, 2011; Delpit, 2006). Teacher education research has consistently claimed culturally responsive and sustaining pedagogical practices are critical to preparing pre-service teachers (PSTs) to teach all students. Culturally responsive pedagogy recognizes the significance of students’ cultural, linguistic, ethnic, and racial identities as resources to support academic learning (Ladson-Billings, 1995; 2014; Bennett, 2013; Paris, 2012; Gay, 2010). When culturally responsive pedagogy is woven throughout coursework, it can guide and support pre- service teachers’ best practices through praxis (connecting theory to practice) within fieldwork experiences (Ladson-Billings, 1995; Bennett, 2013; Gay, 2010; Sleeter, 2011). The purpose of this case study is to explore how a cultural and language immersion critical service learning (CSL) travel study course to Puerto Rico might open spaces for viii pre-service teachers to address preconceived attitudes, beliefs, and biases of others who are different from themselves in respect to culture, race, ethnicity, language, and socioeconomics. Critical service learning is a pedagogy within civic engagement work that uses a social justice framework focused on the disruption and redistribution of power systems for social change (Mitchell, 2008). The intersection of experiential learning, cultural and language immersion, and critical service learning allows participants to engage with individuals from a culture divergent from their own sociocultural worlds (Tomlinson- Clarke & Clarke, 2010). When these culturally responsive pedagogical practices align, “Cultural immersion engages individuals in meaningful, direct cross-cultural interactions, thereby increasing the likelihood of developing cultural understanding and empathy” (Tomlinson-Clarke & Clarke, 2010, p.167). This case study examines how participants in an experiential learning travel study course make sense of their individual and collective experiences. Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) is, "the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. Knowledge results from the combination of grasping and transforming experience" (Kolb, 1984, p. 41). During the travel study course participants engaged with Puerto Rican culture, history, ethnicity, language, and race through guided coursework, excursions, critical service learning, and Spanish language immersion. Through the lens of culturally responsive, sustaining pedagogy and language ideologies, this study explores how individuals think about others who differ racially, ethnically, socioeconomically, and linguistically from themselves. The study further examines how ix implicit and explicit language and race ideologies impact PSTs’ asset and deficit perspectives of others. The research questions delve into how participants synthesize their new understandings along with their preconceived attitudes, beliefs, and biases through the lens of being Spanish language learners, learning about the culture and history of Puerto Rico, and critically reflecting on their own and others’ sociocultural and linguistic identities. The study explores how a cultural and language immersion, critical service learning designed course contributes to participants engaging in critically reflective practices. The study analyzes data collected through nightly course seminars, final reflection papers, semi-structured interviews, focus group conversations, and course- related artifacts. Findings from the case study affirm that the language and cultural immersion components of the course supported shifts for students as they experienced what it was like to be a Spanish language learner, to walk in the shoes of English language learners, and begin to understand what it feels like to be immersed in a new language and culture. Findings also communicated how experiencing a place, people, and culture, and having authentic human exchanges in real time, can plant the seeds for participants to critically examine their preconceived attitudes, beliefs, and biases. Findings showed participants were able to identify what culturally responsive pedagogy looks like through the caring and empathy they observed by the Puerto Rican teacher hosts at the Spanish Language School (SLS) and the School Rehabilitation Center (SRC) sites. Finally, the study finds that four specific elements were critical to the success of the travel study course. The first two elements were the culturally responsive designed x coursework and guided instruction, and the fact that one of the instructors was a Puerto Rican cultural insider. The third element was the continual reflexivity by and between the co-instructors. The instructors’ reflexivity included observing what was going well and noticing what was problematic in relation to SRC partners and the undergraduate course participants. As a result of the reflexive practice, the co-instructors made shifts within the experiential components of the course, pedagogical changes within the coursework and seminars during the course, and further changes within long-term planning to ensure shifts would be implemented for future travel study coursework. The fourth element was the presence of Haniah and Maria, two participants of color, and their willingness to share personal and difficult stories that serve as a testimony to the criticality of developing diverse teacher preparation cohorts. This case study is significant as it points to the implications and potential benefits of civic engagement and service learning through experiential learning with the unique connection between classroom pedagogy, cultural and language immersion, critical service learning, and praxis in the field.

International audience; The tumor suppressor TP53/p53 is a known regulator of apoptosis and macroautophagy/autophagy. However, the molecular mechanism by which TP53 regulates 2 apparently incompatible processes remains unknown. We found that Drosophila lacking p53 displayed impaired autophagic flux, higher caspase activation and mortality in response to oxidative stress compared with wild-type flies. Moreover, autophagy and apoptosis were differentially regulated by the p53 (p53B) and ΔNp53 (p53A) isoforms: while the former induced autophagy in differentiated neurons, which protected against cell death, the latter inhibited autophagy by activating the caspases Dronc, Drice, and Dcp-1. Our results demonstrate that the differential use of p53 isoforms combined with the antagonism between apoptosis and autophagy ensures the generation of an appropriate p53 biological response to stress.

Background The results of medical treatment of severe obesity in the adolescent population (balanced diet and physical activity) are often unsatisfactory, and bariatric surgery is questioned. The psychological determinants for requesting bariatric surgery in these adolescents are unclear. The objective of this study was to report the psychiatric and psychological aspects as well as the determinants of the medical decision for surgery in a cohort of obese adolescents requesting bariatric surgery by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Methods Thirty-five adolescents (12.3–17.7 years of age), were recruited from January 2007 to December 2012. Semistructured interviews were conducted. Results Fifty-four percent of the adolescents had a psychiatric history and 85% had psychiatric comorbidities. In adolescents undergoing surgery, excess weight loss was 46% after 1 year and 51% after 2 years. For patients not receiving surgery, excess weight loss was 0.43% after 1 year (P = 0.001). Compliance with medical treatment was the only significant element contributing to the decision to perform surgery. Results in terms of satisfaction and perception 1 and 2 years after surgery were encouraging. Conclusion Bariatric surgery is feasible in young patients and produces good results in terms of excess weight loss. We argue that compliance with medical treatment is probably one of the most important elements for making the decision to perform bariatric surgery and in excess weight loss after surgery. We probably need to focus on the compliance of young patients and evaluate how this can be improved.

The autophagy-lysosome pathway plays a fundamental role in the clearance of aggregated proteins and protection against cellular stress and neurodegenerative conditions. Alterations in autophagy processes, including macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), have been described in Parkinson disease (PD). CMA is a selective autophagic process that depends on LAMP2A (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A), a mammal and bird-specific membrane glycoprotein that translocates cytosolic proteins containing a KFERQ-like peptide motif across the lysosomal membrane. Drosophila reportedly lack CMA and use endosomal microautophagy (eMI) as an alternative selective autophagic process. Here we report that neuronal expression of human LAMP2A protected Drosophila against starvation and oxidative stress, and delayed locomotor decline in aging flies without extending their lifespan. LAMP2A also prevented the progressive locomotor and oxidative defects induced by neuronal expression of PD-associated human SNCA (synuclein alpha) with alanine-to-proline mutation at position 30 (SNCA(A30P)). Using KFERQ-tagged fluorescent biosensors, we observed that LAMP2A expression stimulated selective autophagy in the adult brain and not in the larval fat body, but did not increase this process under starvation conditions. Noteworthy, we found that neurally expressed LAMP2A markedly upregulated levels of Drosophila Atg5, a key macroautophagy initiation protein, and that it increased the density of Atg8a/LC3-positive puncta, which reflects the formation of autophagosomes. Furthermore, LAMP2A efficiently prevented accumulation of the autophagy defect marker Ref(2)P/p62 in the adult brain under acute oxidative stress. These results indicate that LAMP2A can potentiate autophagic flux in the Drosophila brain, leading to enhanced stress resistance and neuroprotection. Abbreviations: Act5C: actin 5C; a.E.: after eclosion; Atg5: autophagy-related 5; Atg8a/LC3: autophagy-related 8a; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; DHE: dihydroethidium; elav: embryonic lethal abnormal vision; eMI: endosomal microautophagy; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; GABARAP: GABA typeA receptor-associated protein; Hsc70-4: heat shock protein cognate 4; HSPA8/Hsc70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; MDA: malondialdehyde; PA-mCherry: photoactivable mCherry; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PD: Parkinson disease; Ref(2)P/p62: refractory to sigma P; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RpL32/rp49: ribosomal protein L32; RT-PCR: reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SING: startle-induced negative geotaxis; SNCA/α-synuclein: synuclein alpha; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TBS: Tris-buffered saline; UAS: upstream activating sequence.

Patients with anosmia are not able to detect volatile chemicals signaling the presence of infectious and non-infectious environmental hazards, which typically elicit disgust and fear, respectively. Social animals may compensate a loss of olfaction by taking advantage of signals of threat that are produced by their conspecifics. Among humans and other primates, body postures and facial expressions are powerful cues conveying emotional information, including fear and disgust. The aim of the present study was to examine whether humans with agenesis of the olfactory bulb, a rare disorder characterized by congenital anosmia, would be more accurate in recognizing facial expressions of fear and disgust. A total of 90 participants with no history of mental disorder or traumatic brain injury were recruited, including 17 patients with congenital anosmia (10 men, mean age ± standard deviation: 36.5 ± 14.8 years), 34 patients with acquired anosmia (18 men, mean age ± standard deviation: 57.2 ± 11.8 years) and 39 healthy subjects (22 men, mean age ± standard deviation: 36.7 ± 13.2 years). For each patient with congenital anosmia, the agenesis of the olfactory bulb was ascertained through magnetic resonance imaging. Emotion recognition abilities were examined with a dynamic paradigm in which a morphing technique allowed displaying emotional facial expressions increasing in intensity over time. Adjusting for age, education, depression and anxiety, patients with congenital anosmia required similar levels of intensity to correctly recognize fear and disgust than healthy subjects while they displayed decreased error rates for both fear (mean difference [95% confidence interval] = -28.3% [-46.3%, -10.2%], P = 0.003) and disgust (mean difference [95% confidence interval] = -15.8% [-31.5%, -0.2%], P = 0.048). Furthermore, among patients with acquired anosmia, there was a negative correlation between duration of anosmia and the rate of errors for fearful (Spearman's ρ = -0.531, P= 0.001) or disgust (Spearman's ρ = -0.719, P < 0.001) faces recognition. No significant difference was observed for the other primary emotions. Overall, these results suggest that patients with congenital anosmia and long-lasting acquired anosmia may compensate their inability to detect environmental hazards through olfaction by an increased ability to detect fear or disgust as facially expressed by others.

Resume La Personnalite borderline adolescente est une entite nosographique psychiatrique relativement recente. Elle a trouve sa place au sein du Manuel Diagnostique et Statistique des Troubles Mentaux (DSM) depuis la quatrieme version de celui-ci (1994). Les etudes cliniques effectuees depuis lors ont montre que cette definition permettait aux psychiatres de diagnostiquer ce trouble de facon fiable et reproductible. Et pourtant, la legitimite de sa place au sein du DSM est aujourd’hui franchement questionnee. La demarche nosographique du DSM etant precisement, a son origine, celle de garantir a la demarche diagnostique psychiatrique une reproductibilite minimale, il apparait ici que ce sont finalement d’autres determinants qui vont etre decisifs dans le processus de legitimation de ce diagnostic psychiatrique. En effet, l’etude de la validite de construit de la personnalite borderline adolescente, a partir de la validite convergente, de la validite discriminante et de la validite predictive, relativise significativement la pertinence globale de ce syndrome dans le cadre de l’ Evidence Based Medecine . Et, pour la premiere fois, cet argument est a l’origine du projet de retrait d’un diagnostic dans le cadre de l’elaboration de la future version du DSM. Une hypothese emerge donc, selon les auteurs, autour de ce qui pourrait etre analyse comme un changement de paradigme au sein du DSM. L’enjeu ne serait plus seulement celui de la fidelite entre les observateurs de l’objet psychiatrique, ou « paradigme de l’objectivite », mais bien celui de la validite de construit, c’est-a-dire de la concordance entre la definition etablie et l’objet psychiatrique que l’on cherche a identifier, ou « paradigme de la validite ». Cela aurait pour consequence la visibilite accrue de nouvelles preoccupations autour de la question de la norme, mais egalement de l’utilite diagnostique, et donc de la finalite de la categorisation nosographique.

Irradiated or injured cells enter apoptosis, and in turn, promote proliferation of surrounding unaffected cells. In Drosophila, apoptotic cells have an active role in proliferation, where the caspase Dronc and p53 induce mitogen expression and growth in the surrounding tissues. The Drosophila p53 gene structure is conserved and encodes at least two protein isoforms: a full-length isoform (Dp53) and an N-terminally truncated isoform (DDNp53). Historically, DDNp53 was the first p53 isoform identified and was thought to be responsible for all p53 biological activities. It was shown that DDNp53 induces apoptosis by inducing the expression of IAP antagonists, such as Reaper. Here we investigated the roles of Dp53 and DDNp53 in apoptosis and apoptosis- induced proliferation. We found that both isoforms were capable of activating apoptosis, but that they each induced distinct IAP antagonists. Expression of DDNp53 induced Wingless (Wg) expression and enhanced proliferation in both ‘undead cells’ and in ‘genuine’ apoptotic cells. In contrast to DDNp53, Dp53 did not induce Wg expression in the absence of the endogenous p53 gene. Thus, we propose that DDNp53 is the main isoform that regulates apoptosis-induced proliferation. Understanding the roles of Drosophila p53 isoforms in apoptosis and in apoptosis-induced proliferation may shed new light on the roles of p53 isoforms in humans, with important implications in cancer biology.