36 results on '"Mario, Kallenbach"'
Search Results
2. First Feasibility Analysis of Ballistocardiography on a Passenger Flight.
- Author
-
Marie Cathrine Wolf, Nico Jähne-Raden, Henrike Gütschleg, Ulf Kulau, Mario Kallenbach, and Klaus-Hendrik Wolf
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Poster: SCARAB2 - Scalable, Robust and Adaptive on Board Ballistocardiography.
- Author
-
Nico Jähne-Raden, Henrike Gütschleg, Mario Kallenbach, Thomas Feuerle, and Ulf Kulau
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Maize Stem Response to Long-Term Attack by Sesamia nonagrioides
- Author
-
Victor M. Rodriguez, Guillermo Padilla, Rosa A. Malvar, Mario Kallenbach, Rogelio Santiago, and Ana Butrón
- Subjects
maize ,omics ,corn borer ,plant defense ,integrative analysis ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivores by activating a plethora of genetic and biochemical mechanisms aimed at reducing plant damage and insect survival. The short-term plant response to insect attack is well understood, but less is known about the maintenance of this response over time. We performed transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses in order to identify genes and metabolites involved in the long-term response of maize to attack by the corn borer Sesamina nonagrioides. To determine the role of elicitors present in caterpillar secretions, we also evaluated the response of maize stem challenged with insect regurgitates. The integrative analysis of the omics results revealed that the long-term response in maize is characterized by repression of the primary metabolism and a strong redox response, mainly mediated by germin-like proteins to produce anti-nutritive and toxic compounds that reduce insect viability, and with the glutathione–ascorbate cycle being crucial to minimize the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the plant. Our results suggest that different defense mechanisms are involved in the long-term response compared to those reported during the early response. We also observed a marginal effect of the caterpillar regurgitates on the long-term defensive response.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Functional variation in a key defense gene structures herbivore communities and alters plant performance.
- Author
-
Nora Adam, Mario Kallenbach, Stefan Meldau, Daniel Veit, Nicole M van Dam, Ian T Baldwin, and Meredith C Schuman
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Plant genetic diversity structures animal communities and affects plant population productivity. However, few studies have investigated which traits are involved and the mechanisms mediating these effects. We studied the consequences of varying the expression of a single biosynthetic gene in jasmonate (JA) defense hormones, which are essential for defense against herbivores but constrain plant growth, in experimental mesocosm populations of wild tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata) plants under attack from three native herbivores. Empoasca leafhoppers preferentially attack JA-deficient N. attenuata plants in nature, and the specialist Tupiocoris notatus mirids avoid Empoasca-damaged plants. However, in experimental mesocosm populations having equal numbers of wild-type (WT) and JA-deficient plants that are silenced in the expression of the biosynthetic gene lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3), Empoasca sp. attacked both genotypes. Empoasca sp. damage, rather than JA, determined T. notatus damage, which was reduced in mixed populations. The growth of specialist Manduca sexta larvae was reduced on WT vs. asLOX3 monocultures, but differed in mixtures depending on caterpillar density. However, seed capsule number remained similar for WT and asLOX3 plants in mixtures, not in monocultures, in two experimental scenarios reflecting high and low caterpillar attack. At high caterpillar density, WT plants growing in mixtures produced more seed capsules than those growing in monocultures while seed production of asLOX3 plants did not differ by population type. However, at low caterpillar density, asLOX3 plants growing in mixed populations produced more seed capsules than those growing in monoculture, while seed capsule production did not differ for WT by population type. Thus, mixed populations had a more stable output of seed capsules under the two scenarios. This may result from a balance between JA-mediated herbivore defense and plant competitive ability in mixed populations.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Phytohormones and volatile organic compounds, like geosmin, in the ectomycorrhiza of Tricholoma vaccinum and Norway spruce (Picea abies)
- Author
-
Wilhelm Boland, Anja David, Mario Kallenbach, Erika Kothe, Maritta Kunert, Katharina Wagner, Oluwatosin Abdulsalam, Katrin Krause, and Sophia Wirth
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Germacradienol synthase ,Mycorrhizosphere ,Plant Science ,Naphthols ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Plant Growth Regulators ,Auxin ,Mycorrhizae ,Botany ,Genetics ,Mycorrhiza ,Picea ,Molecular Biology ,Abscisic acid ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,030304 developmental biology ,Geosmin ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,Volatile Organic Compounds ,Tricholoma vaccinum ,Norway ,fungi ,Tricholoma ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Ectomycorrhiza ,Phytohormones ,chemistry ,Norway spruce ,Original Article ,Agaricales ,Abies ,Salicylic acid ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The ectomycorrhizospheric habitat contains a diverse pool of organisms, including the host plant, mycorrhizal fungi, and other rhizospheric microorganisms. Different signaling molecules may influence the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we investigated the potential of the basidiomyceteTricholoma vaccinumto produce communication molecules for the interaction with its coniferous host, Norway spruce (Picea abies). We focused on the production of volatile organic compounds and phytohormones in axenicT. vaccinumcultures, identified the potential biosynthesis genes, and investigated their expression by RNA-Seq analyses.T. vaccinumreleased volatiles not usually associated with fungi, like limonene and β-barbatene, and geosmin. Using stable isotope labeling, the biosynthesis of geosmin was elucidated. The geosmin biosynthesis geneges1ofT. vaccinumwas identified, and up-regulation was scored during mycorrhiza, while a different regulation was seen with mycorrhizosphere bacteria. The fungus also released the volatile phytohormone ethylene and excreted salicylic and abscisic acid as well as jasmonates into the medium. The tree excreted the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid, and its biosynthesis intermediate, indole-3-acetamide, as well as salicylic acid with its root exudates. These compounds could be shown for the first time in exudates as well as in soil of a natural ectomycorrhizospheric habitat. The effects of phytohormones present in the mycorrhizosphere on hyphal branching ofT. vaccinumwere assessed. Salicylic and abscisic acid changed hyphal branching in a concentration-dependent manner. Since extensive branching is important for mycorrhiza establishment, a well-balanced level of mycorrhizospheric phytohormones is necessary. The regulation thus can be expected to contribute to an interkingdom language.
- Published
- 2020
7. How scent and nectar influence floral antagonists and mutualists
- Author
-
Danny Kessler, Mario Kallenbach, Celia Diezel, Eva Rothe, Mark Murdock, and Ian T Baldwin
- Subjects
Nicotiana attenuata ,Manduca sexta ,Hyles lineata ,Archilochus alexandri ,Manduca quinquemaculata ,pollination ,Medicine ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Many plants attract and reward pollinators with floral scents and nectar, respectively, but these traits can also incur fitness costs as they also attract herbivores. This dilemma, common to most flowering plants, could be solved by not producing nectar and/or scent, thereby cheating pollinators. Both nectar and scent are highly variable in native populations of coyote tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, with some producing no nectar at all, uncorrelated with the tobacco's main floral attractant, benzylacetone. By silencing benzylacetone biosynthesis and nectar production in all combinations by RNAi, we experimentally uncouple these floral rewards/attractrants and measure their costs/benefits in the plant's native habitat and experimental tents. Both scent and nectar increase outcrossing rates for three, separately tested, pollinators and both traits increase oviposition by a hawkmoth herbivore, with nectar being more influential than scent. These results underscore that it makes little sense to study floral traits as if they only mediated pollination services.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Application of Silicone Tubing for Robust, Simple, High-throughput, and Time-resolved Analysis of Plant Volatiles in Field Experiments
- Author
-
Mario Kallenbach, Daniel Veit, Elisabeth Eilers, and Meredith Schuman
- Subjects
Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Plant volatiles (PVs) mediate manifold interactions between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments (Dicke and Baldwin, 2010; Holopainen and Gershenzon, 2010). An understanding of the physiological and ecological functions of PVs must therefore be based on measurements of PV emissions under natural conditions. Yet sampling PVs in natural environments is difficult, limited by the need to transport, maintain, and power instruments, or else to employ expensive sorbent devices in replicate. Thus PVs are usually measured in the artificial environments of laboratories or climate chambers. However, polydimethysiloxane (PDMS), a sorbent commonly used for PV sampling (Van Pinxteren et al., 2010; Seethapathy and Górecki, 2012), is available as silicone tubing (ST) for as little as 0.60 €/m (versus 100-550 € apiece for standard PDMS sorbent devices). Small (mm-cm) ST pieces can be placed in any experimental setting and used for headspace sampling with little manipulation of the organism or headspace. ST pieces have absorption kinetics and capacities sufficient to sample plant headspaces on a timescale of minutes to hours, producing biologically meaningful “snapshots” of PV blends. When combined with thermal desorption (TD)-GC-MS analysis - a 40-year-old and widely available technology - ST pieces yield reproducible, sensitive, spatiotemporally resolved, quantitative data from headspace samples taken in natural environments (Kallenbach et al., 2014).
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Correction: Feeding-induced rearrangement of green leaf volatiles reduces moth oviposition
- Author
-
Silke Allmann, Anna Späthe, Sonja Bisch-Knaden, Mario Kallenbach, Andreas Reinecke, Silke Sachse, Ian T Baldwin, and Bill S Hansson
- Subjects
Manduca sexta ,plant volatile ,oviposition ,Ca imaging ,Datura wrightii ,Medicine ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Feeding-induced rearrangement of green leaf volatiles reduces moth oviposition
- Author
-
Silke Allmann, Anna Späthe, Sonja Bisch-Knaden, Mario Kallenbach, Andreas Reinecke, Silke Sachse, Ian T Baldwin, and Bill S Hansson
- Subjects
Manduca sexta ,plant volatile ,oviposition ,Ca imaging ,Datura wrightii ,Medicine ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The ability to decrypt volatile plant signals is essential if herbivorous insects are to optimize their choice of host plants for their offspring. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) constitute a widespread group of defensive plant volatiles that convey a herbivory-specific message via their isomeric composition: feeding of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta converts (Z)-3- to (E)-2-GLVs thereby attracting predatory insects. Here we show that this isomer-coded message is monitored by ovipositing M. sexta females. We detected the isomeric shift in the host plant Datura wrightii and performed functional imaging in the primary olfactory center of M. sexta females with GLV structural isomers. We identified two isomer-specific regions responding to either (Z)-3- or (E)-2-hexenyl acetate. Field experiments demonstrated that ovipositing Manduca moths preferred (Z)-3-perfumed D. wrightii over (E)-2-perfumed plants. These results show that (E)-2-GLVs and/or specific (Z)-3/(E)-2-ratios provide information regarding host plant attack by conspecifics that ovipositing hawkmoths use for host plant selection.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. An Outside-View System for Aircraft Cabin Human-in-the-Loop Simulations
- Author
-
Mario Kallenbach, Stephan Kocks, Thomas Feuerle, and Ingo Voissel
- Subjects
Control theory ,Computer science ,Human-in-the-loop - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Tagungsband ASIM Workshop STS/GMMS 2019
- Author
-
Mario Kallenbach
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Poster: SCARAB² - Scalable, Robust and Adaptive on Board Ballistocardiography
- Author
-
Thomas Feuerle, Nico Jähne-Raden, Mario Kallenbach, Ulf Kulau, and Henrike Gütschleg
- Subjects
Signal processing ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Noise measurement ,Computer science ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Health condition ,Real-time computing ,Accelerometer ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,On board ,03 medical and health sciences ,Acceleration ,0302 clinical medicine ,Ballistocardiography ,Scalability ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine - Abstract
Since years the amount of medical incidents on passenger flights is increasing. Beside the personal stress and strains for concerned passenger, every incident leads to huge costs for the specific airline. To avoid both, the SCARAB^2 project proposes to monitor passenger's health condition to identify imminent risk of health issues. Therefore, SCARAB^2 faces the challenge of using Ballistocardiography (BCG) in passenger planes and noisy environments respectively. With accelerometer arrays mounted on the seats, cardiac signals of each passenger can be recorded. These data are collected non-invasive while several parameters can be measured, e.g. respiratory rate, heart rate, etc. but even complex parameters like blood pressure can be derived. However, the acceleration of BCG signals is rather small and the shaking and vibrating (noisy) environment of planes leads to strong requirements on hardware, signal processing and meaningful evaluations.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Maize Stem Response to Long-Term Attack by Sesamia nonagrioides
- Author
-
Guillermo Padilla, Ana Butrón, Mario Kallenbach, Víctor M. Rodríguez, Rosa Ana Malvar, Rogelio Santiago, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Xunta de Galicia, and Universidad de Vigo
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Defence mechanisms ,Sesamia nonagrioides ,Omics ,Plant Science ,Insect ,lcsh:Plant culture ,01 natural sciences ,Transcriptome ,03 medical and health sciences ,Metabolomics ,Plant defense ,Plant defense against herbivory ,lcsh:SB1-1110 ,Caterpillar ,media_common ,biology ,Corn borer ,Integrative analysis ,fungi ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Maize ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Functional genomics ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
11 páginas, 4 figuras y 3 tablas., Plants defend themselves against herbivores by activating a plethora of genetic and biochemical mechanisms aimed at reducing plant damage and insect survival. The short-term plant response to insect attack is well understood, but less is known about the maintenance of this response over time. We performed transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses in order to identify genes and metabolites involved in the long-term response of maize to attack by the corn borer Sesamina nonagrioides. To determine the role of elicitors present in caterpillar secretions, we also evaluated the response of maize stem challenged with insect regurgitates. The integrative analysis of the omics results revealed that the long-term response in maize is characterized by repression of the primary metabolism and a strong redox response, mainly mediated by germin-like proteins to produce anti-nutritive and toxic compounds that reduce insect viability, and with the glutathione–ascorbate cycle being crucial to minimize the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the plant. Our results suggest that different defense mechanisms are involved in the long-term response compared to those reported during the early response. We also observed a marginal effect of the caterpillar regurgitates on the long-term defensive response., This research was funded by the “Plan Estatal de Ciencia y Tecnologia de España” within the projects AGL2012-33415 and AGL2015-67313-C2-1-R, both of which were co-financed by European Union funds under the FEDER program, and the project: IN607A/013 funded by the Autonomous Government of Galicia, Spain. RS acknowledges the “Ramón y Cajal” postdoctoral contract financed by the Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (Spain), Vigo University, and the European Social Fund.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Functional variation in a key defense gene structures herbivore communities and alters plant performance
- Author
-
Ian T. Baldwin, Stefan Meldau, Daniel Veit, Meredith C. Schuman, Nicole M. van Dam, Nora Adam, and Mario Kallenbach
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Empoasca ,Leaves ,Life Cycles ,Research Facilities ,Lipoxygenase ,lcsh:Medicine ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,Mesocosm ,Larvae ,Manduca ,Jasmonate ,lcsh:Science ,Flowering Plants ,Caterpillars ,Plant Proteins ,2. Zero hunger ,education.field_of_study ,Multidisciplinary ,Ecology ,Plant Anatomy ,Eukaryota ,food and beverages ,Plants ,Mesocosms ,Trophic Interactions ,Insects ,Community Ecology ,Moths and Butterflies ,Larva ,Seeds ,Research Article ,Types of tobacco ,Arthropoda ,Population ,Biology ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Hemiptera ,03 medical and health sciences ,Plant-Animal Interactions ,Nicotiana attenuata ,Botany ,Tobacco ,Animals ,Herbivory ,education ,Caterpillar ,Herbivore ,Plant Ecology ,Ecology and Environmental Sciences ,fungi ,lcsh:R ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Plant-Herbivore Interactions ,biology.organism_classification ,Invertebrates ,030104 developmental biology ,lcsh:Q ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Plant genetic diversity structures animal communities and affects plant population productivity. However, few studies have investigated which traits are involved and the mechanisms mediating these effects. We studied the consequences of varying the expression of a single biosynthetic gene in jasmonate (JA) defense hormones, which are essential for defense against herbivores but constrain plant growth, in experimental mesocosm populations of wild tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata) plants under attack from three native herbivores. Empoasca leafhoppers preferentially attack JA-deficient N. attenuata plants in nature, and the specialist Tupiocoris notatus mirids avoid Empoasca-damaged plants. However, in experimental mesocosm populations having equal numbers of wild-type (WT) and JA-deficient plants that are silenced in the expression of the biosynthetic gene lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3), Empoasca sp. attacked both genotypes. Empoasca sp. damage, rather than JA, determined T. notatus damage, which was reduced in mixed populations. The growth of specialist Manduca sexta larvae was reduced on WT vs. asLOX3 monocultures, but differed in mixtures depending on caterpillar density. However, seed capsule number remained similar for WT and asLOX3 plants in mixtures, not in monocultures, in two experimental scenarios reflecting high and low caterpillar attack. At high caterpillar density, WT plants growing in mixtures produced more seed capsules than those growing in monocultures while seed production of asLOX3 plants did not differ by population type. However, at low caterpillar density, asLOX3 plants growing in mixed populations produced more seed capsules than those growing in monoculture, while seed capsule production did not differ for WT by population type. Thus, mixed populations had a more stable output of seed capsules under the two scenarios. This may result from a balance between JA-mediated herbivore defense and plant competitive ability in mixed populations.
- Published
- 2018
16. Olive fruits infested with olive fly larvae respond with an ethylene burst and the emission of specific volatiles
- Author
-
Andrea Pompa, Ian T. Baldwin, Luciana Baldoni, Mario Kallenbach, Francesca De Marchis, Gustavo Bonaventure, Rosa Rao, and Fiammetta Alagna
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Larva ,Protease ,biology ,medicine.medical_treatment ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,Biotic stress ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Olea ,Botany ,Infestation ,medicine ,Plant defense against herbivory ,Bactrocera ,PEST analysis ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Olive fly (Bactrocera oleae R.) is the most harmful insect pest of olive (Olea europaea L.) which strongly affects fruits and oil production. Despite the expanding economic importance of olive cultivation, up to now, only limited information on plant responses to B. oleae is available. Here, we demonstrate that olive fruits respond to B. oleae attack by producing changes in an array of different defensive compounds including phytohormones, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and defense proteins. Bactrocera oleae-infested fruits induced a strong ethylene burst and transcript levels of several putative ethylene-responsive transcription factors became significantly upregulated. Moreover, infested fruits induced significant changes in the levels of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and C12 derivatives of the hydroperoxide lyase. The emission of VOCs was also changed quantitatively and qualitatively in insect-damaged fruits, indicating that B. oleae larval feeding can specifically affect the volatile blend of fruits. Finally, we show that larval infestation maintained high levels of trypsin protease inhibitors in ripe fruits, probably by affecting post-transcriptional mechanisms. Our results provide novel and important information to understand the response of the olive fruit to B. oleae attack; information that can shed light onto potential new strategies to combat this pest.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Maize Stem Response to Long-Term Attack by
- Author
-
Victor M, Rodriguez, Guillermo, Padilla, Rosa A, Malvar, Mario, Kallenbach, Rogelio, Santiago, and Ana, Butrón
- Subjects
plant defense ,corn borer ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,maize ,Original Research ,omics ,integrative analysis - Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivores by activating a plethora of genetic and biochemical mechanisms aimed at reducing plant damage and insect survival. The short-term plant response to insect attack is well understood, but less is known about the maintenance of this response over time. We performed transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses in order to identify genes and metabolites involved in the long-term response of maize to attack by the corn borer Sesamina nonagrioides. To determine the role of elicitors present in caterpillar secretions, we also evaluated the response of maize stem challenged with insect regurgitates. The integrative analysis of the omics results revealed that the long-term response in maize is characterized by repression of the primary metabolism and a strong redox response, mainly mediated by germin-like proteins to produce anti-nutritive and toxic compounds that reduce insect viability, and with the glutathione–ascorbate cycle being crucial to minimize the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the plant. Our results suggest that different defense mechanisms are involved in the long-term response compared to those reported during the early response. We also observed a marginal effect of the caterpillar regurgitates on the long-term defensive response.
- Published
- 2017
18. A robust, simple, high-throughput technique for time-resolved plant volatile analysis in field experiments
- Author
-
Ian T. Baldwin, Daniel Veit, Mario Kallenbach, Elisabeth J. Eilers, Youngjoo Oh, and Meredith C. Schuman
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Sorbent ,Sample (material) ,Plant Science ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Tobacco ,Botany ,Oils, Volatile ,Genetics ,Dimethylpolysiloxanes ,Throughput (business) ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Humidity ,Sampling (statistics) ,Cell Biology ,Replicate ,Silicone tubing ,13. Climate action ,Plant volatile ,Adsorption ,Biological system ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Plant volatiles (PVs) mediate interactions between plants and arthropods, microbes and other plants, and are involved in responses to abiotic stress. PV emissions are therefore influenced by many environmental factors, including herbivore damage, microbial invasion, and cues from neighboring plants, and also light regime, temperature, humidity and nutrient availability. Thus, an understanding of the physiological and ecological functions of PVs must be based on measurements reflecting PV emissions under natural conditions. However, PVs are usually sampled in the artificial environments of laboratories or climate chambers. Sampling of PVs in natural environments is difficult, being limited by the need to transport, maintain and provide power to instruments, or use expensive sorbent devices in replicate. Ideally, PVs should be measured in natural settings with high replication, spatio-temporal resolution and sensitivity, and modest costs. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a sorbent commonly used for PV sampling, is available as silicone tubing for as little as 0.60 € m(-1) (versus 100-550 € each for standard PDMS sorbent devices). Small pieces of silicone tubing (STs) of various lengths from millimeters to centimeters may be added to any experimental setting and used for headspace sampling, with little manipulation of the organism or headspace. STs have sufficiently fast absorption kinetics and large capacity to sample plant headspaces over a timescale of minutes to hours, and thus can produce biologically meaningful 'snapshots' of PV blends. When combined with thermal desorption coupled to GC-MS (a 40-year-old widely available technology), use of STs yields reproducible, sensitive, spatio-temporally resolved quantitative data from headspace samples taken in natural environments.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Sex ratio of mirid populations shifts in response to hostplant co-infestation or altered cytokinin signaling
- Author
-
Nora, Adam, Theresa, Erler, Mario, Kallenbach, Martin, Kaltenpoth, Grit, Kunert, Ian T, Baldwin, and Meredith C, Schuman
- Subjects
Male ,Cytokinins ,Oviposition ,Reproduction ,fungi ,Population Dynamics ,food and beverages ,Article ,Host-Parasite Interactions ,Hemiptera ,Tobacco ,Animals ,Female ,Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ,Sex Ratio ,Symbiosis ,Wolbachia ,Plant Diseases ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Herbivore species sharing a host plant often compete. In this study, we show that host plant-mediated interaction between two insect herbivores – a generalist and a specialist – results in a sex ratio shift of the specialist’s offspring. We studied demographic parameters of the specialist Tupiocoris notatus (Hemiptera: Miridae) when co-infesting the host plant Nicotiana attenuata (Solanaceae) with the generalist leafhopper Empoasca sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). We show that the usually female-biased sex ratio of T. notatus shifts toward a higher male proportion in the offspring on plants co-infested by Empoasca sp. This sex ratio change did not occur after oviposition, nor is it due differential mortality of female and male nymphs. Based on pyrosequencing and PCR of bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons, we concluded that sex ratio shifts were unlikely to be due to infection with Wolbachia or other known sex ratio- distorting endosymbionts. Finally, we used transgenic lines of N. attenuata to evaluate if the sex ratio shift could be mediated by changes in general or specialized host plant metabolites. We found that the sex ratio shift occurred on plants deficient in two cytokinin receptors (irCHK2/3). Thus, cytokinin-regulated traits can alter the offspring sex ratio of the specialist T. notatus.
- Published
- 2016
20. High-throughput quantification of more than 100 primary- and secondary-metabolites, and phytohormones by a single solid-phase extraction based sample preparation with analysis by UHPLC-HESI-MS/MS
- Author
-
Martin, Schäfer, Christoph, Brütting, Ian T, Baldwin, and Mario, Kallenbach
- Subjects
Phytohormones ,Abscisic acid ,Solid-phase extraction ,Jasmonate ,Secondary metabolites ,Methodology ,Cytokinin ,food and beverages ,Primary metabolites ,Auxin ,Salicylic acid ,Gibberellin - Abstract
Background Plant metabolites are commonly functionally classified, as defense- or growth-related phytohormones, primary and specialized metabolites, and so forth. Analytical procedures for the quantifications of these metabolites are challenging because the metabolites can vary over several orders of magnitude in concentrations in the same tissues and have very different chemical characteristics. Plants clearly adjust their metabolism to respond to their prevailing circumstances in very sophisticated ways that blur the boundaries among these functional or chemically defined classifications. But if plant biologists want to better understand the processes that are important for a plant’s adaptation to its environment, procedures are needed that can provide simultaneous quantifications of the large range of metabolites that have the potential to play central roles in these adjustments in a cost and time effective way and with a low sample consumption. Results Here we present a method that combines well-established methods for the targeted analysis of phytohormones, including jasmonates, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins, and extends it to the analysis of inducible and constitutive defense compounds, as well as the primary metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites and responsible for nutritional quality (e.g., sugars and amino acids). The method is based on a single extraction of 10–100 mg of tissue and allows a broad quantitative screening of metabolites optimized by their chemical characteristics and concentrations, thereby providing a high throughput analysis unbiased by the putative functional attributes of the metabolites. The tissues of Nicotiana attenuata which accumulate high levels of nicotine and diterpene glycosides, provide a challenging matrix that thwarts quantitative analysis; the analysis of various tissues of this plant are used to illustrate the robustness of the procedure. Conclusions The method described has the potential to unravel various, until now overlooked interactions among different sectors of plant metabolism in a high throughput manner. Additionally, the method could be particularly beneficial as screening method in forward genetic approaches, as well as for the investigation of plants from natural populations that likely differ in metabolic traits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13007-016-0130-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2016
21. C 12 derivatives of the hydroperoxide lyase pathway are produced by product recycling through lipoxygenase‐2 in Nicotiana attenuata leaves
- Author
-
Gustavo Bonaventure, Mario Kallenbach, Ian T. Baldwin, Paola Alejandra Gilardoni, Silke Allmann, and Plant Physiology (SILS, FNWI)
- Subjects
Physiology ,Metabolite ,Lipoxygenase ,Plant Science ,Traumatin ,Genes, Plant ,Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Traumatic acid ,Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Nicotiana attenuata ,Tobacco ,Oxylipins ,Aldehyde-Lyases ,Plant Proteins ,biology ,Plant Extracts ,Metabolism ,Glutathione ,Oxylipin ,biology.organism_classification ,Carbon ,Biosynthetic Pathways ,Plant Leaves ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,biology.protein ,Oxidation-Reduction ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
In response to diverse stresses, the hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) pathway produces C(6) aldehydes and 12-oxo-(9Z )-dodecenoic acid ((9Z )-traumatin). Since the original characterization of (10E )-traumatin and traumatic acid, little has been added to our knowledge of the metabolism and fluxes associated with the conversion of (9Z )-traumatin into diverse products in response to wounding and herbivory. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to quantify C(12) derivatives of the HPL pathway and to determine their metabolism after wounding and simulated herbivory in Nicotiana attenuata leaves. Ninety-eight per cent of the (9Z )-traumatin produced was converted to 9-hydroxy-(10E )-traumatin (9-OH-traumatin); two-thirds by product recycling through lipoxygenase-2 (NaLOX2) activity and one-third by nonenzymatic oxidation. Thirty-eight per cent of the de novo produced 9-OH-traumatin was conjugated to glutathione, consistent with this oxylipin being a reactive electrophile species. 12-OH-(9Z )-dodecenoic and dodecenedioic acids also showed rapid increases after wounding and simulated herbivory and a role for C(12) derivatives as signals in these processes was consistent with their ability to elicit substantial changes in gene expression. These results underscore the importance of metabolite reflux through LOX2, an insight which creates new opportunities for a functional understanding of C(12) derivatives of the HPL pathway in the regulation of stress responses.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. How scent and nectar influence floral antagonists and mutualists
- Author
-
Ian T. Baldwin, Mario Kallenbach, Danny Kessler, Eva Rothe, Celia Diezel, and Mark H. Murdock
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,pollination ,Plant Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Pollinator ,Manduca ,Archilochus alexandri ,Biology (General) ,0303 health sciences ,Ecology ,General Neuroscience ,General Medicine ,Manduca quinquemaculata ,Gene Knockdown Techniques ,Nectar guide ,Medicine ,RNA Interference ,Nicotiana attenuata ,Insight ,Hyles lineata ,Plant Nectar ,QH301-705.5 ,Science ,Short Report ,Flowers ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Acetone ,Birds ,Nectar source ,Manduca sexta ,03 medical and health sciences ,biology.animal ,Tobacco ,Botany ,Animals ,Nectar ,Herbivory ,Zoophily ,Symbiosis ,030304 developmental biology ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,other ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,Hummingbird - Abstract
Many plants attract and reward pollinators with floral scents and nectar, respectively, but these traits can also incur fitness costs as they also attract herbivores. This dilemma, common to most flowering plants, could be solved by not producing nectar and/or scent, thereby cheating pollinators. Both nectar and scent are highly variable in native populations of coyote tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, with some producing no nectar at all, uncorrelated with the tobacco's main floral attractant, benzylacetone. By silencing benzylacetone biosynthesis and nectar production in all combinations by RNAi, we experimentally uncouple these floral rewards/attractrants and measure their costs/benefits in the plant's native habitat and experimental tents. Both scent and nectar increase outcrossing rates for three, separately tested, pollinators and both traits increase oviposition by a hawkmoth herbivore, with nectar being more influential than scent. These results underscore that it makes little sense to study floral traits as if they only mediated pollination services. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07641.001, eLife digest Flowering plants have evolved a number of different approaches to reproduction. Some use their own pollen and self-fertilize, while others use pollen from other nearby plants. This fertilization by other plants is called ‘outcrossing’ and introduces new genetic variation into each generation, which is extremely important for the evolutionary process. Some flowering plants rely on animals to help with pollination, attracting visitors with floral scents and rewarding the visitors with sugar-rich nectar. But scent and nectar also attract herbivores that damage the plants. This causes a dilemma for flowering plants, which has led some to evolve to not produce scent or to offer no nectar while masquerading as a plant that does. Previous studies into the costs and benefits of such strategies have looked at the effects of either floral scent or nectar, but no-one has uncoupled the effects of these two traits on both pollination and herbivore attack. Kessler et al. have addressed this issue in wild tobacco plants, which can both self-fertilize and outcross, and which produce varying amounts of scent and nectar. The experiments were conducted under mesh tents and in field trials in the plant's natural habitat: the Great Basin Desert in Utah. Kessler et al. used a gene-silencing technique called ‘RNA interference’ to inhibit the production of scent or nectar, either separately or together. When grown in field trials, under conditions that prevent self-fertilization, these tobacco plants are frequently visited by a hummingbird and three species of hawkmoth. All four of these animals pollinate the tobacco plants, but one of the moths also lays eggs that hatch into caterpillars, which damage the plant. Kessler et al. monitored the effects that the loss of scent, nectar or both had on visits by each pollinator and on outcrossing. These experiments revealed that scent is essential to attract one hawkmoth species but not for another (called Hyles lineata). Furthermore, while, the hummingbird needs nectar, the H. lineata moth does not; but this moth won't visit flowers that lack both scent and nectar. The experiments also show that, for the moth that lays its eggs on the tobacco plants, both scent and nectar increase pollination and egg laying, but nectar has a stronger effect. Thus reducing nectar, as this tobacco plant does in the wild, is one strategy that can be used to reduce herbivore attack by caterpillars. Together, these findings highlight that it is important to study both herbivores and pollinators when attempting to understand the evolution of floral traits. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07641.002
- Published
- 2015
23. Author response: How scent and nectar influence floral antagonists and mutualists
- Author
-
Mario Kallenbach, Mark H. Murdock, Ian T. Baldwin, Celia Diezel, Danny Kessler, and Eva Rothe
- Subjects
Botany ,Nectar ,Biology - Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The Nicotiana attenuata GLA1 lipase controls the accumulation of Phytophthora parasitica-induced oxylipins and defensive secondary metabolites
- Author
-
Stefan, Schuck, Mario, Kallenbach, Ian T, Baldwin, and Gustavo, Bonaventure
- Subjects
Phytophthora ,Plant Extracts ,fungi ,Fatty Acids ,food and beverages ,Secondary Metabolism ,Lipase ,Lipid Metabolism ,Article ,Plant Leaves ,Tobacco ,Metabolomics ,Oxylipins ,Chromatography, Liquid ,Plant Diseases ,Subcellular Fractions - Abstract
Nicotiana attenuata plants silenced in the expression of GLYCEROLIPASE A1 (ir-gla1 plants) are compromised in the herbivore- and wound-induced accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA). However, these plants accumulate wild-type (WT) levels of JA and divinyl-ethers during Phytophthora parasitica infection. By profiling oxylipin-enriched fractions with targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry approaches, we demonstrate that the accumulation of 9-hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid (9-OH-18:2) and additional C18 and C19 oxylipins is reduced by ca. 20-fold in P. parasitica-infected ir-gla1 leaves compared with WT. This reduced accumulation of oxylipins was accompanied by a reduced accumulation of unsaturated free fatty acids and specific lysolipid species. Untargeted metabolic profiling of total leaf extracts showed that 87 metabolites accumulated differentially in leaves of P. parasitica-infected ir-gla1 plants with glycerolipids, hydroxylated-diterpene glycosides and phenylpropanoid derivatives accounting together for ca. 20% of these 87 metabolites. Thus, P. parasitica-induced oxylipins may participate in the regulation of metabolic changes during infection. Together, the results demonstrate that GLA1 plays a distinct role in the production of oxylipins during biotic stress responses, supplying substrates for 9-OH-18:2 and additional C18 and C19 oxylipin formation during P. parasitica infection, whereas supplying substrates for the biogenesis of JA during herbivory and mechanical wounding.
- Published
- 2013
25. Correction: Feeding-induced rearrangement of green leaf volatiles reduces moth oviposition
- Author
-
Andreas Reinecke, Mario Kallenbach, Anna Späthe, Ian T. Baldwin, Silke Sachse, Bill S. Hansson, Sonja Bisch-Knaden, and Silke Allmann
- Subjects
Ca imaging ,QH301-705.5 ,Science ,Datura wrightii ,plant volatiles ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Manduca sexta ,Botany ,Biology (General) ,Ecology ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,biology ,General Neuroscience ,Green leaf volatiles ,Correction ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Plant volatile ,Medicine ,Other ,plant volatile ,oviposition ,Neuroscience - Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Feeding-induced rearrangement of green leaf volatiles reduces moth oviposition
- Author
-
Mario Kallenbach, Ian T. Baldwin, Anna Späthe, Sonja Bisch-Knaden, Andreas Reinecke, Bill S. Hansson, Silke Allmann, Silke Sachse, and Plant Physiology (SILS, FNWI)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Time Factors ,Ca imaging ,Acetates ,01 natural sciences ,Predation ,Manduca ,Geocoris ,Biology (General) ,media_common ,0303 health sciences ,Ecology ,General Neuroscience ,Green leaf volatiles ,food and beverages ,Brain ,Datura wrightii ,General Medicine ,Smell ,Datura ,Medicine ,Female ,Cues ,Signal Transduction ,Research Article ,animal structures ,QH301-705.5 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,Biology ,plant volatiles ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Competition (biology) ,Manduca sexta ,03 medical and health sciences ,Isomerism ,Botany ,Animals ,Herbivory ,030304 developmental biology ,Herbivore ,Volatile Organic Compounds ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,fungi ,biology.organism_classification ,Plant Leaves ,sense organs ,Other ,plant volatile ,oviposition ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Neuroscience - Abstract
The ability to decrypt volatile plant signals is essential if herbivorous insects are to optimize their choice of host plants for their offspring. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) constitute a widespread group of defensive plant volatiles that convey a herbivory-specific message via their isomeric composition: feeding of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta converts (Z)-3- to (E)-2-GLVs thereby attracting predatory insects. Here we show that this isomer-coded message is monitored by ovipositing M. sexta females. We detected the isomeric shift in the host plant Datura wrightii and performed functional imaging in the primary olfactory center of M. sexta females with GLV structural isomers. We identified two isomer-specific regions responding to either (Z)-3- or (E)-2-hexenyl acetate. Field experiments demonstrated that ovipositing Manduca moths preferred (Z)-3-perfumed D. wrightii over (E)-2-perfumed plants. These results show that (E)-2-GLVs and/or specific (Z)-3/(E)-2-ratios provide information regarding host plant attack by conspecifics that ovipositing hawkmoths use for host plant selection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00421.001, eLife digest Plants have developed a variety of strategies to defend themselves against herbivorous animals, particularly insects. In addition to mechanical defences such as thorns and spines, plants also produce compounds known as secondary metabolites that keep insects and other herbivores at bay by acting as repellents or toxins. Some of these metabolites are produced on a continuous basis by plants, whereas others—notably compounds called green-leaf volatiles—are only produced once the plant has been attacked. Green-leaf volatiles—which are also responsible for the smell of freshly cut grass—have been observed to provide plants with both direct protection, by inhibiting or repelling herbivores, and indirect protection, by attracting predators of the herbivores themselves. The hawkmoth Manduca sexta lays its eggs on various plants, including tobacco plants and sacred Datura plants. Once the eggs have hatched into caterpillars, they start eating the leaves of their host plant, and if present in large numbers, these caterpillars can quickly defoliate and destroy it. In an effort to defend itself, the host plant releases green-leaf volatiles to attract various species of Geocoris, and these bugs eat the eggs. One of the green-leaf volatiles released by tobacco plants is known as (Z)-3-hexenal, but enzymes released by M. sexta caterpillars change some of these molecules into (E)-2-hexenal, which has the same chemical formula but a different structure. The resulting changes in the ‘volatile profile’ alerts Geocoris bugs to the presence of M. sexta eggs and caterpillars on the plant. Now Allmann et al. show that adult female M. sexta moths can also detect similar changes in the volatile profile emitted by sacred Datura plants that have been damaged by M. sexta caterpillars. This alerts the moths to the fact that Geocoris bugs are likely to be attacking eggs and caterpillars on the plant, or on their way to the plant, so they lay their eggs on other plants. This reduces competition for resources and also reduces the risk of newly laid eggs being eaten by predators. Allmann et al. also identified the neural mechanism that allows moths to detect changes in the volatile profile of plants—the E- and Z- odours lead to different activation patterns in the moth brain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00421.002
- Published
- 2013
27. Jasmonate signaling in the field, part I: elicited changes in jasmonate pools of transgenic Nicotiana attenuata populations
- Author
-
Emmanuel, Gaquerel, Michael, Stitz, Mario, Kallenbach, and Ian T, Baldwin
- Subjects
Gene Expression Profiling ,Solid Phase Extraction ,Cyclopentanes ,Acetates ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Plant Growth Regulators ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Manduca ,Tobacco ,Solvents ,Animals ,Herbivory ,Oxylipins ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Nicotiana attenuata, a wild tobacco species native of the southwestern USA that grows in the immediate postfire environment, is one of the important host plants for herbivore populations recolonizing recently burned habitats in the Great Basin Desert. Based on more than 20 years of field research on this eco-genomics model system established in our group, we have developed a genetic and analytical toolbox that allows us to assess the importance of particular genes and metabolites for the survival of this plant in its native habitat. This toolbox has been extensively applied to study the activation of jasmonate signaling after the attack of different herbivore species. Here, we provide detailed guidelines for the analysis, under field conditions, of induced changes in jasmonate pools during insect herbivory. The procedures range from selection and field release of well-characterized transgenic lines for testing the physiological consequences of manipulating jasmonate biogenesis, metabolism, or perception to the metabolic elicitation of chewing herbivore attack and the quantification of the resulting changes in jasmonate fluxes.
- Published
- 2013
28. Jasmonate signaling in the field, part II: insect-guided characterization of genetic variations in jasmonate-dependent defenses of transgenic and natural Nicotiana attenuata populations
- Author
-
Emmanuel, Gaquerel, Michael, Stitz, Mario, Kallenbach, and Ian T, Baldwin
- Subjects
Genetic Variation ,Cyclopentanes ,Genes, Plant ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Hemiptera ,Plant Leaves ,Plant Growth Regulators ,Tobacco ,Metabolome ,Animals ,Herbivory ,Oxylipins ,Trypsin Inhibitors ,Plant Proteins ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
The introduction of genetically modified plants into natural habitats represents a valuable means to determine organismic level functions of a gene and its effects on a plant's interaction with other organisms. Nicotiana attenuata, a wild tobacco species native of the southwestern USA that grows in the immediate postfire environment, is one of the important host plants for herbivore populations recolonizing recently burned habitats in the Great Basin Desert. Here, we provide detailed guidelines for the analysis, under field conditions, of jasmonate-dependent defense and its impact on the plant's native herbivore community. The procedures are based on the field release of transgenic lines silenced for jasmonate biogenesis, metabolism, or perception to conduct association studies between defense trait expression (secondary metabolite and trypsin proteinase inhibitor accumulation) and insect infestations. Additionally, because some insects have evolved mechanisms to "eavesdrop" on jasmonate signaling when selecting their host plants, we describe how leafhoppers of the species Empoasca, which selectively colonize jasmonate-deficient plants, can be used as "bloodhounds" for identifying natural variations in jasmonate signaling among natural N. attenuata populations.
- Published
- 2013
29. Progressive 35S promoter methylation increases rapidly during vegetative development in transgenic Nicotiana attenuata plants
- Author
-
Arne, Weinhold, Mario, Kallenbach, and Ian Thomas, Baldwin
- Subjects
DNA, Bacterial ,Genetic Markers ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ,DNA Methylation ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Epigenesis, Genetic ,Phenotype ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Genetic Loci ,Tobacco ,Gene Silencing ,Transgenes ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Genetically modified plants are widely used in agriculture and increasingly in ecological research to enable the selective manipulation of plant traits in the field. Despite their broad usage, many aspects of unwanted transgene silencing throughout plant development are still poorly understood. A transgene can be epigenetically silenced by a process called RNA directed DNA methylation (RdDM), which can be seen as a heritable loss of gene expression. The spontaneous nature of transgene silencing has been widely reported, but patterns of acquirement remain still unclear. Results Transgenic wild tobacco plants (Nicotiana attenuata) expressing heterologous genes coding for antimicrobial peptides displayed an erratic and variable occurrence of transgene silencing. We focused on three independently transformed lines (PNA 1.2, PNA 10.1 and ICE 4.4) as they rapidly lost the expression of the resistance marker and down-regulated transgene expression by more than 200 fold after only one plant generation. Bisulfite sequencing indicated hypermethylation within the 35S and NOS promoters of these lines. To shed light on the progress of methylation establishment, we successively sampled leaf tissues from different stages during plant development and found a rapid increase in 35S promoter methylation during vegetative growth (up to 77% absolute increase within 45 days of growth). The levels of de novo methylation were inherited by the offspring without any visible discontinuation. A secondary callus regeneration step could interfere with the establishment of gene silencing and we found successfully restored transgene expression in the offspring of several regenerants. Conclusions The unpredictability of the gene silencing process requires a thorough selection and early detection of unstable plant lines. De novo methylation of the transgenes was acquired solely during vegetative development and did not require a generational change for its establishment or enhancement. A secondary callus regeneration step provides a convenient way to rescue transgene expression without causing undesirable morphological effects, which is essential for experiments that use transformed plants in the analysis of ecologically important traits.
- Published
- 2013
30. Author response: Feeding-induced rearrangement of green leaf volatiles reduces moth oviposition
- Author
-
Silke Allmann, Mario Kallenbach, Andreas Reinecke, Anna Späthe, Sonja Bisch-Knaden, Silke Sachse, Bill S. Hansson, and Ian T. Baldwin
- Subjects
Horticulture ,Chemistry ,Green leaf volatiles - Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Leaf-herbivore attack reduces carbon reserves and regrowth from the roots via jasmonate and auxin signaling
- Author
-
Ricardo A. R. Machado, Ian T. Baldwin, Abigail P. Ferrieri, Christelle A. M. Robert, Gaétan Glauser, Matthias Erb, and Mario Kallenbach
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Chlorophyll ,Sucrose ,Physiology ,Plant Science ,Cyclopentanes ,01 natural sciences ,Plant Roots ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Auxin ,Nicotiana attenuata ,Manduca ,Botany ,Tobacco ,Plant defense against herbivory ,Animals ,Jasmonate ,Herbivory ,Oxylipins ,030304 developmental biology ,Plant Proteins ,2. Zero hunger ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Ecotype ,0303 health sciences ,Herbivore ,biology ,Dehydration ,Indoleacetic Acids ,fungi ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Carbon ,Plant Leaves ,chemistry ,Manduca sexta ,Rootstock ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Herbivore attack leads to resource conflicts between plant defensive strategies. Photoassim ilates are required for defensive compounds and carbon storage below ground and may there fore be depleted or enriched in the roots of herbivore defoliated plants. The potential role of belowground tissues as mediators of induced tolerance–defense trade offs is unknown. We evaluated signaling and carbohydrate dynamics in the roots of Nicotiana attenuata fol lowing Manduca sexta attack. Experimental and natural genetic variability was exploited to link the observed metabolite patterns to plant tolerance and resistance. Leaf herbivore attack decreased sugar and starch concentrations in the roots and reduced regrowth from the rootstock and flower production in the glasshouse and the field. Leaf derived jasmonates were identified as major regulators of this root mediated resource based trade off: lower jasmonate levels were associated with decreased defense increased carbohy drate levels and improved regrowth from the rootstock. Application and transport inhibition experiments in combination with silencing of the sucrose non fermenting (SNF) related kinase GAL83 indicated that auxins may act as additional signals that regulate regrowth pat terns. In conclusion our study shows that the ability to mobilize defenses has a hidden resource based cost below ground that constrains defoliation tolerance. Jasmonate and auxin depen dent mechanisms may lead to divergent defensive plant strategies against herbivores in nature.
- Published
- 2013
32. Jasmonate Signaling in the Field, Part II: Insect-Guided Characterization of Genetic Variations in Jasmonate-Dependent Defenses of Transgenic and Natural Nicotiana attenuata Populations
- Author
-
Ian T. Baldwin, Mario Kallenbach, Emmanuel Gaquerel, and Michael Stitz
- Subjects
Herbivore ,Empoasca ,Types of tobacco ,biology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Insect ,Genetically modified crops ,Secondary metabolite ,biology.organism_classification ,Nicotiana attenuata ,Botany ,medicine ,Jasmonate ,medicine.drug ,media_common - Abstract
The introduction of genetically modified plants into natural habitats represents a valuable means to determine organismic level functions of a gene and its effects on a plant's interaction with other organisms. Nicotiana attenuata, a wild tobacco species native of the southwestern USA that grows in the immediate postfire environment, is one of the important host plants for herbivore populations recolonizing recently burned habitats in the Great Basin Desert. Here, we provide detailed guidelines for the analysis, under field conditions, of jasmonate-dependent defense and its impact on the plant's native herbivore community. The procedures are based on the field release of transgenic lines silenced for jasmonate biogenesis, metabolism, or perception to conduct association studies between defense trait expression (secondary metabolite and trypsin proteinase inhibitor accumulation) and insect infestations. Additionally, because some insects have evolved mechanisms to "eavesdrop" on jasmonate signaling when selecting their host plants, we describe how leafhoppers of the species Empoasca, which selectively colonize jasmonate-deficient plants, can be used as "bloodhounds" for identifying natural variations in jasmonate signaling among natural N. attenuata populations.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Jasmonate Signaling in the Field, Part I: Elicited Changes in Jasmonate Pools of Transgenic Nicotiana attenuata Populations
- Author
-
Ian T. Baldwin, Mario Kallenbach, Emmanuel Gaquerel, and Michael Stitz
- Subjects
Herbivore ,Types of tobacco ,biology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Transgene ,fungi ,Insect ,biology.organism_classification ,Habitat ,Nicotiana attenuata ,Botany ,Jasmonate ,Biogenesis ,media_common - Abstract
Nicotiana attenuata, a wild tobacco species native of the southwestern USA that grows in the immediate postfire environment, is one of the important host plants for herbivore populations recolonizing recently burned habitats in the Great Basin Desert. Based on more than 20 years of field research on this eco-genomics model system established in our group, we have developed a genetic and analytical toolbox that allows us to assess the importance of particular genes and metabolites for the survival of this plant in its native habitat. This toolbox has been extensively applied to study the activation of jasmonate signaling after the attack of different herbivore species. Here, we provide detailed guidelines for the analysis, under field conditions, of induced changes in jasmonate pools during insect herbivory. The procedures range from selection and field release of well-characterized transgenic lines for testing the physiological consequences of manipulating jasmonate biogenesis, metabolism, or perception to the metabolic elicitation of chewing herbivore attack and the quantification of the resulting changes in jasmonate fluxes.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Empoasca leafhoppers attack wild tobacco plants in a jasmonate-dependent manner and identify jasmonate mutants in natural populations
- Author
-
Mario Kallenbach, Gustavo Bonaventure, Ian T. Baldwin, Antje Wissgott, and Paola Alejandra Gilardoni
- Subjects
Types of tobacco ,Empoasca ,Cyclopentanes ,Hemiptera ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nicotiana attenuata ,Genetic variation ,Botany ,Tobacco ,Animals ,Jasmonate ,Gene Silencing ,Oxylipins ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Jasmonic acid ,fungi ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Arthropod mouthparts ,chemistry ,PNAS Plus ,Mutation ,Volatilization ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Choice of host plants by phytophagous insects is essential for their survival and reproduction. This choice involves complex behavioral responses to a variety of physical and chemical characteristics of potential plants for feeding. For insects of the order Hemiptera, these behavioral responses involve a series of steps including labial dabbing and probing using their piercing mouthparts. These initial probing and feeding attempts also elicit a rapid accumulation of phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA), and the induced defense metabolites they mediate. When Nicotiana attenuata plants are rendered JA deficient by silencing the initial committed step of the JA biosynthesis pathway, they are severely attacked in nature by hemipteran leafhoppers of the genus Empoasca . By producing N. attenuata plants silenced in multiple steps of JA biosynthesis and perception and in the biosynthesis of the plant’s three major classes of JA-inducible insecticidal defenses, we demonstrate that the choice of plants for feeding by Empoasca leafhoppers in both nature and the glasshouse is independent of the accumulation of major insecticidal molecules. Moreover, this choice is independent of the presence of Candidatus Phytoplasma spp. and is not associated with detectable changes in plant volatiles but instead depends on the plant´s capacity to mediate JA signaling. We exploited this trait and used Empoasca leafhoppers to reveal genetic variation in JA accumulation and signaling hidden in N. attenuata natural populations.
- Published
- 2012
35. Nicotiana attenuata SIPK, WIPK, NPR1 and fatty acid-amino acid conjugates participate in the induction of JA biosynthesis by affecting early enzymatic steps in the pathway
- Author
-
Ian T. Baldwin, Gustavo Bonaventure, Fiammetta Alagna, and Mario Kallenbach
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Physiology ,Jasmonic acid ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,NPR1 ,Amino acid ,Elicitor ,Metabolic pathway ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,Biosynthesis ,Genetics ,Protein kinase A ,Nicotiana - Abstract
Wounding and herbivore attack elicit the rapid (within minutes) accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) that results from the activation of previously synthesized biosynthetic enzymes. Recently, several regulatory factors that affect JA production have been identified; however, how these regulators affect JA biosynthesis remains at present unknown. Here we demonstrate that Nicotiana attenuata salicylate-induced protein kinase (SIPK), wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), nonexpressor of PR-1 (NPR1), and the insect elicitor N-linolenoyl-glucose (18:3-Glu) participate in mechanisms affecting early enzymatic steps of the JA biosynthesis pathway. Plants silenced in the expression of SIPK and NPR1 were affected in the initial accumulation of 13-hydroperoxy-linolenic acid (13-OOH-18:3) after wounding and 18:3-Glu elicitation by mechanisms independent of changes in 13-lipoxygenase activity. Moreover, 18:3-Glu elicited an enhanced and rapid accumulation of 13-OOH-18:3 that depended partially on SIPK and NPR1 but was independent of increased 13-lipoxygenase activity. Together, the results suggested that substrate supply for JA production was altered by 18:3-Glu elicitation and SIPK- and NPR1-mediated mechanisms. Consistent with a regulation at the level of substrate supply, we demonstrated by virus-induced gene silencing that a wound-repressed plastidial glycerolipase (NaGLA1) plays an essential role in the induction of de novo JA biosynthesis. In contrast to SIPK and NPR1, mechanisms mediated by WIPK did not affect the production of 13-OOH-18:3 but were critical to control the conversion of this precursor into 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. These differences could be partially accounted for by reduced allene oxide synthase activity in WIPK-silenced plants.
- Published
- 2010
36. Olive fruits infested with olive fly larvae respond with an ethylene burst and the emission of specific volatiles
- Author
-
Alagna F, Kallenbach M, Pompa A, De Marchis F, Rao R, It, Baldwin, Gustavo Bonaventure, Baldoni L, Fiammetta, Alagna, Mario, Kallenbach, Andrea, Pompa, Francesca De, Marchi, Rao, Rosa, Ian T., Baldwin, Gustavo, Bonaventure2, and Luciana, Baldoni
- Subjects
Volatile Organic Compounds ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Tephritidae ,Feeding Behavior ,Flowers ,Ethylenes ,Genes, Plant ,Models, Biological ,Plant Growth Regulators ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Fruit ,Larva ,Olea ,Animals ,Protease Inhibitors ,RNA, Messenger ,Plant Diseases ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Olive fly (Bactrocera oleae R.) is the most harmful insect pest of olive (Olea europaea L.) which strongly affects fruits and oil production. Despite the expanding economic importance of olive cultivation, up to now, only limited information on plant responses to B. oleae is available. Here, we demonstrate that olive fruits respond to B. oleae attack by producing changes in an array of different defensive compounds including phytohormones, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and defense proteins. Bactrocera oleae-infested fruits induced a strong ethylene burst and transcript levels of several putative ethylene-responsive transcription factors became significantly upregulated. Moreover, infested fruits induced significant changes in the levels of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and C12 derivatives of the hydroperoxide lyase. The emission of VOCs was also changed quantitatively and qualitatively in insect-damaged fruits, indicating that B. oleae larval feeding can specifically affect the volatile blend of fruits. Finally, we show that larval infestation maintained high levels of trypsin protease inhibitors in ripe fruits, probably by affecting post-transcriptional mechanisms. Our results provide novel and important information to understand the response of the olive fruit to B. oleae attack; information that can shed light onto potential new strategies to combat this pest.
- Published
- 2014
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.