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La investigación tiene por objetivo determinar el efecto que tiene el desempeño docente en la satisfacción académica de los estudiantes de la Escuela Académico Profesional de Administración de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca. El nivel de la investigación fue descriptivo - correlacional de diseño no experimental y por su temporalidad de corte transaccional, teniendo como periodo de análisis el semestre 2017 – I y el semestre 2017 – II. Se formuló como hipótesisque “el desempeño docente tiene un efecto directo y significativo en la satisfacción académicade los estudiantes de la Escuela de Administración de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca” y se tomó como unidad de análisis a dicha institución. Así también, se utilizó el coeficiente decorrelación de Pearson para encontrar si la relación entre las dos variables pudo representarsepor una línea recta y su significancia. La población estuvo conformada por 1,176 casos deestudiantes para el semestre 2017 – I y 1,275 casos de estudiantes para el semestre 2017 – II de ambos sexos que respondieron por completo la encuesta y escala de Likert. Los instrumentos que se utilizaron fueron: El Cuestionario de Satisfacción de los Estudiantes Universitarios con su Educación (Gento y Vivas, 2003) y una escala tipo Likert conformada por noventa y tres (93) ítems, cada uno, enfocado a conocer el nivel de satisfacción académica de los estudiantes. Mientras que para medir el desempeño docente se utilizó el cuestionario de evaluación del desempeño docente (Valdés, 2004) y una escala tipo Likert conformada por veinticinco (25) ítems, cada uno, enfocado a medir el desempeño docente durante los dos semestres del periodo 2017. Como resultado del análisis estadístico del semestre 2017 - I, se encontró que existe unacorrelación positiva (r = 0.364) y altamente significativa (p < 0.05) entre el desempeño docentey la satisfacción académica del estudiante; mientras que los resultados del análisis estadístico del semestre 2017 - II, arrojaron que existe una correlación positiva (r = 0.210) y altamentesignificativa (p < 0.05) entre el desempeño docente y la satisfacción académica del estudiante. Porlo que la presente investigación permitió contrastar la hipótesis, concluyendo que el desempeñodocente tiene un efecto directo y significativo en la satisfacción académica de los estudiantes dela Escuela Académico Profesional de Administración de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca. Palabras Clave: Desempeño docente, satisfacción académica, estudiantes.

RESUMEN Introducción: Paraguay, con alto desarrollo de agricultura extensiva, es potencialmente vulnerable a situaciones relacionadas con manejo inadecuado, falta de prevención y riesgos para la salud individual, comunitaria y ambiental, por incumplimiento de buenas prácticas en la selección, manipulación y gestión de plaguicidas. Objetivo: Diseñar e implementar un método de vigilancia con carga de datos del sistema público para detectar, jerarquizar y mapear eventos relacionados al manejo inadecuado de plaguicidas; establecer posibles asociaciones con causas de morbilidad y mortalidad; y seguimiento para evaluar riesgos relativos. Métodos: Con la creación del Sistema de Información Georreferenciado de Evaluación de Casos de afecciones a la Salud (SIGEC), método web que recolecta información del monitoreo comunitario de manejo y posibles efectos de plaguicidas en pequeños productores y empresas agrícolas, y de parcelas de plantaciones en el territorio nacional, se realizó un estudio de vigilancia epidemiológica sobre condiciones de vida, variables ambientales y riesgo de exposición a plaguicidas. Resultados: Al relacionar datos del egreso hospitalario de enfermedades trazadoras (EH) 2011 - 2015, en mapas por Departamentos, Regiones del Estudio Piloto y por Distritos, se observó una concentración de las mismas en 3 a 4 regiones relacionadas al uso de plaguicidas, repitiéndose dicha situación en patologías con concentraciones altas (color rojo) o intermedias (color amarillo), con posible asociación casual o causal. Los demás distritos de estas regiones observadas que se encuentran coloreadas de verde, no implica ausencia de casos registrados, sino que se encuentran en el tercio inferior del total registrado (tabla a la izquierda de los mapas). La poligonización valora el grado de exposición de personas en riesgo y brinda georreferenciamiento de las variables del Monitoreo Comunitario, además permite seguimiento mediante gráficos de puntos, útiles para los tomadores de decisiones en salud. Las herramientas propuestas son amigables y similares a las del Censo Comunitario realizado por estadígrafos regionales en las USF. Conclusiones: La vigilancia epidemiológica basada en el SIGEC complementa la visión parcial de los actuales sistemas de seguimiento del MSP y BS mediante la información en gráficos georreferenciados, visualiza datos del problema de salud planteado, en un territorio específico, utiliza variables ambientales y laborales con posible relación a exposición de plaguicidas, en formato de lectura fácil, convirtiéndola en herramienta útil para el posterior seguimiento a través de investigaciones con diseño pertinente, utilizando modelos estadísticos apropiados, para la posterior aplicación de políticas públicas. ABSTRACT Introduction: Paraguay, with high development of extensive agriculture, is potentially vulnerable to situations related to inadequate management, lack of prevention and risks to individual, community and environmental health, due to non-compliance with good practices in the selection, handling and management of pesticides. Objective: Design and implement a surveillance method with data loading of the public system to detect, prioritize and map events related to the inadequate handling of pesticides; establish possible associations with causes of morbidity and mortality; and monitoring to assess relative risks. Methods: With the creation of the Georeferenced Information System for the Evaluation of Cases of Health Conditions (SIGEC), a web method that collects information on community monitoring of management and possible effects of pesticides on small producers and agricultural companies, and on plantation plots In the national territory, an epidemiological surveillance study was conducted on life conditions, environmental variables and risk of exposure to pesticides. Results: When relating hospital discharge data of tracer diseases (EH) 2011 - 2015, in maps by Departments, Regions of the Pilot Study and by Districts, a concentration of them was observed in 3 to 4 regions related to the use of pesticides, repeating this situation in pathologies with high concentrations (red color) or intermediate (yellow color), with possible causal or casual association. The other districts of these observed regions that are colored green, does not imply absence of registered cases, but they are in the lower third of the total registered (table on the left of the maps). Poligonization assesses the degree of exposure of people at risk and provides georeferencing of the Community Monitoring variables, and also allows monitoring through point charts, useful for health decision-makers. The proposed tools are friendly and similar to those of the Community Census conducted by regional statisticians at the USF. Conclusions: The epidemiological surveillance based on the SIGEC complements the partial vision of the current monitoring systems of the MSP and BS through the information in georeferenced graphs, visualizes data of the health problem raised, in a specific territory, uses environmental and labor variables with possible relation to exposure of pesticides, in easy reading format, making it a useful tool for subsequent monitoring through relevant design investigations, using appropriate statistical models, for the subsequent application of public policies.

Melatonin improves metabolic alterations associated with obesity and its diabetes (diabesity). We intend to determine whether this improvement is exerted by changing Zn and/or Cu tissue levels in liver, muscle, pancreas, and brain, and in internal (perirenal, perigonadal, and omentum) and subcutaneous lumbar white adipose tissues (IWAT and SWAT, respectively). Male Zücker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and lean littermates (ZL) were orally supplemented either with melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight/day) or vehicle for 6 weeks. Zn and Cu concentrations were not significantly influenced by diabesity in the analyzed tissues (p &gt, 0.05), with the exception of Zn in liver. In skeletal muscle Zn and Cu, and in perirenal WAT, only Zn levels increased significantly with melatonin supplementation in ZDF rats (p &lt, 0.05). This cytoplasmic Zn enhancement would be probably associated with the upregulation of several Zn influx membrane transporters (Zips) and could explain the amelioration in the glycaemia and insulinaemia by upregulating the Akt and downregulating the inhibitor PTP1B, in obese and diabetic conditions. Enhanced Zn and Cu levels in muscle cells could be related to the reported antioxidant melatonin activity exerted by increasing the Zn, Cu-SOD, and extracellular Cu-SOD activity. In conclusion, melatonin, by increasing the muscle levels of Zn and Cu, joined with our previously reported findings improves glycaemia, insulinaemia, and oxidative stress in this diabesity animal model.

An inventory of the total population of isolated rural villages of the most affected Ecuadorian Andean provinces by endemic goiter was made. In each of these villages iodine content in urine, salt and water was determined. It was conclusive that the chronic iodine deficiency is sine qua non condition for the endemic; but the severity of the endemic; but the severity of the endemic doesn’t have relationship with the magnitude of the lack, rather due to the intercourse of socio-economic and biological intercurrent deficitary factors. Even with the iodine deficiency and the intercourse of the communities located more than 3,500 m, adove sea level, did not present goiter with endemic characteristics. The severity of the endemic was determined to be correlated with: incidence of nodular goiters, in the general population in the first two decades of life, presence of big goiters, incidence of goiters mean in the relation to that in woman. All of wich is epidemiologically related to the incidence of defects that would begin appearing in endemic form in a community, and in accord to the severity would follow the following order of appearing in the endemic form in a community, and in accord to the severity would follow the following order od appearance: motor abnormalities, mental deficiency, deafmutism, deafness and mutism. Finally, a familiar tendency was clearly demonstrated so that a cretin child would be born, and no relationship, on familial level, between incidence and type of goiter and the appearance.

Security and reliability in cyber-physical systems is a task that has attracted the attention of the community, due to cyber-attacks that have been occurring. A microgrid is a typical cyber-physical system that uses different sources of power generation for supply to a specific population. The adequate coordination on each one of the implemented control schemes allows an adequate functioning of the system. However, this type of system is susceptible to malicious attacks, that affect the performance and operation of the system. This paper addresses the detection and isolation of attacks that affect communication channels with the failed transmission of sensor data and/or controllers. The method of detection and isolation of faults is used, to identify the origin of the attack and provide an intuitive idea of the type of attack that is affecting the system.

It takes approximately 14 yr to produce a new rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety, that is, from initial hybridization to its commercial release. Currently, new varieties are identified based on morphological descriptors, which have been efficient over time. However, due to the main constraints on seed type impose to other breeding objectives and the pressure of continuous release of varieties, high degree of parentage, and genetic and morphological uniformity has been observed in the breeding populations. The objectives of this study were: to determine the genetic variability of Chilean and foreign commercial rice varieties, and determine, identify, and certify the genetic relationships among varieties, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 16 commercial varieties, some of them closely related, were included in the study, which were genetically analyzed using 54 microsatellites. The 54 microsatellite loci allowed the discrimination among the 16 varieties. The number of alleles ranged between 2 and 8 with a mean of 3.54 alleles per locus, while the polymorphism information content (PIC) presented a mean of 0.44. The genetic distance and diversity parameters between pairs of varieties indicate a limited diversity among these genotypes. The cluster analysis indicated that varieties were grouped according to their grain type and pedigree. Results demonstrate that the identification and certification of varieties using microsatellite markers could be a good complement to existing agro-morphological data when varieties are closed related.

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in Chile is being affected by silver disease whose causative agent is Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar. This fungus causes a decrease in the yield of the fruit and the death of the plant. So far, this disease has not been reported in the literature attacking blueberry plants in Chile. The main objective of this research was to characterize genetically the populations of Ch. purpureum at molecular level using the ITS-RFLP markers. The results of the ITS-RFLP indicate a low level of diversity in the Chilean populations of Ch. purpureum. When analyzing the isolates collected in blueberry, two large groups were configured in the dendrogram. The first one grouped 49 isolates with the same molecular profile and in the second cluster there was a greater diversity among the isolates. On the other hand, when we analyzed Ch. purpureum isolates collected in other hosts, 12 isolates constituted a group with identical molecular profile with the 49 isolates collected from blueberry. Analysis of variance of the molecular data showed that there were no statistical differences between Ch. purpureum collected in different areas or in different hosts. El arándano en Chile está siendo afectado por la enfermedad del “plateado” cuyo agente causal es Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar. Este hongo produce una disminución en el rendimiento de la fruta y la muerte de la planta. Hasta ahora, esta enfermedad no se ha reportado en la literatura atacando plantas de arándano en Chile. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue caracterizar genéticamente las poblaciones de Ch. purpureum a nivel molecular utilizando los marcadores ITS-RFLP. Los resultados de los ITS-RFLP indican un bajo nivel de diversidad en las poblaciones Chilenas de Ch. purpureum. Al analizar los aislados recolectados en arándano se configuraron en el dendrograma dos grandes grupos. El primero de ellos agrupó 49 aislamientos con el mismo perfil molecular y en el segundo cluster hubo una mayor diversidad entre los aislados. Por otro lado, cuando se analizaron aislados de Ch. purpureum recolectados en otros huéspedes, 12 aislados constituyeron un grupo con idéntico perfil molecular con los 49 aislados recolectados de arándano. El análisis de varianza de los datos moleculares mostró que no había diferencias estadísticas entre Ch. purpureum recolectado en zonas diferentes o en diferentes huéspedes. Fil: Rojo, Carmen. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile Fil: Becerra, Viviana. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile Fil: France, Andrés. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile Fil: Paredes, Mario Sebastian. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile Fil: Buddie, Alan. Cabi; Reino Unido Fil: Balzarini, Monica Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Departamento de Desarrollo Rural. Area de Estadística y Biometría; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina

Rice Breeding Program (RBP) of the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) at Chillán, Chile, has a rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm collection that consists of 1200 accessions, mainly temperate japonica rice accessions, well adapted to the local conditions. Most of the new introduced accessions adapt very poorly to Chilean agroecological conditions because of requirements of long days and cold tolerance. The objectives of this study were to use microsatellites to evaluate level of polymorphism of a representative sample of this collection and determine its genetic diversity and relationships with cultivated germplasm from different geographical origin. A total of 249 genotypes were analyzed with 30 selected polymorphic microsatellites. Total number of alleles scored across 249 genotypes was 183 with an overall mean of 6.1 alleles per locus, ranging 2-14. The mean major allele (most common) frequency was 0.61 and mean minor allele frequency was 0.028. The overall mean gene diversity across 30 SSR loci was 0.52. Mean heterozygosity was 0.01, and mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value was 0.47. The accessions were organized by structure analysis into three main groups and revealed a fairly consistent genetic relationship with dendrogram and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). The temperate japonica accessions can be further subdivided into three subpopulations where long and short grain Chilean varieties were grouped into different clusters. The three populations showed different level of admixture, admixture probably due to previous breeding work through years. Results indicate that polymorphism levels of Chilean rice temperate japonica collection has similar magnitude as temperate japonica germplasm reported in the literature.

Low temperature is one of the main abiotic stresses affecting rice yield in Chile. Alterations in phenology and physiology of the crop are observed after a cold event. The objective of this work was to study the relative expression of genes related with cold stress in Chilean cultivars of rice. For this, we analyzed the expression of candidate genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR), after exposure to cold of the rice cultivars Diamante-INIA and Zafiro-INIA and one experimental line from INIA´s Rice Breeding Program in Chile, Quila 241701, with known high cold tolerance. For analysis, the Spanish cultivar, Susan, was used as check tolerance and Oryzica 1 as susceptible check. Oxidative stress was measured through lipid peroxidation. To find mechanisms of cold tolerance in Chilean cultivars, we determined the relative expression of genes related with oxidative stress, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT). Lipid peroxidation allowed the measurement of the physiological stress level of the genotypes under study. The results indicate that lipid peroxidation in Oryzica 1 was higher than in the other genotypes. No differences were observed in expression levels of gene-encoding SOD and GR between genotypes. Contrary to expected results, high level of the gene-encoding CAT enzyme in Oryzica 1 after cold stress was observed. Future experiment, related with enzymatic activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanism, are necessary to elucidate the relationship between cold stress and expression levels of gene-encoding antioxidant enzyme in Chilean rice germplasm. Keywords: Cold stress, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol 13(25) 2506-2512

Este articulo provee un panorama general de la investigacion en curso del Instituto de Geografia de la UNAM, que busca crear una metodologia integral para el desarrollo de cartografia de inventarios multitemporales, de susceptibilidad y estimacion de volumenes de deslizamientos mediante el uso de Sistemas de Informacion Geografica (SIG). La metodologia se establece para terrenos volcanicos, donde deslizamientos superficiales y flujos de escombros son frecuentes a lo largo de las laderas y los sistemas fluviales de los volcanes. La cuenca del Rio Chiquito-Barranca del Muerto en el flanco suroeste del volcan Pico de Orizaba se ha seleccionado como caso de estudio para caracterizar las areas que son propensas a la inestabilidad de las laderas en terrenos volcanicos. La ocurrencia de deslizamientos se determino a traves de un inventario de deslizamientos creado a partir de fotos aereas multitemporales y trabajo de campo. En este estudio se modela (simula) la susceptibilidad a deslizamientos usando un modelo cartografico-hidrologico (Stability Index MAPping (SINMAP)) y un modelo estadistico (Regresion Logistica Multiple (RLM)). Ambos modelos estan integrados dentro de la aplicacion LOGISNET (desarrollado mediante el uso de macros (AML) del sistema de informacion geografica (SIG) ArcInfo Workstation. Su implementacion mostro que ambos modelos poseen un grado moderado de concordancia con el inventario de deslizamientos, prefiriendose la RLM para futuros analisis por su flexibilidad de incluir otras variables. Para la estimacion de volumenes de materiales aportados por los deslizamientos a los cauces, se seleccionaron los deslizamientos superficiales. El area y volumen de deslizamientos superficiales individuales fueron obtenidos en campo y a traves de la base de datos del inventario de deslizamientos, para establecer una relacion empirica: area-volumen. La relacion se utilizo para el uso de una ley de potencias con la que se estimo el volumen total de deslizamientos de tierra en el area de estudio. Los resultados son importantes para comprender la evolucion a largo plazo del sistema fluvial en el flanco suroeste del volcan Pico de Orizaba, y apoyar el desarrollo de una metodologia util para la elaboracion de inventarios, el analisis de la susceptibilidad y estimacion de volumenes de deslizamientos en terrenos volcanicos.

Background: Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is among the most frequently occurring congenital malformations worldwide. The number of genetic loci identified as being involved in NSCL/P etiology was recently increased by a large genome-wide meta-analysis of European and Asian samples. This meta-analysis confirmed all six previously recognized genetic susceptibility loci and identified six novel ones. Methods: To investigate which of these 12 loci contribute to NSCL/P risk in an independent sample of distinct ethnicity, we performed a case–control association analysis in a sample of the Mesoamerican population. A total of 153 individuals with NSCL/P (cases) and 337 unaffected controls were included. Top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 8 of the 12 loci (1p22.1, 1p36, 2p21, 3p11.1, 8q21.3, 13q31.1, 15q22, and 20q12) were analyzed using mass spectroscopy and restriction-length-fragment polymorphism analyses. In a previous study, we had analyzed the remaining four NSCL/P susceptibility regions (IRF6, 8q24, 10q25, and 17q22) in the same sample. Results: Single-marker association analyses applying allelic, dominant, and recessive models revealed nominal significant associations for four of the eight loci, with two additional loci showing at least a trend of association in the hypothesized direction. Conclusion: In combination with results from our previous study using the same sample, our data suggest that the majority of the known NSCL/P susceptibility regions identified to date also confer risk for this malformation in the Mesoamerican population. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:43–47, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In volcanic terrains, dormant stratovolcanoes are very common and can trigger landslides and debris flows continually along stream systems, thereby affecting human settlements and economic activities. It is important to assess their potential impact and damage through the use of landslide inventory maps and landslide models. In Mexico, numerous geographic information systems (GIS)-based applications have been used to represent and assess slope stability. However, there is no practical and standardized landslide mapping methodology under a GIS. This work provides an overview of the ongoing research project from the Institute of Geography at the National Autonomous University of Mexico that seeks to conduct a multi-temporal landslide inventory and produce a landslide susceptibility map by using GIS. The Rio El Estado watershed on the southwestern flank of Pico de Orizaba volcano, the highest mountain in Mexico, is selected as a study area. The geologic and geomorphologic factors in combination with high seasonal precipitation, high degree of weathering, and steep slopes predispose the study area to landslides. The method encompasses two main levels of analysis to assess landslide susceptibility. First, the project aims to derive a landslide inventory map from a representative sample of landslides using aerial orthophotographs and field work. Next, the landslide susceptibility is modelled by using multiple logistic regression implemented in a GIS platform. The technique and its implementation of each level in a GISs-based technology is presented and discussed.

Volcanic regions with stratovolcanoes and monogenetic fields are very common and have the potential to trigger along their stream systems landslides and debris flows that damage human settlements, industrial development, cattle raising, forestry, and agricultural activities. However, a practical and standardized landslide mapping methodology using GIS for landslides that occur continually along the stream systems in volcanic terrains has not been applied in Mexico. As a result, landslide inventory maps and related geo-databases that support the prediction of future slope instability in volcanic terrains are lacking. Also, little work has been done on the systematic comparison of different models to predict landslide susceptibility. In this study, a landslide inventory map is derived from a representative sample of landslides using multi-temporal aerial-photo-interpretation and field investigations. The stability is modeled using LOGISNET (Multiple Logistic Regression, Geographic Information System, and Neural Network) as a tool to compare and contrasts the advantages and limitations of two landslides susceptibility models: Stability Index MAPping (SINMAP) and Multiple Logistic Regression (MLR). Both models are embedded in LOGISNET to predict landslides and facilitate the analysis. The validations of the resulting susceptibility maps were performed by comparing them with the inventory map in a contingency table. This research uses the stream system of the Rio Chiquito-Barranca del Muerto watershed as a case-study area. The study area is located in the SW flank of Pico de Orizaba, Volcano, Veracruz-Puebla.

After corrosion failure of post-tensioned tendons was identified in a Florida bridge in early 2011, laboratory tests were conducted in this study on extracted sections from the failed tendons to identify the grout properties and makeup leading to the failure and also to elucidate the mechanism of corrosion. The initial steps in identification of PT tendons with a high propensity for corrosion initiation or damaged included a detailed visual inspection and identification of voids in the grout. Voids in tendon can be a result of bleed water formation or construction problems. General characteristics of the deficient grout and corrosion behavior of steel in the affected bridge gave a first approach to assessing grout deficiency and corrosion susceptibility. However, refinements in the understanding of the mechanisms causing grout segregation and the elucidation of the role of sulfates, oxygen content, and pore water pH in corrosion development are required.

Low temperature is one of the main environmental constraints for rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain production yield. It is known that multi-environment studies play a critical role in the sustainability of rice production across diverse environments. However, there are few studies based on multi-environment studies of rice in temperate climates. The aim was to study the performance of rice plants in cold environments. Four experimental lines and six cultivars were evaluated at three locations during three seasons. The grain yield data were analyzed with ANOVA, mixed models based on the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs), and genotype plus Genotype × Environment interaction (GGE) biplot. High genotype contribution (> 25%) was observed in grain yield and the interaction between genotype and locations was not very important. Results also showed that ‘Quila 241319’ was the best experimental line with the highest grain yield (11.3 t ha-1) and grain yield stability across the environments; commercial cultivars were classified as medium grain yield genotypes. Fil: Donoso-Ñanculao, Gabriel. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile Fil: Paredes, Mario. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile Fil: Becerra, Viviana. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile Fil: Arrepol, Camila. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile Fil: Balzarini, Monica Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Departamento de Desarrollo Rural. Area de Estadística y Biometría; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina

Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is one of the most common of all congenital malformations and has a multifactorial etiology. Findings in mice suggest that the v-ski sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (SKI) gene is a candidate gene for orofacial clefting. In humans, a significant association between rs2843159 within SKI and NSCL/P has been reported in patients from the Philippines and South America. In the South American patients, the association was driven by the subgroup of patients with non-syndromic cleft lip only (NSCLO). Here we investigated the association with rs2843159 in a Mayan Mesoamerican population (172 NSCL/P patients and 366 controls). In addition, we analyzed the phenotypic subgroups NSCLO and non-syndromic cleft of lip and palate (NSCLP). A trend towards association between rs2843159 and NSCL/P was observed in the Mayan cohort (P = 0.097), and we found a stronger association in the NSCLP subgroup (P = 0.072) despite a limited sample size. To investigate whether other common variants within the SKI gene contribute to NSCL/P susceptibility in European and Asian populations, we also analyzed genotypic data from two recent genome-wide association studies using set-based statistical approaches. These analyses detected a trend toward association in the European population. Our data provide limited support for the hypothesis that common SKI variants are susceptibility factors for NSCL/P.

Un mashup es una aplicación web que integra el contenido desde diferentes proveedores con el fin de crear un nuevo servicio que no es ofrecido por el proveedor de contenido. El desarrollo de estas aplicaciones incluye actividades tales como el acceso a fuentes heterogéneas, combinación de datos procedentes de diversas fuentes y la creación de interfaces gráficas. Este factor limita a los usuarios no experimentados en el desarrollado de aplicaciones con en el uso de computadores. Sin embargo, hoy en día hay empresas orientadas a crear herramientasque permiten a los usuarios sin experiencia la creación de mashups para responder a las necesidades de negocio de una forma fácil y rápida. Debido a esto, el enfoque de mashup empresarial ha sido ampliamente adoptado por un gran número de empresas. Este artículo presenta una visión general del enfoque de mashup empresarial, así como una revisiónde cuatro empresas orientadas a la producción de herramientas que ofrecen un conjunto de características que permite a los usuarios sin experiencia el desarrollo de mashups en una empresa. Por último,se presentan los desafíos que han de tenerse en cuenta por las empresas orientadas a la creación de herramientas de mashup empresarial con el fin de proporcionar una manera más fácil y más rápida de desarrollo de mashups

The Chilean common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) belongs to the cultivated race Chile and its origin is presumably Andean. The objective of this study was to identify the origin of a group of Chilean accessions based on their genetic relationship with wild material from the Mesoamerican and Andean common bean gene pool. To achieve this objective, universal primers of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to detect polymorphism using Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Thirtytwo genotypes were analyzed, including wild material from Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, as well as Chilean cultivated genotypes belonging to endemic Chilean accession types (Tortola, Coscorron, and Cuyano) and naturalized commercial lines (Frutilla, Bayo, Manteca, and Blanco grande). Results showed a low level of polymorphism for cpDNA (23%) and mtDNA (24%) in wild and cultivated Chilean common bean accessions. Some universal primers and restriction enzyme combinations were more efficient than others in detecting polymorphism. The Chilean materials were closely related to wild accessions collected in Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru indicating their Andean origin. The wild accessions from Ecuador were located in a intermediate position between the Mesoamerican and Andean accessions.

The Chilean common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) belongs to the cultivated race Chile and its origin is presumably Andean. The objective of this study was to identify the origin of a group of Chilean accessions based on their genetic relationship with wild material from the Mesoamerican and Andean common bean gene pool. To achieve this objective, universal primers of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to detect polymorphism using Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Thirty-two genotypes were analyzed, including wild material from Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina, as well as Chilean cultivated genotypes belonging to endemic Chilean accession types (Tórtola, Coscorrón, and Cuyano) and naturalized commercial lines (Frutilla, Bayo, Manteca, and Blanco grande). Results showed a low level of polymorphism for cpDNA (23%) and mtDNA (24%) in wild and cultivated Chilean common bean accessions. Some universal primers and restriction enzyme combinations were more efficient than others in detecting polymorphism. The Chilean materials were closely related to wild accessions collected in Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru indicating their Andean origin. The wild accessions from Ecuador were located in a intermediate position between the Mesoamerican and Andean accessions.El poroto chileno (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pertenece a la raza Chile, cuyo origen es desconocido y presumiblemente andino. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar el origen de un grupo de genotipos chilenos basado en sus relaciones genéticas con material silvestre perteneciente a los acervos genéticos mesoamericano y andino. Para lograr este objetivo se usaron partidores universales de ADNcp y ADNmt con la metodología de la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa-Fragmentos de Restricción Polimórficos. (PCR-RFLP). Se analizó un total de 32 genotipos de P. vulgaris, los cuales incluyeron materiales silvestres de México, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia y Argentina y accesiones chilenas cultivadas pertenecientes a las principales clases comerciales chilenas (endémicas) como son: Tórtola, Coscorrón, Sapito, Cuyano y otras clases comerciales (naturalizadas) que se cultivan en el país como Frutilla, Bayo, Manteca, y Blanco Grande. Los resultados obtenidos indican la presencia un bajo nivel de polimorfísmo en ADNcp (23%) y en ADNmt (24%) en las accesiones silvestres y cultivadas chilenas. Algunas combinaciones de partidores-enzimas resultaron más eficientes que otras en detectar polimorfismo, lo mismo ocurrió con algunas enzimas específicas. Los materiales chilenos se presentaron estrechamente relacionados con las accesiones silvestres colectadas en Argentina, Bolivia y Perú indicando su origen andino. Las accesiones silvestres ecuatorianas se ubicaron en una posición intermedia entre las accesiones mesoamericanas y andinas analizadas.

The Chilean national common bean germplasm collection consists of 1200 accessions, most of which have not been characterized or used in breeding programs. As part of the characterization of this germplasm we have formed a core collection of 246 accessions that represent 21% of the whole collection and that consists of many race Chile representatives as well as varieties from other races that are traditionally grown in the country. The specific objectives of this work were to use microsatellites to evaluate the level of polymorphism in the Chilean core collection and to determine the genetic variability of race Chile and its relationships with other races. The results indicate that the level of polymorphism detected with microsatellites was higher than that obtained with previous molecular or biochemical markers. The number of microsatellite alleles varied from 2 to 14 and the polymorphism information content (PIC) values were 0.08 to 0.84. Heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.052 for each of the markers. Euclidean genetic distance ranged from 0.12% between race Chile and race Nueva Granada to 0.71% between race Chile and race Mesoamerica. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) showed clustering of the accessions into the two main genepools, with race Chile genotypes grouping mainly with race Nueva Granada genotypes.

The inverse relationship between early life and adult socioeconomic measures and mortality risk has been well established in developed countries, but remains practically unexplored in Latin American societies. The setting was Chile; the study included 11,600 adults living in the urban center of San Francisco de Mostazal. This was a prospective cohort study of a weighted random sample of 795 subjects followed up during 8 years.Education (elementary, high school and college), height (percentiles 50 and 75), and income (population quartiles) were assessed at baseline. Relative risks of all-cause mortality were computed in Cox regression models adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, and joint effects of the socioeconomic measures.A graded inverse relationship with all-cause mortality was observed for education (risk: 1.0, 0.67, and 0.30, p for trend0.01) and height (risk: 1.0, 0.75, and 0.56, p for trend0.01), but not for income (p for trend = 0.94).These findings suggest a 'pauper rich' paradox in transitioning Latin American economies. Income level does not seem sufficient to improve survival in cohorts exposed to adverse early life influences reflected by education and height.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the most consumed fruit in the world. Genetic transformation is a key process to sustain this demand by permitting the potential enhancement of existing cultivars as well as the development of new cultivars resistant to pests, diseases, and storage problems that occur in the major production areas. This review summarizes the advances of genetic engineering applied to the development of resistant apple cultivars to fungus disease, with particular attention in the generation of apples resistant to Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G.Winter, the main phytosanitary problem that affects apple crops in Chile.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the most consumed fruit in the world. Genetic transformation is a key process to sustain this demand by permitting the potential enhancement of existing cultivars as well as the development of new cultivars resistant to pests, diseases, and storage problems that occur in the major production areas. This review summarizes the advances of genetic engineering applied to the development of resistant apple cultivars to fungus disease, with particular attention in the generation of apples resistant to Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G.Winter, the main phytosanitary problem that affects apple crops in Chile.La manzana (Malus domestica Borkh.) es una de las frutas más consumidas en el mundo. La transformación genética es un proceso clave para sustentar esta demanda, permitiendo el mejoramiento potencial de los cultivares existentes, así como el desarrollo de nuevas variedades resistentes a plagas, enfermedades y problemas de almacenamiento que se originan en las zonas de producción más importantes. Esta revisión resume los avances de la ingeniería genética aplicada al desarrollo de variedades de manzana resistentes a enfermedades fungosas, con especial atención en la generación de manzanas resistentes a Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G.Winter, el principal problema fitosanitario que afecta a los cultivos de manzana en Chile.

Race Chile is an important component of the genetic structure of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The germplasm bank of the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA contains 1200 accessions distributed mainly into two Active Working Germplasm Banks at INIA La Platina (Santiago) and at INIA Quilamapu (Chillán) and also the Germplasm Base Bank at INIA Intihuasi (La Serena). The Chilean collection possesses accessions collected throughout the country. One way to study and use the germplasm stored at the Seed Banks is the formation of a core collection. The objectives of this work were: a) To establish a common bean core collection with the germplasm collected throughout the country, and b) to evaluate its representatives based on phenotypic data and to compare with data from the whole collection. The results indicated that the Chilean base collection contained accessions belonging to the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools and to genotypes belong to race Chile, Perú, Nueva Granada, Mesoamérica and Durango. The Chilean bean core collection consisted of 246 accessions. Comparison for several phenotypic traits data from 246 accessions from the whole and core collection indicated the genetic variation expressed for each trait in the whole collection was quite well represented in the core collection. This core collection will be very useful for further phenotypic and genetic characterization and to select accessions for the bean breeding program.La raza Chile es un componente importante de la estructura genética del germoplasma del poroto común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). El Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias , INIA, posee alrededor de 1200 accesiones almacenadas en los Bancos activos de Germoplasma en INIA La Platina (Santiago) e INIA Quilamapu (Chillán) y Banco Base en INIA Intihuasi (La Serena). Esta colección está formada por accesiones colectadas a través de todo el país. La formación de una colección núcleo se ha planteado como una forma de hacer un uso más eficiente del germoplasma almacenado en los Bancos de Germoplasma. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron formar una colección núcleo de germoplasma de porotos, y evaluar su representatividad. La estrategia utilizada para formar la colección núcleo fue la estratificación de las accesiones de la colección base de acuerdo al acervo genético y raza, permitiendo que la mayor diversidad genética estuviera representada en esta nueva colección. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que la colección base estaba formada por genotipos pertenecientes a los acervos genéticos Andino y Mesoamericano y a las razas cultivadas Chile, Perú, Nueva Granada, Mesoamérica y Durango. La colección núcleo estuvo formada por 246 accesiones, donde se dio mayor representatividad a las accesiones de la raza Chile. La comparación morfológica, fenológica y agronómica permitió determinar que la diversidad genética presente en la colección base estaba representada adecuadamente en la colección núcleo. Esta colección núcleo será de gran utilidad para futuros estudios de caracterización de este germoplasma y para seleccionar progenitores para el programa de mejoramiento genético de frejol.

Regions traditionally destined to agriculture report an ever increasing exposure to cold and drought conditions. This is especially important in countries like Chile where crop management options are limited. The development of new cultivars with better yields under adverse conditions is fundamental if the ever increasing demand for food is to be matched; however, improving tolerance to abiotic stresses has proved to be a complex task. In this regard, development in plant physiology and genomics in the last 20 years has led to a deeper understanding of how plants respond to stress and mechanisms responsible for different ranges of tolerance observed in nature. This review discusses the techniques currently most in use in gene expression analysis, together with some important experimental design variables, such as the developmental stage of the plant, stress intensity and duration, and how different stresses may interact when performing assays. On the other hand, it is fundamental to properly select gene expression techniques according to the available information on the genome, the crop and the final objective of the research. All these points must be considered to ease transition from genomics to practical applications to crop species in order to increase their tolerance to stress. In this regard, the rapid development of new techniques in gene expression analysis with lower costs will determine a new revolution in crop research in coming decades. Therefore, Chile needs to be prepared in this area to continue its development as a major food producer worldwide.Las regiones agrícolas están cada vez más expuestas a condiciones de frío y sequía, algo especialmente importante en países con opciones limitadas de manejo de cultivos como Chile. Si la creciente demanda por alimento ha de ser cubierta, es necesaria la compleja tarea del desarrollo de nuevos cultivares con mejores rendimientos bajo condiciones de estrés. El desarrollo de la fisiología vegetal y la genómica en los últimos 20 años ha permitido entender mejor cómo las plantas responden al estrés y los mecanismos responsables de los distintos rangos de tolerancia observados en la naturaleza. En esta revisión, se discuten las técnicas más usadas actualmente en análisis de expresión génica y algunas variables que deben ser consideradas en el diseño experimental tales como el estado de desarrollo de la planta y la intensidad, duración e interacción de distintos tipos de estrés, además de la elección de técnicas apropiadas de acuerdo a la información disponible del genoma del cultivo y el objetivo final de la investigación. Todos estos puntos son fundamentales para facilitar la transición desde la genómica a aplicaciones prácticas en el aumento de la tolerancia al estrés de los cultivos. En este sentido, el rápido desarrollo de nuevas técnicas para estudiar la expresión de genes a menor costo determinará una nueva revolución en la investigación de cultivos en las próximas décadas. En este sentido, Chile necesita estar preparado en esta área para continuar su desarrollo como un importante productor de alimentos a nivel mundial.

Aim: To find out whether there is an association between parity and obesity, evaluated through body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in Chilean women after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, health risk and gynaeco-obstetric factors. Design: Cross-sectional study, using baseline data of the San Francisco Project. Setting: San Francisco de Mostazal, located in the central region of Chile, 6512 Chilean-Hispanic women (Spanish heritage with a variable indigenous component). Methods: A weighted random sample of 508 women who had their first pregnancy inside the primary child-bearing ages. Data were collected between 1997 and 1999. Statistical associations between parity and different anthropometric measurements of adiposity in multiple linear (MLnR) and logistic regression models (MLtR) were evaluated. Results: In MLnR a modest parity-related increment in BMI and practically null increment in WC, WHR and WHtR was observed. Covariates that showed a statistically significant association with anthropometric measures of adiposity were age, low education, marital status, employment, smoking, smoking cessation, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, parent’s obesity, menarche and fetal macrosomia. Crude odds ratio (OR) showed a strong association between parity and anthropometric markers of obesity. Nevertheless, after adjustments in MLtR models, the association remained only for BMI. All the measures of abdominal obesity related to parous women showed OR smaller than 1 (95% confidence intervals 0.57 to 0.96). Conclusions: Parity modestly influences BMI, but does not seem to be related to WC, WHR and WHtR after controlling by confounders. Parity can increase adiposity but not necessarily following an abdominal pattern.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a species of vegetative propagation, showing high morphological diversity. Besides, its clones have specific adaptations to different agroclimatic regions. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of 65 garlic clones collected in Chile and introduced from different countries, by using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). Fourty random primers of 10 mers generated a total of 398 bands with an 87% of polymorphism. Each primer amplified between two and 20 bands. The size of the fragments obtained fluctuated between 3200 and 369 bp. The results showed that the clones analyzed had a genetic similarity rate of 94%. In addition, 70% of them were clustered in one major group. However, in spite of that situation several clones have different agronomic characteristicsEl ajo (Allium sativum L.) es una especie de propagación vegetativa, que presenta una amplia variabilidad morfológica. Los clones de esta especie tienen una adaptación específica a diferentes regiones agroclimáticas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la diversidad genética existente en 65 clones de ajos colectados en Chile e introducidos desde diferentes países, utilizando RAPD (ADN Polimórfico Amplificado al Azar). Para esta evaluación se utilizaron 40 partidores de 10-mers. Los partidores generaron entre dos y 20 bandas, observándose un alto número de patrones con bandas múltiples. Los fragmentos generados difieren en su tamaño entre 3.200 y 369 pb. Los partidores generaron 398 bandas, de las cuales un 87% fueron polimórficas. El análisis estadístico realizado detectó una similitud genética alta, de un 94% entre las accesiones evaluadas, donde aproximadamente un 70% de los clones formaron un grupo homogéneo. Sin embargo, este grupo incluye clones que presentan diferentes características agronómicas

The chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete is of primary importance in determining the service life of concrete structures exposed to marine environments or deicing salt. Traditional methods (such as bulk diffusion test and migration test) used to determine the chloride diffusion coefficients are usually time- and labor-consuming. The electrical resistivity method has been developed as a nondestructive technique to evaluate the chloride permeability of concrete specimens. As a quality control method, however, the disadvantage of the resistivity method is that its values cannot be directly applied in the service life-prediction models to predict the chloride diffusion coefficients. In this paper, a comprehensive investigation was performed to study the empirical correlations between electrical resistivity and diffusion coefficients. The results of this investigation indicate that electrical resistivity is well-correlated to chloride diffusion coefficients. Based on these findings, a methodology is proposed to determine the chloride diffusion coefficients by the nondestructive electrical resistivity method.

El frío es el factor abiótico más importante que afecta los rendimientos del arroz en Chile, el cual puede alterar la fenología y la fisiología del arroz en estado de plántula. Con el objetivo de incrementar la precisión en la evaluación por tolerancia al frío en el programa de mejoramiento genético de arroz del instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) de Chile, se evaluó la tolerancia al frío de 109 líneas experimentales en estado de plántula, utilizando atributos morfológicos y fisiológicos. El tratamiento por frío fue realizado sometiendo las plántulas a 5 °C por 72 h y las evaluaciones fueron realizadas después de siete días de recuperación. Se evaluó la clorosis foliar según la escala del sistema de evaluación estándar del IRRI (SES), el contenido de clorofila (Chl), la concentración de malondialdehido (MDA) y la eficiencia máxima fotoquímica del fotosistema II (Fv/Fm). El mejor predictor lineal insesgado (BLUP) para todos los atributos y un análisis multivariado fueron realizados con el fin de determinar los genotipos tolerantes al frío. La variabilidad de la tolerancia al frío entre las líneas experimentales fue descrita mediante componentes principales y un análisis de conglomerado utilizando los BLUPs para cada atributo. La heredabilidad en sentido amplio calculada para la escala SES fue la mayor (0.54), mientras que para Fv/Fm fue la menor (0.10). Quila 242002 y Quila 241304 fueron los genotipos con mayor tolerancia al frío mientras que los genotipos con mayor susceptibilidad fueron Quila 64117, Quila 260312 y Quila 241607. Los resultados sugieren que los BLUPs y el análisis multivariado permiten un adecuado agrupamiento de los genotipos según el grado de su tolerancia al frío. Finalmente, sugerimos que la escala SES y el contenido de Chl fueron los atributos más adecuados para evaluar la tolerancia al frío en los genotipos de arroz estudiados en las condiciones evaluadas. Fil: Donoso, Gabriel. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Laboratorio de Biotecnología; Chile Fil: Cabas, Patricia. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Laboratorio de Biotecnología; Chile Fil: Paredes, Mario Sebastian. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Laboratorio de Biotecnología; Chile Fil: Becerra, Viviana. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Laboratorio de Biotecnología; Chile Fil: Balzarini, Monica Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Departamento de Desarrollo Rural. Area de Estadística y Biometría; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina