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O fator estimulador de colônias granulocitárias (G-CSF) é uma glicoproteína descrita há mais de vinte anos, e é largamente utilizada para tratamento de estados neutropênicos e no transplante de medula óssea. O G-CSF estimula células-tronco hematopoéticas e regula crucialmente a sobrevivência de neutrófilos maduros, pós-mitóticos, através da inibição da apoptose. Além do efeito sistêmico, mais recentemente tem-se demonstrado uma surpreendente atividade do G-CSF no sistema nervoso central. A administração de G-CSF mobiliza células-tronco e progenitoras da medula óssea para o sangue periférico, que, por sua vez, atravessa a barreira hemato-encefálica (BHE) e se dirige à área acometida do cérebro. A atividade do G-CSF no sistema nervoso central tem sido caracterizada como multimodal, pois, além do efeito mobilizador de células da medula óssea, demonstrou uma ação direta neuroprotetora através de diferentes mecanismos, tais como a atividade antiapoptótica em neurônios, regeneração da vascularização, efeito anti-inflamatório e estimulação da neurogênese endógena. Este relato sumariza a ação do G-CSF no sistema nervoso central e aborda seu potencial para o emprego no acidente vascular cerebral.The granulocyte colony-stimulating-factor (G-CSF) is a glycoproteina which has been described for decades, and it is commonly utilized in the treatment of neutropenic states and bone marrow transplants. G-CSF stimulates hematopoietic stem-cels e crucially regulates the survival of mature neutrophils through a mechanism of apoptosis inhibition. Beyond its systemic effect, recently it has been shown its surprising activity in the central nervous system (CNS). G-CSF administration mobilizes bone marrow stem cells para systemic blood, and those cells cross the blood-brain-barrier e target brain's damaged area. G-CSF's activity in the CNS has been defined as multimodal, because additionally it has been demonstrated a direct neuroprotective action through different mechanisms such as antiapoptotic activity, angiogenesis, anti-inflamatory effect, and stimulation of endogenous neurogenesis. This paper sumarizes G-CSF action in the CNS and approaches its potential para use in stroke.

Os autores discutem aspectos clínicos e de tratamento convencional da isquemia critica dos membros inferiores e consideram a possibilidade de tratamento com células- -tronco autógenas de medula óssea para os pacientes que já esgotaram, sem sucesso, todos os meios de tratamento conhecidos. Comentam sobre o histórico, as fontes, as experiências animais e clínicas e, finalmente, apresentam sua experiência inicial com seis pacientes, todos com indicação de amputação maior ou menor. Em apenas um paciente não foi possível evitar a amputação. Além de ótimos resultados, quanto à supressão da dor e cicatrização de lesões isquêmicas, pode-se notar a ausência de quaisquer efeitos colaterais deletérios, sugerindo que a terapia celular é eficiente e segura, demandando, porém, mais pesquisas e estudos randomizados para se tornar uma terapia de uso corrente.The authors discuss clinical aspects and conventional treatment of lower limb critical ischemia and the alternative of therapy with autogenous bone marrow stem cells in patients who have exhausted, without success, all the current means of treatment. They comment on the historical aspects, the sources, animal experiments, clinical research and, finally, their initial experience with six patients, all of whom had previous indication of major or minor amputation. For only one patient amputation could not be avoided. In addition to excellent results in pain relief and healing of ischemic ulcers, no deleterious side effects were noted suggesting that this type of cell therapy is safe and efficient although further research and randomized studies are needed to make this a standard therapy.

Ante la era digital, la humanidad se enfrenta a nuevas coyunturas en los ámbitos sociales y psicológicos. La aparición de fenómenos como la adicción a internet, la depresión asociada al uso excesivo de los dispositivos y la pérdida de espacios reales en pro de una virtualidad cada vez mayor, además del desgaste de los recursos naturales, prende las alarmas sobre la salud y el tipo de vida que se lleva en las sociedades. La vida rápida e inmediata parece colocar a las personas en nuevos espacios cuyos impactos aún salen del conocimiento de las ciencias sociales. La Psicología humanista apareció oficialmente en 1961 y puede brindarnos una mirada más humana. El retorno a las experiencias humanas, a las emociones, al valor del individuo y a los sentimientos de autorrealización pueden cimentar las bases de un nuevo pensamiento que ponga luz sobre las problemáticas actuales. Por eso, el objetivo de este trabajo fue el de señalar algunos problemas que llegaron con la era digital, para después dirigir sobre ellos la mirada que brinda la Psicología humanista con el fin de revitalizar los esfuerzos en pro de una vida más saludable tanto entre los individuos como con el ambiente.

Безумовним та неспростовним є те, що демократія для західного світу – краща система управління і що завдяки свободі слова можна піддати сумніву та покласти на терези правосуддя навіть саму демократію. Так само й біоетика, що виникла у сфері біологічних та медичних наук, поширилась за межі гуманітарного знання, а суспільство усвідомило, що ми живемо на невідновлювальній планеті. Однак ми не можемо нехтувати тим, що демократія та біоетика породжені не народом, а елітою, яка уявляє кращий світ відповідно до власних уподобань, а не думок переважної більшості звичайних людей.

Undoubtedly, democracy is in constant danger. The Athenian creation -later taken by the Latin American countries in the political-administrative figure of the Republic- has demonstrated not to be the best government model, but (yes, a great but), the less evil, as expressed by an English politician when he saw that his empire era was coming to an end. And one of those defenders was the critical acid of the Vienna Circle and contemporary philosopher Karl Popper, who lived on his own flesh the mistakes of democracy and the horrors of totalitarianism. Popper, defender of democracy to the limit, who even within his writings we can appreciate the paradoxes he sees in this, will not hesitate when the system of government of the people, for the people and the people, fall into the temptation to choose the dictatorship. For this, the philosopher tells us, democracy must create mechanisms so that this does not happen and we do not have a popular election that takes a demagogue and criminal to power, as was Hitler’s Germany. The thinking of the critical philosopher of historicism is liberal. An English liberalism and not as we understand it and we live in several States of America, where people is economic liberal and conservative in the ideas. No, Popper is liberal. A true liberal.Keywords: Democracy - Liberalism - Popper - Open Society - State

This paper offers an inductive model, outcome of a qualitative research, on management styles and its effects on county service areas responsible for managing the teacher’s permanent training. The study was conducted within 15 counties of Chile, gathering information from official documents and interviews to civil servants in charge of managing township’s education, particularly those in charge of the teacher’s development. We found out that management models which promote consensuses require tolerance and leadership for negotiations and diversity expressions. Both, the political authoritarian and the political bureaucratic style of management consider the teachers’ educational need as a lack of knowledge. In those management styles with scanty space for reflection or diversity, the picking of training Institutions takes little account on its theoretical and didactic orientations, and may even muddle and disregard the theoretical diversity about post-school education and training and the management of lifelong learning, so the educational activities do not fulfil both the educational local and people’s needs There is a need of further research on the effect of both, the interactive and political democratic (convergent or divergent) style of management on the educational achievement and the result of teacher’s permanent training

Durante toda su obra, el filósofo Karl Popper crítico en fuertes términos el totalitarismo del siglo XX, el cual él vivió en carne propia. No dudamos que hoy, levantaría la voz ante el otro mal político que se observa en el horizonte ad portas de la tercera década del nuevo milenio, a saber, el fundamentalismo. Y si bien es cierto, el filósofo austriaco ataca los regímenes políticos totalitarios con la democracia, también es un crítico a ella cuando no da el ancho y a la vez, siendo un defensor a ultranza del diálogo, no duda en colocar ante la tiranía, los preceptos del tiranicidio.