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1. Operation and performance of the ICARUS T600 cryogenic plant at Gran Sasso underground Laboratory

Author

J. Holeczek, Christian Farnese, A. Falcone, K. Zaremba, F. Varanini, Paola Sala, A. Dermenev, David B. Cline, F. Pietropaolo, Angela Fava, E. Calligarich, S. Centro, A. Ivashkin, S. Otwinowski, D. Gibin, Carlo Rubbia, Alfredo G. Cocco, Hui Wang, P. Plonski, A. Dabrowska, F. Sergiampietri, X. Yang, C. Vignoli, M. Kirsanov, Andrea Zani, E. Segreto, A. Guglielmi, S. Mania, Jan Kisiel, N. Canci, A. Scaramelli, M. Torti, G. Meng, J. Lagoda, A. Rappoldi, P. Aprili, R. Sulej, P. Picchi, G.L. Raselli, A. Zalewska, M. Antonello, D. Stefan, Mario Terrani, Alessandra Cesana, C. Montanari, F. Boffelli, I. Kochanek, M. Szarska, K. Cieślik, Alessandro Menegolli, S. N. Gninenko, Arnaud Ferrari, Sandro Ventura, Massimo Rossella, A. Bubak, J.M. Disdier, B. Baibussinov, M. Haranczyk, Antonello, M, Aprili, P, Baibussinov, B, Boffelli, F, Bubak, A, Calligarich, E, Canci, N, Centro, S, Cesana, A, Cieslik, K, Cline, D, Cocco, A, Dabrowska, A, Dermenev, A, Disdier, J, Falcone, A, Farnese, C, Fava, A, Ferrari, A, Gibin, D, Gninenko, S, Guglielmi, A, Haranczyk, M, Holeczek, J, Ivashkin, A, Kirsanov, M, Kisiel, J, Kochanek, I, Lagoda, J, Mania, S, Menegolli, A, Meng, G, Montanari, C, Otwinowski, S, Picchi, P, Pietropaolo, F, Plonski, P, Rappoldi, A, Raselli, G, Rossella, M, Rubbia, C, Sala, P, Scaramelli, A, Segreto, E, Sergiampietri, F, Stefan, D, Sulej, R, Szarska, M, Terrani, M, Torti, M, Varanini, F, Ventura, S, Vignoli, C, Wang, H, Yang, X, Zalewska, A, Zani, A, and Zaremba, K

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, Cryogenic detector, Cosmic ray, Noble liquid detectors (scintillation, ionization, double-phase), Particle detector, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Cryogenic nitrogen plant, Noble liquid detectors (scintillation, ionization, oble liquid detectors (scintillation, ionization,ouble-phase), Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, ICARUS, Time projection chamber, Large Hadron Collider, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, Detector, Time projection Chambers (TPC), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), double-phase), Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physic, Measuring instrument, Cryogenic detectors, Environmental science, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

ICARUS T600 liquid argon time projection chamber is the first large mass electronic detector of a new generation able to combine the imaging capabilities of the old bubble chambers with the excellent calorimetric energy measurement. After the three months demonstration run on surface in Pavia during 2001, the T600 cryogenic plant was significantly revised, in terms of reliability and safety, in view of its long-term operation in an underground environment. The T600 detector was activated in Hall B of the INFN Gran Sasso Laboratory during Spring 2010, where it was operated without interruption for about three years, taking data exposed to the CERN to Gran Sasso long baseline neutrino beam and cosmic rays. In this paper the T600 cryogenic plant is described in detail together with the commissioning procedures that lead to the successful operation of the detector shortly after the end of the filling with liquid Argon. Overall plant performance and stability during the long-term underground operation are discussed. Finally, the decommissioning procedures, carried out about six months after the end of the CNGS neutrino beam operation, are reported., 27 pages; corrected typos; added references and reshuffled reference list (not in order of citation in previous version) 26 pages; forced figures within section; corrected typos

Published
2015

2. Production of 242mAm

Author

F. Troiani, A. Dodaro, P. Benetti, Mario Terrani, Alessandra Cesana, G.L. Raselli, and S. Mongelli

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear fuel, Isotope, Fission, Nuclear engineering, Nuclear Theory, Natural abundance, Nuclear physics, Electricity generation, Neutron, Nuclide, Nuclear Experiment, Long-lived fission product, Instrumentation
Abstract

The isotope 242mAm is an interesting nuclide as it shows one of the known highest neutron fission cross-section. This could be useful in some special applications, like nuclear reactors for space propulsion, electricity production by direct energy conversion and small-core nuclear reactors. However its availability, in particular at high isotopic abundance, is at present a serious drawback. We have experimentally tested a growth model for the production of 242mAm by means of Am 241 ( n , γ ) Am 242 m reaction in thermal nuclear reactors. The obtained results are found to be in agreement with the model itself.

Published
2006

3. A very low-background gamma-ray counting facility in the Baradello underground laboratory

Author

A. Fascilla, Gl Raselli, Marisa Pedretti, Alessandra Cesana, Mario Terrani, L. Garlati, A. Giuliani, and Monica Pellicciari

Subjects
Radiation, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Detector, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Gamma ray, Mineralogy, General Medicine, Radiation Dosage, Water equivalent, Northern italy, Above ground, Radiation Protection, Italy, Air Pollutants, Radioactive, Gamma Rays, Radiation Monitoring, Radon, Air Pollution, Indoor, Electromagnetic shielding, Underground laboratory, Background Radiation, Environmental science, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Laboratories
Abstract

An underground station for the measurement of low-level radioactivity is in operation in Northern Italy in the town of Como under the Baradello hill. The rock cover is -300 m water equivalent. This paper reports about the preliminary measurements carried out to characterise the site of the Baradello hill and the installation of a high-purity Ge detector with a radio-pure copper shielding. Features and levels of the achieved background are reported and discussed, in comparison with other above ground and underground low-radioactivity stations. Sensitivities to radioactivity in typical environmental matrices are evaluated, confirming the very low-gamma background attained in the laboratory.

Published
2005

4. Some Considerations on242mAm Production in Thermal Reactors

Author

Sara Tania Mongelli, E. Calligarich, G.L. Raselli, Pietro Benetti, Mario Terrani, Rinaldo Dolfini, and Alessandra Cesana

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Nuclear fuel, 020209 energy, Nuclear Theory, chemistry.chemical_element, Americium, 02 engineering and technology, Condensed Matter Physics, Neutron temperature, Isotope separation, law.invention, Neutron capture, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Neutron flux, law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Neutron, Nuclide, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Recently, it has been suggested to consider {sup 242m}Am as a potential nuclear fuel. This artificial nuclide can be produced through {sup 241}Am neutron capture carried on in a neutron field typical of a thermal reactor. In order to suppress the thermal neutron flux, which will cause {sup 242m}Am depletion mainly through fission, proper neutron filters should be adopted. In a very intense neutron field, the {sup 242m}Am enrichment depends mainly on the energy distribution of the neutrons, the sample thickness, and the cutoff energy of the neutron filter.An investigation on different geometries of the sample to be irradiated using Cd, B, Sm, and Gd as neutron filters has been carried out by means of Monte Carlo simulation. The most favorable results have been obtained irradiating thin {sup 241}Am samples (11 {mu}g/cm{sup 2}) covered with a Gd (0.2-mm-thick) or Sm (1-mm-thick) filter. In these cases the theoretical {sup 242m}Am enrichment can reach 20%.The preparation of significant quantities of this unconventional nuclear fuel implies isotopic separation techniques operating in high radioactive environments and hopefully characterized by very high recovery factors, which are in no way trivial problems.

Published
2004

5. Variability of fast neutron yield in underground environment

Author

A. Borio di Tigliole, R. Dolfini, Alessandra Cesana, M. Pedretti, A. Rappoldi, Mario Terrani, G.L. Raselli, L. Garlati, A. Giuliani, and E. Calligarich

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Neutron flux, General Physics and Astronomy, Flux, Neutron, Precipitation, Radiation, Spurious relationship, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Intensity (heat transfer), Computational physics, Group delay and phase delay
Abstract

One topical question in today's particle physics and astrophysics concerns the search for low-energy rare events. Spurious counts, resulting from environmental radiation, in particular neutrons, can easily overcome the signals of interest in this kind of research. Hence a quantitative evaluation of the neutron background and a full understanding of the parameters, which conditionate its intensity and energy spectrum, is particularly important. In this letter we will show and discuss the evidence of long-term fluctuations (in months scale) appearing in the measurements of fast neutron rate. The data were collected in the Baradello underground laboratory (Como, Northern Italy, 300 m.w.e. depth) from May 2002 until December 2003. We find a strong correlation between fast neutron rate and rain precipitation at the surface, but only when we introduce a phase delay of about one month between the timing of the rain flux and that of the neutron rate. We suggest that the fast neutron flux intensity is related to the moisture contained in the ground, which surrounds the laboratory walls, and we assume that the moisture depends on the rain quantity at the surface. The delay we find is consistent with the percolation time of the water from the surface to the underground laboratory. This mechanism should be taken into account as a possible systematic effect in any experiment which uses the signal rate modulation as a signature for a new physical phenomenon.

Published
2004

6. Measurement of the μ decay spectrum with the ICARUS liquid Argon TPC

Author

J. Lagoda, L. Periale, S. Zhen, D.B. Chen, A. Martinez de la Ossa, S. Galli, Mario Terrani, M. Szeptycka, Xiaojing Huang, C. Matthey, A. Gigli Berzolari, Cezary Juszczak, F. Sergiampietri, R. Sulej, M. Bischofberger, Alessandro Menegolli, E. Rondio, F. Mauri, A. Guglielmi, B. Bekman, Alfredo G. Cocco, R. Brunetti, Massimo Rossella, A. Zalewska, G. Mannocchi, M. Campanelli, T. Kozłowski, J. Stepaniak, D. A. Scannicchio, A. Bueno, Z. Xu, Sandro Ventura, Riccardo Bruzzese, A. Ereditato, G. Meng, André Rubbia, M. Łaffranchi, M. Messina, Arnaud Ferrari, D. Pascoli, C. Osuna, Chao Zhang, S. Centro, F. Cavanna, Jan T. Sobczyk, Hui Wang, Salvatore Amoruso, P. Cennini, Marta Felcini, A. Badertscher, Krzysztof M. Graczyk, C. Vignoli, M. C. Prata, J. Woo, I. Gil-Botella, G. Piano Mortari, J. Holeczek, Xuan Wang, D. Chen, J. Rico, P. Benetti, D. Garcia-Gamez, K. He, J. Ma, Z. Li, Nicola Spinelli, Paola Sala, E. Calligarich, A. Melgarejo, M. Szarska, A. Rappoldi, F. Lu, Jan Kisiel, A. Di Cicco, W. Zipper, Youngho Seo, T. Rancati, G. Fiorillo, E. Segreto, W. Półchłopek, D. Gibin, O. Palamara, D. Cavalli, P. Aprili, S. Navas-Concha, A. Borio di Tigliole, F. Carbonara, G. Battistoni, S. Otwinowski, R. Dolfini, Raffaele Velotta, B. Baiboussinov, Chang Chen, Z. Dai, G.L. Raselli, K. Cieślik, Yi-Chun Chen, Silvia Muraro, A. D. Ferella, Y. Ge, Rosalía Cid, Q. Zhang, David B. Cline, F. Arneodo, C. Carpanese, Alessandra Cesana, G. Mangano, F. Ferri, Q. Ouyang, A. Piazzoli, P. Picchi, F. Pietropaolo, R. Santorelli, C. De Vecchi, M. Baldo Ceolin, J. A. Nowak, L. Grandi, M. Markiewicz, D. Kielczewska, A. Dabrowska, G. Xu, C. Montanari, M. Antonello, C. Rubbia, Amoruso, Salvatore, Antonello, M., Aprili, P., Arneodo, F., Badertscher, A., Baiboussinov, B., Ceolin, M. B., Battistoni, G., Bekman, B., Benetti, P., Bischofberger, M., A. B., Di, Brunetti, R., Bruzzese, Riccardo, Bueno, A., Calligarich, E., Campanelli, M., Carbonara, F., Carpanese, C., Cavalli, D., Cavanna, F., Cennini, P., Centro, S., Cesana, A., Chen, C., Chen, D., Chen, D. B., Chen, Y., Cid, R., Cieslik, K., Cline, D., Cocco, A. G., Dai, Z., Vecchi, C. D., Dabrowska, A., Cicco, A. D., Dolfini, R., Ereditato, A., Felcini, M., Ferella, A., Ferrari, A., Ferri, F., Fiorillo, Giuliana, Galli, S., Garcia Gamez, D., Ge, Y., Gibin, D., Berzolari, A. G., Gil Botella, I., Graczyk, K., Grandi, L., Guglielmi, A., He, K., Holeczek, J., Huang, X., Juszczak, C., Kielczewska, D., Kisiel, J., Kozlowski, T., Laffranchi, M., Lagoda, J., Li, Z., Lu, F., Ma, J., Mangano, G., Mannocchi, G., Markiewicz, M., A. M., De, Matthey, C., Mauri, F., Melgarejo, A., Menegolli, A., Meng, G., Messina, M., Montanari, C., Muraro, S., Navas Concha, S., Nowak, J., Osuna, C., Otwinowski, S., Ouyang, Q., Palamara, O., Pascoli, D., Periale, L., G. B. P., Piazzoli, A., Picchi, P., Pietropaolo, F., Polchlopek, W., Prata, M., Rancati, T., Rappoldi, A., Raselli, G. L., Rico, J., Rondio, E., Rossella, M., Rubbia, A., Rubbia, C., Sala, P., Santorelli, R., Scannicchio, D., Segreto, E., Seo, Y., Sergiampietri, F., Sobczyk, J., Spinelli, Nicola, Stepaniak, J., Sulej, R., Szarska, M., Szeptycka, M., Terrani, M., Velotta, Raffaele, Ventura, S., Vignoli, C., Wang, H., Wang, X., Woo, J., Xu, G., Xu, Z., Zalewska, A., Zhang, C., Zhang, Q., Zhen, S., and Zipper, W.

Subjects
ICARUS, Physics, Muon, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, MICHEL PARAMETERS, Spectral line, High Energy Physics - Experiment, CAPTURE, MUONS, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Particle decay, Decay energy, Scintillation counter, LEPTON DECAYS, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, TAU-NEUTRINO HELICITY, Nuclear Experiment, Engineering (miscellaneous), SPARK-CHAMBER SPECTROMETER, RADIATIVE CORRECTIONS, Lepton
Abstract

Examples are given which prove the ICARUS detector quality through relevant physics measurements. We study the μ decay energy spectrum from a sample of stopping μ events acquired during the test run of the ICARUS T600 detector. This detector allows the spatial reconstruction of the events with fine granularity, hence, the precise measurement of the range and dE/dx of the μ with high sampling rate. This information is used to compute the calibration factors needed for the full calorimetric reconstruction of the events. The Michel ρ parameter is then measured by comparison of the experimental and Monte Carlo simulated μ decay spectra, obtaining ρ=0.72±0.06(stat.)±0.08(syst.). The energy resolution for electrons below ∼50 MeV is finally extracted from the simulated sample, obtaining (Eemeas−EeMC)/EeMC=11%/E[MeV]−−−−−−−√⊕2%., The European Physical Journal C, 33 (2), ISSN:1434-6044, ISSN:1434-6052

Published
2004

7. Characterization of an underground site in Northern Italy in view of low radioactivity measurements

Author

Alessandra Cesana, A. Fascilla, C. Brofferio, L. Garlati, A. Giuliani, M. Pedretti, Mario Terrani, G.L. Raselli, Brofferio, C, Cesana, A, Fascilla, A, Garlati, L, Giuliani, A, Pedretti, M, Raselli, G, and Terrani, M

Subjects
Underground laboratory, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, FIS/07 - FISICA APPLICATA (A BENI CULTURALI, AMBIENTALI, BIOLOGIA E MEDICINA), chemistry.chemical_element, Radon, Atmospheric sciences, Nuclear physics, Soil, Reference Values, Environmental Chemistry, Neutron, Waste Management and Disposal, Low background, Background radiation, SIMPLE (dark matter experiment), Muon, Environmental radioactivity, Radioactive waste, General Medicine, Pollution, Neutron temperature, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Italy, chemistry, Gamma Rays, Environmental science, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

A low background station for the measurement of low level radioactivity is under development in Northern Italy. The rock cover is about 300 m water equivalent. We report and discuss measurements of radon concentration in air and of gamma, muon and neutron fluxes performed in the neighborhood of the station site. We present and apply a simple analytical model capable to disentangle the contribution to the measured gamma activities due to Rn-222 in air from the one due to U-238 and its daughters in the rocks. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2004

8. Non-destructive diagnostics of thin fissile layers

Author

G.L. Raselli, E. Calligarich, T. Ioppolo, S. Mongelli, R. Dolfini, A. Borio di Tigliole, P. Benetti, Alessandra Cesana, and Mario Terrani

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Thin layers, Fissile material, business.industry, Fission, Nuclear physics, Nuclear fission, Sputtering, Distortion, Non destructive, Optoelectronics, Nuclear Experiment, business, Instrumentation, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

We have developed a non-destructive nuclear technique useful for the diagnostic of thin layers of fissile element. The method is based on the correlation between the fission fragment energy losses and the distortion of the energy spectrum of the alpha-particles emerging from the layer itself. We have also measured the sputtering rate of atoms from a fission layer which can be the cause of an important degradation in a working apparatus.

Published
2003

9. Measurement of fission fragments energy loss

Author

E. Calligarich, T. Ioppolo, R. Dolfini, P. Benetti, Alessandra Cesana, Mario Terrani, G.L. Raselli, and A. Borio di Tigliole

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Cold fission, Fission, Xenon-135, Isotopes of samarium, Fission product yield, Fast fission, Nuclear physics, Nuclear fission, Nuclear Experiment, Long-lived fission product, Instrumentation, Computer Science::Databases
Abstract

The mean energy of 252 Cf fission fragments emerging from an absorber and the determination of the capture rate in the absorber itself have been measured using two independent and complementary nuclear techniques. The results can be applied to the measurement of the energy self-absorption in a non-zero thickness source and can be used to validate simulation programs.

Published
2002

10. Search for anomalies in the nu(e) appearance from a nu(mu) beam

Author

Hui Wang, B. Baibussinov, Andrea Zani, A. Falcone, M. Haranczyk, Daniele Dequal, A. Dermenev, Christian Farnese, P. Picchi, A. Ferrari, A. Zalewska, X. Yang, A. Rappoldi, David B. Cline, Paola Sala, S. Ventura, F. Boffelli, J. Holeczek, F. Pietropaolo, D. Stefan, Alessandra Cesana, E. Segreto, M. Rossella, G. Fiorillo, C. Vignoli, G. Meng, C. Montanari, N. Canci, R. Sulej, Angela Fava, A. Bubak, C. Rubbia, A. G. Cocco, Mikhail Kirsanov, S. Centro, A. Guglielmi, M. Torti, S. Mania, F. Sergiampietri, J. Lagoda, A. Ivashkin, K. Zaremba, Mario Terrani, Jan Kisiel, Sergei Gninenko, A. Dabrowska, K. Cieslik, S. Otwinowski, P. Benetti, E. Calligarich, A. Scaramelli, D. Gibin, P. Plonski, M. Szarska, G.L. Raselli, I. Kochanek, M. Antonello, R. Dolfini, F. Varanini, Alessandro Menegolli, M., Antonello, B., Baibussinov, P., Benetti, F., Boffelli, A., Bubak, E., Calligarich, N., Canci, S., Centro, A., Cesana, K., Cieslik, D. B., Cline, A. G., Cocco, A., Dabrowska, D., Dequal, A., Dermenev, R., Dolfini, A., Falcone, C., Farnese, A., Fava, A., Ferrari, Fiorillo, Giuliana, D., Gibin, S., Gninenko, A., Guglielmi, M., Haranczyk, J., Holeczek, M., Kirsanow, J., Kisiel, I., Kochanek, J., Lagoda, S., Mania, A., Menegolli, G., Meng, C., Montanari, S., Otwinowski, P., Picchi, F., Pietropaolo, P., Plonski, A., Rappoldi, G. L., Raselli, M., Rossella, C., Rubbia, P., Sala, A., Scaramelli, E., Segreto, F., Sergiampietri, D., Stefan, R., Sulej, M., Szarska, M., Terrani, M., Torti, F., Varanini, S., Ventura, C., Vignoli, H. G., Wang, X., Yang, A., Zalewska, A., Zani, K., Zaremba, Antonello, M, Baibussinov, B, Benetti, P, Boffelli, F, Bubak, A, Calligarich, E, Canci, N, Centro, S, Cesana, A, Cieslik, K, Cline, D, Cocco, A, Dabrowska, A, Dequal, D, Dermenev, A, Dolfini, R, Falcone, A, Farnese, C, Fava, A, Ferrari, A, Fiorillo, G, Gibin, D, Gninenko, S, Guglielmi, A, Haranczyk, M, Holeczek, J, Kirsanow, M, Kisiel, J, Kochanek, I, Lagoda, J, Mania, S, Menegolli, A, Meng, G, Montanari, C, Otwinowski, S, Picchi, P, Pietropaolo, F, Plonski, P, Rappoldi, A, Raselli, G, Rossella, M, Rubbia, C, Sala, P, Scaramelli, A, Segreto, E, Sergiampietri, F, Stefan, D, Sulej, R, Szarska, M, Terrani, M, Torti, M, Varanini, F, Ventura, S, Vignoli, C, Wang, H, Yang, X, Zalewska, A, Zani, A, and Zaremba, K

Subjects
antineutrinos, Particle physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), etc, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Non-standard-model neutrino, Sensitivity (control systems), Engineering (miscellaneous), DETECTOR, Physics, ICARUS, Large Hadron Collider, Neutrino, LAr TPC, Neutrino interactions, Oscillation, light sterile, neutrinos, right-handed neutrinos, Full sample, Radiation detectors, Neutrino, Energy (signal processing), Beam (structure), Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

We report an updated result from the ICARUS experiment on the search for {\nu}{\mu} ->{\nu}e anomalies with the CNGS beam, produced at CERN with an average energy of 20 GeV and travelling 730 km to the Gran Sasso Laboratory. The present analysis is based on a total sample of 1995 events of CNGS neutrino interactions, which corresponds to an almost doubled sample with respect to the previously published result. Four clear {\nu}e events have been visually identified over the full sample, compared with an expectation of 6.4 +- 0.9 events from conventional sources. The result is compatible with the absence of additional anomalous contributions. At 90% and 99% confidence levels the limits to possible oscillated events are 3.7 and 8.3 respectively. The corresponding limit to oscillation probability becomes consequently 3.4 x 10-3 and 7.6 x 10-3 respectively. The present result confirms, with an improved sensitivity, the early result already published by the ICARUS collaboration. We report an updated result from the ICARUS experiment on the search for {\nu}{\mu} ->{\nu}e anomalies with the CNGS beam, produced at CERN with an average energy of 20 GeV and travelling 730 km to the Gran Sasso Laboratory. The present analysis is based on a total sample of 1995 events of CNGS neutrino interactions, which corresponds to an almost doubled sample with respect to the previously published result. Four clear {\nu}e events have been visually identified over the full sample, compared with an expectation of 6.4 +- 0.9 events from conventional sources. The result is compatible with the absence of additional anomalous contributions. At 90% and 99% confidence levels the limits to possible oscillated events are 3.7 and 8.3 respectively. The corresponding limit to oscillation probability becomes consequently 3.4 x 10-3 and 7.6 x 10-3 respectively. The present result confirms, with an improved sensitivity, the early result already published by the ICARUS collaboration.

Published
2013

11. Gamma activity determination in waste drums from nuclear plants

Author

G. Sandrelli, Mario Terrani, and Alessandra Cesana

Subjects
Formalism (philosophy of mathematics), Radiation, Detector, Mineralogy, Drum, Mechanics, Nuclear plant, Mathematics
Abstract

A new measuring technique has been studied for the estimate of the gamma-ray activity in drums containing organic, dry active waste. Essentially, the experimental apparatus consists of two identical Ge detectors set on the drum axis at equal distances from the drum bases. It was proved that, using this simple arrangement and a particular data handling, sample nonuniformities lose their importance and reliable results can be obtained in most of the situations encountered in practice. However, even if the activity distribution in a drum is completely unknown, the proposed formalism always implies an overestimate of the activity. So, unlike other techniques currently used, these measurements always provide results in the conservative direction.

Published
1993

12. High Energy Neutron Dosimetry (European Survey)

Author

B Syme, P D'hondt, F Hegedüs, R. Dierckx, V. Sangiust, WG Alberts, W Matthes, Alessandra Cesana, ON Jarvis, and Mario Terrani

Subjects
High energy, Materials science, chemistry, Nuclear engineering, Dosimetry, chemistry.chemical_element, Spallation, Neutron dosimetry, Helium
Published
2008

15. Final results of a search for free neutron-antineutron oscillations

Author

E. Calligarich, Cesare Bini, Roberto Cardarelli, M. Cambiaghi, M. Conversi, P. Gauzzi, R. Dolfini, G. De Zorzi, P. Torre, R. Santonico, G. Bressi, D. Zanello, F. Mauri, Mario Terrani, S. P. Ratti, A. Gigli Berzolari, G. Liguori, M. Genoni, D. A. Scannicchio, A. Piazzoli, F. Massa, and A. Lanza

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Time of flight, Annihilation, Bar (music), Cosmic background radiation, 14.20.dh - protons and neutrons, 28.40.nw - experiments with nuclear reactors, Neutron, Antineutron, Neutron temperature, TRIGA
Abstract

The final analysis of the data collected in a search for free $$n - \bar n$$ oscillations is presented. The experiment has been carried out at the Triga Mark II reactor of the Pavia University. A thermal neutrons current of 3.2·1010s−1 propagates in a quasi-free condition for an average time of flight of 8ms and impinges on two thin targets. The possible antineutron annihilation products would be detected in the first target. The second target works as a monitor of the background. No evidence for $$n - \bar n$$ transitions is found. A lower limit of 4.9·105s (90% c.l.) has been reached, with «zero» signal and with «zero» background events.

Published
1990

16. Characterization of ETL 9357FLA photomultiplier tubes for cryogenic temperature applications

Author

F. Sergiampietri, J. Stepaniak, E. Rondio, G. Bucciarelli, Jan T. Sobczyk, T. Kozłowski, P. Przewlocki, A. Rappoldi, Paola Sala, F. Pietropaolo, M. C. Prata, L. Periale, F. Cavanna, Artur M. Ankowski, A. Melgarejo, Hui Wang, I. Gil-Botella, G. Fiorillo, Alfredo G. Cocco, Alessandro Menegolli, M. Baldo Ceolin, M. Bischofberger, R. Brunetti, M. C. Carmona, E. Segreto, X. Yang, R. Santorelli, Michele Prata, F. Arneodo, S. Centro, D. Garcia-Gamez, J. Łagoda, A. M. Szelc, C. De Vecchi, J. A. Nowak, A. Borio di Tigliole, C. Vignoli, M. Messina, G. Meng, D. Gibin, A. Di Cicco, G. Battistoni, L. Grandi, Youngho Seo, A. D. Ferella, Z. Dai, S. Navas-Concha, Alessandra Cesana, A. Piazzoli, R. Dolfini, F. Varanini, Jan Kisiel, Antonio Bueno, Sebastian Stach, B. Baiboussinov, K. Cieślik, David B. Cline, A. Zalewska, Massimo Rossella, F. Mauri, G.L. Raselli, Y. Ge, P. Picchi, Silvia Muraro, P. Aprili, G. Piano Mortari, J. Lozano, Sandro Ventura, A. Badertscher, S. Otwinowski, F. Carbonara, M. Markiewicz, D. Kielczewska, C. Rubbia, B. Lisowski, A. Dabrowska, Cezary Juszczak, A. Ereditato, D. A. Scannicchio, M. Antonello, Mario Terrani, C. Montanari, M. Laffranchi, R. Sulej, Arnaud Ferrari, C. Matthey, W. Półchłopek, André Rubbia, P. Benetti, Krzysztof M. Graczyk, J. Holeczek, A. Gigli Berzolari, E. Calligarich, A. Martinez de la Ossa, M. Szeptycka, A. Guglielmi, M. Szarska, O. Palamara, P. Cennini, A., Ankowski, M., Antonello, P., Aprili, F., Arneodo, A., Badertscher, B., Baiboussinov, M. B., Ceolin, G., Battistoni, P., Benetti, M., Bischofberger, A. B., Di, R., Brunetti, G., Bucciarelli, A., Bueno, E., Calligarich, Carbonara, Francesco, M. C., Carmona, F., Cavanna, P., Cennini, S., Centro, A., Cesana, D. B., Cline, K., Cieslik, A. G., Cocco, Z., Dai, C. D., Vecchi, A., Dabrowska, A. D., Cicco, R., Dolfini, A., Ereditato, A., Ferella, A., Ferrari, Fiorillo, Giuliana, D., Garcia Gamez, Y., Ge, D., Gibin, A. G., Berzolari, I., Gil Botella, K., Graczyk, L., Grandi, A., Guglielmi, J., Holeczek, C., Juszczak, D., Kielczewska, J., Kisiel, T., Kozlowski, M., Laffranchi, J., Lagoda, B., Lisowski, J., Lozano, M., Markiewicz, A. M., De, C., Matthey, F., Mauri, A. J., Melgarejo, A., Menegolli, G., Meng, M., Messina, C., Montanari, S., Muraro, S., Navas Concha, J., Nowak, S., Otwinowski, O., Palamara, L., Periale, G. P., Mortari, A., Piazzoli, P., Picchi, F., Pietropaolo, W., Polchlopek, M., Prata, M. C., Prata, P., Przewlocki, A., Rappoldi, G. L., Raselli, E., Roddio, M., Rossella, A., Rubbia, C., Rubbia, P. R., Sala, R., Santorelli, D., Scannicchio, E., Segreto, Y., Seo, F., Sergiampietri, J., Sobczyk, S., Stach, J., Stepaniak, R., Sulej, M., Szeptycka, M., Szarska, A., Szelc, M., Terrani, F., Varanini, S., Ventura, C., Vignoli, H., Wang, X., Yang, and A., Zalewska

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Scintillation, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Cryogenics, photomultipliers, Particle detector, Cathode, law.invention, Optics, LIGHT, law, Scintillation counter, Measuring instrument, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

We carried out a careful evaluation of the performance of the large cathode area ETL 9357FLA photomultiplier tube operating at cryogenic temperature. The measurements were focused on evaluating the parameters which mainly characterize the operating performances of the device down to 77 K and the spread of the distinctive features over 54 samples assembled in the ICARUS apparatus. The results that we obtained demonstrate that the photomultiplier is suited for light detection in such unconventional operating conditions, certifying this device for the direct measurement of scintillation light coming from noble-gas liquids in detectors dedicated to neutrino physics and dark matter research. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2006

17. Secondary photon fields produced in accelerator-based sources for neutron generation

Author

Andrea Pola, L. Garlati, Mario Terrani, Alessandra Cesana, and Stefano Agosteo

Subjects
Photon, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics::Medical Physics, Nuclear Theory, chemistry.chemical_element, Neutron scattering, Radiation Dosage, Nuclear physics, Fluorides, Neutron generator, Neutron detection, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, Radiometry, Physics, Neutrons, Photons, Radiation, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, General Medicine, Neutron capture, chemistry, Lithium Compounds, Neutron source, Beryllium, Particle Accelerators
Abstract

Neutrons can be produced with low-energy ion accelerators for many applications, such as the characterisation of neutron detectors, the irradiation of biological samples and the study of the radiation damage in electronicdevices. Moreover, accelerator-based neutron sources are under development for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Thin targets are used for generating monoenergetic neutrons, while thick targets are usually employed for producing more intense neutron fields. The associated photon field produced by the target nuclei may have a strong influence on the application under study. For instance, these photons can play a fundamental role in the design of an accelerator-based neutron source for BNCT. This work focuses on the measurement of the photon field associated with neutrons that are produced by 4.0-6.8 MeV protons striking both a thin 7 LiF target (for generating monoenergetic neutrons) and a thick beryllium target. In both cases, very intense photon fields are generated with energy distribution extending up to several MeV.

Published
2005

18. Analysis of the liquid argon purity in the ICARUS T600 TPC

Author

Sandro Ventura, J. Stepaniak, M. Messina, Paola Sala, G. Fiorillo, Z. Xu, F. Cavanna, G. Piano Mortari, Hui Wang, S. Zhen, Elisa Bernardini, R. Santorelli, S. Galli, S. Centro, F. Sergiampietri, Mario Campanelli, J. Holeczek, D. Chen, Chao Zhang, J. Ma, G. Nurzia, Youngho Seo, Z. Dai, S. Navas-Concha, E. Calligarich, M. Szarska, E. Segreto, R. Dolfini, Raffaele Velotta, Riccardo Bruzzese, X Cieślik, G. Meng, I. Gil-Botella, O. Palamara, D. Cavalli, J. Rico, B. Bekman, L. Periale, J. Zalipska, F. Pietropaolo, B. Baiboussinov, Q. Zhang, L. Grandi, A. Zalewska, F. Carbonara, M. Laffranchi, Xuan Wang, Gianpiero Mangano, Mario Terrani, Antonio Bueno, C. Vignoli, G. Xu, Salvatore Amoruso, C. Montanari, André Rubbia, J. Woo, A. Borio di Tigliole, Xiaojing Huang, K. He, J. Łagoda, Y. Ge, Z. Li, P. Picchi, M. Markiewicz, Chang Chen, Arnaud Ferrari, F. Lu, D. Kielczewska, G.L. Raselli, A. Dabrowska, Yi-Chun Chen, A. Martinez de la Ossa, Silvia Muraro, W. Półchłopek, M. Bischofberger, A. Rappoldi, W. Zipper, Michal Szleper, M. Szeptycka, C. De Vecchi, Krzysztof M. Graczyk, A. Guglielmi, M. Buzzanca, P. Benetti, D. Gibin, David B. Cline, Antonio Ereditato, A. Gigli Berzolari, M. Antonello, F. Ferri, F. Mauri, Q. Ouyang, Jan T. Sobczyk, R. Brunetti, A. Piazzoli, M. Baldo Ceolin, A. Di Cicco, T. Rancati, N. Spinelli, Massimo Rossella, E. Rondio, T. Kozłowski, Marta Felcini, Jan Kisiel, P. Aprili, G. Battistoni, S. Otwinowski, D.B. Chen, Cezary Juszczak, D. A. Scannicchio, D. Pascoli, C. Carpanese, F. Arneodo, C. Matthey, Alessandra Cesana, C. Rubbia, A. G. Cocco, A. Badertscher, P. Cennini, Amoruso, Salvatore, Antonello, M., Aprili, P., Arneodo, F., Badertscher, A., Balboussinov, B., Ceolin, M. B., Battistoni, G., Bekman, B., Benetti, P., Bernardini, E., Bischofberger, M., A. B., Di, Brunetti, R., Bruzzese, Riccardo, Bueno, A., Buzzanca, M., Calligarich, E., Campanelli, M., Carbonara, F., Carpanese, C., Cavalli, D., Cavanna, F., Cennini, P., Centro, S., Cesana, A., Chen, C., Chen, D., Chen, D. B., Chen, Y., Cieslik, X., Cline, D., Cocco, A. G., Dai, Z., Vecchi, C. D., Dabrowska, A., Cicco, A. D., Dolfini, R., Ereditato, A., Felcini, M., Ferrari, A., Ferri, F., Fiorillo, Giuliana, Galli, S., Ge, Y., Gibin, D., Berzolari, A. G., Gil Botella, I., Graczyk, K., Grandi, L., Guglielmi, A., He, K., Holeczek, J., Huang, X., Juszczak, C., Kielczewska, D., Kisiel, J., Kozlowski, T., Laffranchi, M., Lagoda, J., Li, Z., Lu, F., Ma, J., Mangano, G., Markiewicz, M., A. M., De, Matthey, C., Mauri, F., Meng, G., Messina, M., Montanari, C., Muraro, S., Navas Concha, S., Nurzia, G., Otwinowski, S., Ouyang, Q., Palamara, O., Pascoli, D., Periale, L., G. B. P., Piazzoli, A., Picchi, P., Pietropaolo, F., Polchlopek, W., Rancati, T., Rappoldi, A., Raselli, G. L., Rico, J., Rondio, E., Rossella, M., Rubbia, A., Rubbia, C., Sala, P., Santorelli, R., Scannicchio, D., Segreto, E., Seo, Y., Sergiampietri, F., Sobczyk, J., Spinelli, Nicola, Stepaniak, J., Szarska, M., Szeptycka, M., Szleper, M., Terrani, M., Velotta, Raffaele, Ventura, S., Vignoli, C., Wang, H., Wang, X., Woo, J., Xu, G., Xu, Z., Zalewska, A., Zalipska, J., Zhang, C., Zhang, Q., Zhen, S., and Zipper, W.

Subjects
ICARUS, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Time projection chamber, Drift velocity, Argon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, TIME PROJECTION CHAMBER, PERFORMANCE, Particle detector, Computational physics, Nuclear physics, chemistry, Measuring instrument, Calibration, Instrumentation
Abstract

The results reported in this paper are based on the analysis of the data recorded with the first half-module of the ICARUS T600 liquid argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr TPC), during a technical run that took place on surface in Pavia (Italy). We include results from the linearity, uniformity and calibration of the electronics, measurements on the electron drift velocity in LAr at different electric fields, as well as the LAr purity achievement of the detector. Two complementary techniques were used to measure the drift electron lifetime inside the active volume: the first, from the data of a purity monitor, gives a measurement localized in space; the second, based on the study of the signals produced by long minimum ionizing tracks crossing the detector, provides a LAr volume averaged value. Both methods yield consistent results over the whole data taking period and are compatible with an uniform LAr purity over the whole volume. The maximal drift electron lifetime value was recorded before the run stop and was about 1.8 ms. From an interpretation of the observed drift electron lifetime as a function of time, we conclude that the adopted technology would allow for drift distances exceeding 3 in. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2004

19. Study of electron recombination in liquid argon with the ICARUS TPC

Author

A. Rappoldi, W. Zipper, P. Cennini, Gianpiero Mangano, Hui Wang, M. Messina, Paola Sala, M. Markiewicz, Chang Chen, G.L. Raselli, Yi-Chun Chen, Silvia Muraro, G. Fiorillo, E. Rondio, E. Segreto, Riccardo Bruzzese, Xuan Wang, T. Kozłowski, N. Spinelli, Chao Zhang, D. Gibin, F. Lu, K. Cieślik, A. Di Cicco, Marta Felcini, F. Sergiampietri, R. Sulej, A. Guglielmi, Z. Dai, Xiaojing Huang, F. Mauri, W. Półchłopek, C. Vignoli, S. Navas-Concha, Massimo Rossella, Arnaud Ferrari, S. Galli, F. Carbonara, Q. Zhang, M. Baldo Ceolin, Jan Kisiel, J. Holeczek, D. Chen, I. Gil-Botella, G. Xu, David B. Cline, J. Ma, C. Montanari, Antonio Bueno, Mario Campanelli, E. Calligarich, André Rubbia, F. Pietropaolo, C. Carpanese, P. Aprili, R. Santorelli, B. Bekman, M. Bischofberger, D.B. Chen, G. Battistoni, D. Kielczewska, F. Arneodo, Krzysztof M. Graczyk, S. Otwinowski, A. Zalewska, Q. Ouyang, J. Stepaniak, M. Buzzanca, Federico Ferri, Alessandra Cesana, S. Zhen, P. Benetti, M. Szarska, M. Laffranchi, O. Palamara, C. Rubbia, A. G. Cocco, D. Cavalli, A. Borio di Tigliole, Z. Xu, F. Cavanna, J. Woo, G. Piano Mortari, C. De Vecchi, K. He, J. Łagoda, Z. Li, R. Dolfini, A. Piazzoli, Raffaele Velotta, B. Baiboussinov, S. Centro, Antonio Ereditato, P. Picchi, Y. Ge, M. Antonello, Cezary Juszczak, D. A. Scannicchio, Jan T. Sobczyk, D. Pascoli, A. Badertscher, A. Dąbrowska, G. Meng, J. Rico, Salvatore Amoruso, R. Brunetti, T. Rancati, C. Matthey, L. Periale, Mario Terrani, Sandro Ventura, A. Gigli Berzolari, Youngho Seo, A. Martinez de la Ossa, M. Szeptycka, L. Grandi, Amoruso, Salvatore, Antonello, M., Aprili, P., Arneodo, F., Badertscher, A., Baiboussinov, B., Ceolin, M. B., Battistoni, G., Bekman, B., Benetti, P., Bischofberger, M., A. B., Di, Brunetti, R., Bruzzese, Riccardo, Bueno, A., Buzzanca, M., Calligarich, E., Campanelli, M., Carbonara, Francesco, Carpanese, C., Cavalli, D., Cavanna, F., Cennini, P., Centro, S., Cesana, A., Chen, C., Chen, D., Chen, D. B., Chen, Y., Cieslik, K., Cline, D., Cocco, A. G., Dai, Z., Vecchi, C. D., Dabrowska, A., Cicco, A. D., Dolfini, R., Ereditato, A., Felcini, M., Ferrari, A., Ferri, F., Fiorillo, Giuliana, Galli, S., Ge, Y., Gibin, D., Berzolari, A. G., Gil Botella, I., Graczyk, K., Grandi, L., Guglielmi, A., He, K., Holeczek, J., Huang, X., Juszczak, C., Kielczewska, D., Kisiel, J., Kozlowski, T., Laffranchi, M., Lagoda, J., Li, Z., Lu, F., Ma, J., Mangano, G., Markiewicz, M., A. M., De, Matthey, C., Mauri, F., Meng, G., Messina, Marcello, Montanari, C., Muraro, S., Navas Concha, S., Otwinowski, S., Ouyang, Q., Palamara, O., Pascoli, D., Periale, L., G. B. P., Piazzoli, A., Picchi, P., Pietropaolo, F., Polchlopek, W., Rancati, T., Rappoldi, A., Raselli, G. L., Rico, J., Rondio, E., Rossella, M., Rubbia, A., Rubbia, C., Sala, P. R., Santorelli, Roberto, Scannicchio, D., Segreto, E., Seo, Y., Sergiampletri, F., Sobczyk, J., Spinelli, Nicola, Stepaniak, J., Sulej, R., Szarska, M., Szeptycka, M., Terrani, M., Velotta, Raffaele, Ventura, S., Vignoli, C., Wang, H., Wang, X., Woo, J., Xu, G., Xu, Z., Zalewska, A., Zhang, C., Zhang, Q., Zhen, S., and Zipper, W.

Subjects
ICARUS, Physics, Argon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, PURITY, Monte Carlo method, chemistry.chemical_element, ENERGY RESOLUTION, General Medicine, Electron, PERFORMANCE, Particle detector, Charged particle, Nuclear physics, XENON, chemistry, GEMINATE RECOMBINATION, Stopping power (particle radiation), Particle, Atomic physics, IONIZATION DETECTORS, CHAMBER
Abstract

Electron recombination in liquid argon (LAr) is studied by means of charged particle tracks collected in various ICARUS liquid argon TPC prototypes. The dependence of the recombination on the particle stopping power has been fitted with a Birks functional dependence. The simulation of the process of electron recombination in Monte Carlo calculations is discussed. A quantitative comparison with previously published data is carried out. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2004

20. TEST OF A NOVEL DETECTOR TECHNIQUE: THE ICARUS T600 MODULE

Author

Paola Sala, D. Kielczewska, A. Dabrowska, M. Baldo-Ceolin, A. Badertscher, A. Ferrari, L. Knecht, A. Zalewska, P. Benetti, Cezary Juszczak, S. Zhen, G. Meng, F. Lu, D. A. Scannicchio, J. Rico, C. Matthey, Donatella Cavalli, G. Battistoni, M. Szeptycka, D. Pascoli, Elisa Bernardini, W. Zipper, H. Kuna-Ciskal, M. M. Wojcik, André Rubbia, J. Holeczek, Jan T. Sobczyk, F. Arneodo, S. Navas-Concha, W. Półchłopek, S. Centro, A. Gigli Berzolari, David B. Cline, Q. Zhang, S. Ventura, S. Otwinowski, M. Daszkiewicz, Mario Terrani, Alessandra Cesana, M. Rossella, G. Xu, C. Montanari, J. Ma, R. Brunetti, M. Laffranchi, Marek Stodulski, Krzysztof M. Graczyk, B. Bekman, R. Dolfini, X. Yang, C. Rubbia, B. Lisowski, B. Badelek, F. Pietropaolo, A. Rappoldi, Jan Kisiel, E. Segreto, L. Grandi, K. He, J. Łagoda, Antonio Bueno, Z. Li, E. Rondio, G. Nurzia, E. Calligarich, Z. Xu, Youngho Seo, T. Kozłowski, Federico Ferri, I. Gil-Botella, P. Picchi, F. Mauri, C. Vignoli, G. Natterer, M. Markiewicz, Chang Chen, L. Periale, T. Rancati, G.L. Raselli, Yi-Chun Chen, Silvia Muraro, Xiaojing Huang, J. Stepaniak, A. Piazzoli, C. De Vecchi, F. Cavanna, G. Piano Mortari, Chao Zhang, M. Bischofberger, J. Zalipska, A. Borio di Tigliole, B. Babussinov, M. Szarska, O. Palamara, and P. Cennini

Subjects
Physics, ICARUS, Optics, business.industry, Detector, business, Test (assessment)
Published
2002

21. ICARUS: An innovative detector for underground physics

Author

Chun-Yen Chen, Antonio Bueno, Massimo Rossella, Hui Wang, G. Nurzia, S. Zhen, P. Picchi, Chao Zhang, F. Lu, D. A. Scannicchio, R. Dolfini, P. Benetti, C. Vignoli, F. Sergiampietri, D. Pascoli, R. Brunetti, S. Centro, Elisa Bernardini, Sandro Ventura, G. Battistoni, O. Palamara, S. Otwinowski, P. Torre, C. Carpanese, D. Cavalli, A. Gigli Berzolari, F. Arneodo, D. Mazza, J. Ma, G.L. Raselli, Yi-Chun Chen, André Rubbia, A. Badertscher, L. Mazzone, David B. Cline, E. Calligarich, B. Babussinov, G. Piano Mortari, G. Meng, T. Rancati, J. Rico, J. Woo, A. Piazzoli, K. He, L. Periale, Q. Zhang, Z. Li, C. Matthey, Mario Terrani, A. Borio di Tigliole, Alessandra Cesana, Xiaojing Huang, G. Xu, C. Montanari, C. Rubbia, F. Cavanna, S. Petrera, N. Sinanis, P. Cennini, Paola Sala, F. Pietropaolo, Mario Campanelli, C. Rossi, Arnaud Ferrari, A. Rappoldi, F. Mauri, and C. De Vecchi

Subjects
Physics, ICARUS, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Scintillation, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Proton decay, Detector, Detectors, Neutrino physics, Nuclear physics, Liquid argon, Neutrino oscillation, Instrumentation
Abstract

The ICARUS project and in particular the construction of the 600 t module, is described. The system to detect light from liquid argon scintillation, based on photomultiplier tubes immersed in the liquid is described in some detail.

Published
2001

22. Study of solar neutrinos with the 600 t liquid argon ICARUS detector

Author

André Rubbia, David B. Cline, Antonio Bueno, Mario Terrani, D. Mazza, Alessandra Cesana, Mario Campanelli, C. Carpanese, F. Cavanna, F. Mauri, A. Gigli Berzolari, F. Arneodo, G. Piano Mortari, Sandro Ventura, F. Pietropaolo, J. Ma, P. Cennini, A. Badertscher, J. P. Revol, L. Mazzone, S. Zheng, S. Centro, Hui Wang, E. Calligarich, G. Xu, Paola Sala, S Baibussinov, C. Montanari, C. Vignoli, S. Petrera, L. Periale, P. Benetti, Chao Zhang, Arnaud Ferrari, R. Brunetti, P. Goudsmit, Xiaojing Huang, Chang Chen, Z. Xu, Q. Zhang, G.L. Raselli, Yi-Chun Chen, C. Rubbia, R. Dolfini, C. Rossi, I. De Mitri, A. Rappoldi, Shingo Suzuki, G. Mannocchi, Massimo Rossella, S. Otwinowski, A. Pepato, D. A. Scannicchio, D. Pascoli, M Maris, F. Sergiampietri, O. Palamara, D. Cavalli, J. Woo, K. He, Z. Li, F. Lu, P. Picchi, A. Piazzoli, and A. Borio di Tigliole

Subjects
ICARUS, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Standard solar model, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Solar neutrino, Solar neutrino problem, Cosmic neutrino background, Nuclear physics, Neutrino detector, Measurements of neutrino speed, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Instrumentation
Abstract

The ICARUS time projection chamber can yield sound information on 8 B solar neutrinos. Owing to the high-energy resolution and the good capability of event reconstruction it can make a contribution to our understanding of neutrino intensities and their energy spectrum. Moreover, the MSW oscillation probability for sterile and active neutrinos can be well studied because both elastic scattering by electrons and absorption reaction on argon nuclei can be measured independently. The main problem in detecting the low-energy neutrino interactions arises from the environmental radioactivity. In the present work we study by Monte Carlo simulation the topology and the rates of the events, induced by neutrinos and background neutrons, in a 470 t (fiducial mass) liquid-argon TPC detector. For neutrino interactions we use the standard solar model BP98 and the recent experimental confirmation of the shell model computation of absorption cross section. The noise is estimated from new data on natural neutron background, collected in the hall C of the Gran Sasso laboratory. It is confirmed that, with a relatively modest neutron shielding and particular off-line event triggers, the weight of spurious events can be made to have little influence on the ICARUS solar neutrino measurement. Indeed, we expect 6 (26) background events per year in the 212 (759) elastic scattering (absorption reaction) sample.

Published
2000

23. The resistive plate counter as a neutron detector

Author

G. Sandrelli, Alessandra Cesana, S. Colangelo, G.L. Raselli, E. Calligarich, A. Testi, Roberto Cardarelli, and Mario Terrani

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Optics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Neutron detection, Thermal neutron detection, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

The resistive plate counter technique allows the easy and cheap construction of position-sensitive large area detectors. The use of such counters for thermal neutron detection is investigated.

Published
1991

24. Detection of scintillation light in coincidence with ionizing tracks in a liquid argon time projection chamber

Author

Z. Xu, Daniela Rebuzzi, A. Gigli Berzolari, C. Vignoli, G. Mannocchi, C. Rubbia, R. Dolfini, Q. Zhang, C Zavattari, Chang Chen, G.L. Raselli, Yi-Chun Chen, P. Picchi, B Ghedi, Antonio Bueno, J. Woo, Hui Wang, K. He, L. Periale, Z. Li, Alessandra Cesana, D. Mazza, Mario Terrani, P. Cennini, Paola Sala, Mario Campanelli, D. Favaretto, André Rubbia, C. Carpanese, S. Otwinowski, F. Arneodo, A. Pepato, F. Sergiampietri, J. P. Revol, S. Centro, F. Lu, F. Mauri, C. Rossi, S Baibussinov, A. Piazzoli, I. De Mitri, L. Mazzone, A. Rappoldi, Sandro Ventura, S Coco, D. A. Scannicchio, Shingo Suzuki, D. Pascoli, O. Palamara, D. Cavalli, Paola Torre, F. Cavanna, Alessandro Bettini, G. Piano Mortari, Xiaojing Huang, A. Ferrari, J. Ma, S. Zheng, E. Calligarich, G. Xu, C. Montanari, S. Petrera, P. Goudsmit, S Campo, F. Pietropaolo, A. Borio di Tigliole, P. Benetti, Chao Zhang, Massimo Rossella, and David B. Cline

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Photomultiplier, Time projection chamber, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Signal, Coincidence, Ionizing radiation, Optics, Scintillation counter, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Liquid argon, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

A system to detect light from liquid argon scintillation has been implemented in a small, ICARUS-like, liquid argon time projection chamber. The system, which uses a VUV-sensitive photomultiplier to collect the light, has recorded many ionizing tracks from cosmic-rays in coincidence with scintillation signals. Our measurements demonstrate that scintillation light detection can provide an effective method for absolute time measurement of events and eventually a useful trigger signal. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
1999

25. Calibration of BC501A liquid scintillator cells with monochromatic neutron beams

Author

F. Lu, C. Rossi, I. De Mitri, A. Rappoldi, F. Mauri, P. Picchi, Q. Zhang, Shingo Suzuki, Hui Wang, S. Parlati, David B. Cline, P. Cennini, Mario Terrani, Z. Xu, A. Gigli Berzolari, Paola Sala, R. Dolfini, F. Cavanna, F. Casagrande, O. Consorte, G. Mannocchi, J. Woo, S. Centro, G. Piano Mortari, K. He, S. Otwinowski, Z. Li, J. Ma, Sandro Ventura, S. Zheng, A. Piazzoli, G. Xu, C. Montanari, C. Carpanese, C. Matthey, E. Calligarich, A. Pepato, Paola Torre, F. Arneodo, F. Sergiampietri, Yi Chen, F. Pietropaolo, C. Vignoli, J. P. Revol, Alessandro Bettini, Massimo Rossella, Silvia Resconi, Chang Chen, G.L. Raselli, D. A. Scannicchio, D. Pascoli, P. Benetti, X.P. Huang, Alessandra Cesana, R. Nardò, A. Borio di Tigliole, L. Mazzone, C. Rubbia, M. Verdecchia, L. Periale, D. Cavalli, A. Ferrari, and Chao Zhang

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Monte Carlo method, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Scintillator, Nuclear physics, Optics, Scintillation counter, Calibration, Neutron detection, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutron, Monochromatic color, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Nuclear Experiment, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

The recoil proton energy response has been measured by exposing cylindrical cells, filled with BC501A BICRON liquid scintillator, to mono-energetic neutron reference fields. We determine the required calibration parameters and report the detailed procedures for the experimental data handling. A dedicated Monte Carlo simulation of the detector response and efficiency has been performed. It showed good agreement with the measured quantities. The results from this calibration are necessary for a detailed study of the neutron spectrum at the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory, with a neutron detector made of 32 liquid scintillator cells, like those used during the calibration.

Published
1998

26. Neutron-sensitive resistive plate chambers

Author

Roberto Cardarelli, E. Calligarich, Mario Terrani, R. Santonico, Alessandra Cesana, and G.L. Raselli

Subjects
Resistive touchscreen, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Optical engineering, Electrical engineering, Boron carbide, engineering.material, Neutron temperature, chemistry.chemical_compound, Coating, chemistry, Electrode, engineering, Optoelectronics, Neutron detection, Neutron, business
Abstract

Resistive Plate Chambers, RPC, are wireless gaseous detectors working with a uniform field generated by two parallel electrode plates of high bulk resistivity. They can be made sensitive to thermal neutrons by a thin layer of boron carbide coating the electrode internal surface and acting as neutron converter. This presentation describes the performance of a neutron sensitive RPC and discusses possible ideas concerning RPC's optimization as neutron detectors. The purpose of this research is to realize an inexpensive position sensitive neutron detector suitable for applications where large detection areas are required.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Published
1993

28. MEASUREMENT OF MULTI-MUON EVENTS IN A FLASH CHAMBER TRACKING CALORIMETER AT SEA-LEVEL

Author

Sergio P Ratti, A. Lanza, P. Torre, R. Santonico, G. De Zorzi, Roberto Cardarelli, P. Gauzzi, G. Bressi, M. Conversi, A. Rappoldi, F. Massa, F. Mauri, E. Calligarich, Cesare Bini, M. Cambiaghi, Mario Terrani, D. A. Scannicchio, G.L. Raselli, G. Liguori, M. Genoni, A. Gigli Berzolari, D. Zanello, R. Dolfini, and A. Piazzoli

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Flash (photography), Range (particle radiation), Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Anomaly (natural sciences), High Energy Physics::Experiment, Angular resolution, Cosmic ray, Tracking (particle physics), Calorimeter
Abstract

The rate and angular distribution of multi-muons events in extensive air showers (EAS) are measured at sea level by a high-efficiency flash chamber calorimeter with an angular resolution of about 0.5°. Data are compared with the predictions of the low-energy composition model (LEC) of the primary cosmic-rays energy spectrum in the range (1014”1016) eV and agreement has been found. The measured time correlation between multi-muons events is also discussed. No anomaly has been found.

Published
1991

29. Anisotropy in the direction of cosmic-muon bundles observed at sea level in the Northern Hemisphere

Author

R. Cardarelli, M. Conversi, Paola Torre, G. Bressi, M. Cambiaghi, R. Santonico, A. Piazzoli, F. Massa, Sergio P Ratti, Mario Terrani, E. Calligarich, G. De Zorzi, Cesare Bini, F. Mauri, M. Genoni, D. Zanello, R. Dolfini, P. Gauzzi, A. Rappoldi, G. Liguori, A. Gigli Berzolari, A. Lanza, D. A. Scannicchio, and G.L. Raselli

Subjects
Physics, Muon, Amplitude, Meteorology, Calorimeter (particle physics), Northern Hemisphere, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Anisotropy, Right ascension, Tracking (particle physics)
Abstract

Parallel muon bundles have been observed utilizing a tracking calorimeter of flash chambers and lead-iron absorbers. The right ascension distribution of about 13 000 events collected in 27.8 days of run is anisotropic. Its first Fourier harmonic has an amplitude of (4.9 ± 1.2) 10-2 and a phase of (236 ± 13)°.

Published
1990

30. Neutron Spectral Analysis of the Caorso Boiling Water Reactor Cavity and Sacrificial Shield Penetrations and Comparison with the Irradiation Experiment Results

Author

G. Mariotti, G. Sandrelli, P. Barbucci, Alessandra Cesana, Mario Terrani, N. Cerullo, and P. Riscossa

Subjects
Neutron transport, Materials science, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear engineering, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Nuclear reactor core, Neutron flux, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron cross section, Neutron source, Boiling water reactor, Neutron, 021108 energy, Reactor pressure vessel
Abstract

An analysis of the neutron transport in the region around the Caorso (a 2600-MW (thermal) boiling water reactor) reactor pressure vessel and the streaming through three penetrations of the sacrificial shield, located at various distances from the reactor core midplane, was performed. The DOT 4.2 and MORSE codes were used to evaluate the neutron flux levels and spectra in several locations, some of which are very far from the neutron source. The calculational methodology used for this analysis is described, and the results are compared with those of some measurements carried out at the Caorso power station during the second cycle of operation using the multiple foil activation technique. A comparison shows that the agreement is good from both the neutron total flux and energy distribution points of view. Possible reasons for some observed discrepancies are discussed.

Published
1988

31. The Group Structure of Cross-Section Libraries in Neutron Activation Spectrometry

Author

V. Sangiust, Alessandra Cesana, G. Sandrelli, and Mario Terrani

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Nuclear reaction, Physics, Matrix (mathematics), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Hadron, Neutron, Nucleon, Spectral line, Neutron temperature, Neutron activation
Abstract

Cross-section libraries and input neutron spectrum data are generally required in the application of activation neutron spectrometry and are usually given in the form of group values. Fine structures (620 groups for the energy range from 10/sup -10/ to 18 MeV) are often used. but problems arise if adjustment codes implying matrix calculations are adopted. In this Note, the errors deriving from the use of a coarse (40-group) structure are estimated and discussed making special reference to a fast neutron spectrum.

Published
1982

32. A cosmic ray veto system based on the direction of flight technique

Author

P. Benetti, M. Genoni, Mario Terrani, E. Calligarich, R. Dolfini, Andrea Testi, G.L. Raselli, M. Cambiaghi, and A. Tomaselli

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, COSMIC cancer database, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Veto, Rare events, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Instrumentation
Abstract

A study of a veto system efficient on a large surface is reported for those experiments in which rather rare events must be discriminated against the cosmic background. The technique proposed in this paper recognizes the events induced by cosmic rays from the direction of flight (DOF) of the crossing particles. The performance of a setup based on the DOF technique has been experimentally tested; the results are presented and discussed.

Published
1989

33. An apparatus to search for free neutron-antineutron oscillations

Author

D. A. Scannicchio, G. Liguori, G. De Zorzi, A. Gigli Berzolari, P. Torre, R. Santonico, Roberto Cardarelli, D. Zanello, G. Bressi, M. Cambiaghi, F. Mauri, Mario Terrani, R. Dolfini, Sergio P Ratti, F. Massa, M. Conversi, A. Lanza, E. Calligarich, and A. Piazzoli

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear reactor, Scintillator, Antineutron, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Earth's magnetic field, law, Neutron, Baryon number, Instrumentation, Phenomenology (particle physics)
Abstract

After recalling the phenomenology of neutron-antineutron oscillations expected to occur if the baryon number is not rigorously conserved, the apparatus developed and used in a search for such a process, currently being carried out at the Pavia nuclear reactor, is described in some detail. The apparatus involves a large volume neutron channel (∼ 20 m 3 ) in which the earth magnetic field has been reduced by a factor 50, and large area detectors (scintillators, flash chambers and “resistive plate counters”) operating under conditions of extremely severe background from the reactor.

Published
1987

34. Delayed Neutron Yields from Fission of Uranium-233, Neptunium-237, Plutonium-238, -240, -241, and Americium-241

Author

V. Sangiust, G. Benedetti, Mario Terrani, Alessandra Cesana, and G. Sandrelli

Subjects
Physics, Fission, Neptunium, Radiochemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Americium, Fast fission, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Uranium-233, Neutron, Nuclide, Delayed neutron
Abstract

The results of a measurement of periods and yields of delayed neutrons from “fast” fission of 237Np, 238Pu, 241Am, 233U, 240Pu, and 241Pu are presented. For the first three nuclides, only a few inc...

Published
1982

35. An empirical method for peak-to-total ratio computation of a gamma-ray detector

Author

Mario Terrani and Alessandra Cesana

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Photon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Computation, Monte Carlo method, Detector, Function (mathematics), Computational physics, Gamma ray detectors, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Instrumentation, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

A simple expression for peak-to-total ratio evaluation of gamma-ray detectors in the energy range 0.3–10 MeV is proposed. The quantities one needs to know for the computation are: detector dimensions and chemical composition, photon cross sections and an empirical energy dependent function which is valid for all the detector materials considered. This procedure seems able to produce peak-to-total values with an accuracy comparable with the most sophisticated Monte Carlo calculations. It has been tested using experimental peak-to-total values of Ge, NaI, CsI and BGO detectors but it is reasonable to suppose that it is valid for any detector material.

Published
1989

36. Time Behavior of the Neutron Flux at the Vessel Boundary of a Boiling Water Reactor Power Plant

Author

Alessandra Cesana, G. Sandrelli, and Mario Terrani

Subjects
Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear engineering, Physics::Medical Physics, Nuclear Theory, Neutron poison, Neutron temperature, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Neutron flux, Iodine pit, Neutron cross section, Boiling water reactor, Nuclear Experiment, Neutron moderator, Reactor pressure vessel
Abstract

The results of a recent measurement of the neutron fluence at the vessel outer boundary of the Caorso Nuclear Power Plant show that the neutron flux per unit power was not constant during the reactor operation. This effect, usually not mentioned, may induce serious errors in the results of neutron dosimetry by the multiple foil activation technique.

Published
1987

37. Consistency of Cross-Section Data in Integral Experiments

Author

Alessandra Cesana, V. Sangiust, G. Sandrelli, and Mario Terrani

Subjects
Cross-sectional data, Mathematical optimization, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Activation technique, Nuclear Theory, Spectrum (functional analysis), Consistency (statistics), Physics::Accelerator Physics, Neutron, Statistical physics, Nuclear Experiment, FOIL method, Mathematics
Abstract

A neutron spectrum adjustment with the multiple foil activation technique has been performed on two fast neutron facilities.

Published
1985

38. Experimental Validation of Neutron Spectra Calculated via Transport Codes

Author

Mario Terrani, Alessandra Cesana, V. Sangiust, G. Sandrelli, and E. Borioli

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Crystallography, Ordinate, Materials science, Neutron flux, Neutron spectra, Experimental validation, FOIL method
Abstract

The results of discrete ordinate DOT calculations are compared with Multiple Foil Activation measurements performed at RB-2/TV research facility (Montecuccolino Laboratories, Bologna) and at Caorso power plant (Caorso, Piacenza).

Published
1985

39. Search for Free Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations

Author

P. Torre, R. Santonico, D. Zanello, Mario Terrani, Sergio P Ratti, M. Cambiaghi, G. Bressi, A. Lanza, A. Gigli Berzolari, Roberto Cardarelli, A. Piazzoli, E. Calligarich, F. Mauri, M. Conversi, D. A. Scannicchio, G. Liguori, G. De Zorzi, F. Massa, and R. Dolfini

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Conservation law, Proton decay, Neutron, Elementary particle, Baryon number, Quantum field theory, Nuclear Experiment, Antineutron, Neutron temperature
Abstract

Small violations of the baryon number conservation law are predicted by the Grand Unified Theories. Several attempts have been made to observe a ΔB = 1 violation in proton decay experiments. The negative result of these searches can also be interpreted to give a lower limit in the range 107 ÷108 sec to the characteristic time of the ΔB = 2 process of n — n oscillations. But this limit rests on nuclear model assumptions. Only one experiment has been carried out so far to search directly for free neutron-antineutron oscillations, using cold neutrons from the ILL Grenoble reactor [1].

Published
1989

40. ICARUS 600 ton: A status report

Author

F. Sergiampietri, F. Mauri, P. Cennini, L. Periale, Z. Xu, F. Carli, A. Ferrari, Paola Sala, F. Lu, R. Dolfini, T. Rancati, F. Arneodo, A. Gigli Berzolari, C. Vignoli, J. P. Revol, David B. Cline, C. Carpanese, Sandro Ventura, C. Rossi, I. De Mitri, C. Cinquini, A. Borio di Tigliole, P. Goudsmit, J. Ma, A. Rappoldi, F. Pietropaolo, P. Picchi, Chao Zhang, C. Rubbia, G. Piano-Mortari, D. Favaretto, R. Brunetti, Mario Terrani, A. Badertscher, L. Mazzone, Q. Zhang, G. Nurzia, André Rubbia, Donatella Cavalli, A. Bueno, S. Zheng, E. Barbieri, O. Palamara, P. Benetti, A. Piazzoli, M. Verdecchia, E. Calligarich, G. Xu, S. Centro, Alessandra Cesana, C. Montanari, S. Petrera, Shingo Suzuki, Hui Wang, J. Woo, K. He, F. Cavanna, Z. Li, Daniela Rebuzzi, Xiaojing Huang, G. Mannocchi, Massimo Rossella, M. Campanelli, D. Mazza, J. Rico, S. Otwinowski, A. Pepato, D. A. Scannicchio, D. Pascoli, Chang Chen, G.L. Raselli, and Yi-Chun Chen

Subjects
ICARUS, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Engineering, business.industry, Detector, Electrical engineering, Modular design, Status report, Mechanical components, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Advanced phase, Ton, Aerospace engineering, business, Realization (systems)
Abstract

The goal of the ICARUS Project is the installation of a multi-kiloton LAr TPC in the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory. The programme foresees the realization of the detector in a modular way. The first step is the construction of a 600 ton module which is now at an advanced phase. It will be mounted and tested in Pavia in one year and then it will be moved to Gran Sasso for the final operation. The major cryogenic and purification systems and the mechanical components of the detector have been constructed and tested in a 10 m3 prototype. The results of these tests are here summarized.

41. FLUKA simulations for low-energy neutron interactions and experimental validation

Author

Arnaud Ferrari, Mario Terrani, Paola Sala, R. Dolfini, A. Borio di Tigliole, G.L. Raselli, and Alessandra Cesana

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Monte Carlo method, Neutron source, Neutron detection, Neutron, Scintillator, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Neutron spectroscopy
Abstract

The response functions of a commercial neutron detector filled with BICRON BC501A liquid scintillator are computed using the FLUKA Monte Carlo program. The simulation results are necessary to perform a direct spectroscopy by unfolding the measured proton recoil spectrum by means of the response functions of the detector using the SAND II code. The measurement of the flux intensity and of the energy distribution of a calibrated AmBe neutron source validates the method showing a good agreement with the known quantities.

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