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At present, it is unclear which exercise-induced factors, such as myokines, could diminish the negative impact of the reduction in pulmonary function imposed by the exercise in question. In this study, we aim to evaluate the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and also to investigate the effect of myokines in the performance of marathon runners presenting EIB or not. Thirty-eight male recreational marathon runners (age 38.8 [33&ndash, 44], height 175.7 [172.0&ndash, 180.3], weight 74.7 [69.3&ndash, 81.6]) participated in this study, and through spirometry tests, a prevalence of 23.6% of EIB was found, which is in agreement with the literature. The volunteers who tested positive to EIB (EIB+) presented lower maximum aerobic capacity compared to those who tested negative (EIB&minus, ) (EIB+ 44.02 [39.56&ndash, 47.02] and EIB&minus, 47.62 [44.11&ndash, 51.18] p = 0.03). The comparison of plasma levels of IL-1&beta, (EIB+ p = 0.296, EIB&minus, p = 0.176, EIB+ vs. EIB&minus, baseline p = 0.190 immediately after p = 0.106), IL-4 (undetectable), IL-6 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB&minus, p &le, 0.001, EIB+ vs. EIB&minus, baseline p = 0.301 immediately after p = 0.614), IL-8 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB&minus, baseline p = 0.110 immediately after p = 0.453), IL-10 (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB&minus, baseline p = 0.424 immediately after p = 0.876) and TNF-&alpha, (EIB+ p = 0.003, EIB&minus, baseline p = 0.141 immediately after p = 0.898) were similar in both groups 24 h before and immediately after the marathon. However, negative correlations were found between the marathon finishing time and the levels of IL-8 (r = &minus, 0.81, p = 0.022), and IL-10 (r = &minus, 0.97, p &le, 0.001) immediately after completing the marathon. In conclusion, for the first time, it is shown that the myokines IL-8 and IL-10 are related to improvement of the performance of marathon runners presenting EIB.

Previous studies have demonstrated the physiological changes induced by exercise exposure in hot environments. We investigated the hematological and oxidative changes and tissue damage induced by marathon race in different thermal conditions. Twenty-six male runners completed the São Paulo International Marathon both in hot environment (HE) and in temperate environment (TE). Blood and urine samples were collected 1 day before, immediately after, 1 day after, and 3 days after the marathon to analyze the hematological parameters, electrolytes, markers of tissue damage, and oxidative status. In both environments, the marathon race promotes fluid and electrolyte imbalance, hemolysis, oxidative stress, immune activation, and tissue damage. The marathon runner’s performance was approximately 13.5% lower in HE compared to TE; however, in HE, our results demonstrated more pronounced fluid and electrolyte imbalance, renal damage, hemolysis, and immune activation. Moreover, oxidative stress induced by marathon in HE is presumed to be related to protein/purine oxidation instead of other oxidative sources. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance and protein/purine oxidation may be important factors responsible for hemolysis, renal damage, immune activation, and impaired performance after long-term exercise in HE. Nonetheless, we suggested that the impairment on performance in HE was not associated to the muscle damage and lipoperoxidation.

Background. The endurance exercise is capable of inducing skeletal muscle, heart, and respiratory fatigue, evidenced by morphofunctional cardiac changes, release of myocardial injury biomarkers, and reduction of maximal voluntary ventilation and oxygen consumption (VO2) at peak exercise. Purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate whether marathoners present cardiac fatigue after marathon and whether it correlates with pulmonary levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and pulmonary inflammation. Methods. 31 male marathoners, age 39±9 years, were evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise test three weeks before and between three and 15 days after a marathon; eNO analysis and spirometry were evaluated before, immediately after, and 24 and 72 hours after the marathon, and sputum cellularity and cytokine level were assessed before and after the marathon. Results. Marathon induced an increase in the percentage of macrophages, neutrophils (from 0.65% to 4.28% and 6.79% to 14.11%, respectively), and epithelial cells and a decrease in cytokines in induced sputum, followed by an increase in eNO concentration (20±11 to 35±19 ppb), which presented a significant reduction 24 and 72 hours after marathon (9±12 e 12±9 ppb, p<0.05). We observed a decrease in the spirometry parameters in all time points assessed after the marathon (p<0.05) as well as in cardiopulmonary capacity, evidenced by a reduction in VO2 and ventilation peaks (57±6 to 55±6 mL·min-1·Kg-1 and 134±19 to 132±18 Lpm, respectively, p<0.05). Finally, we observed a negative correlation between the decrease in forced expiratory volume and decrease in eNO 24 and 72 hours after marathon (r=−0.4, p=0.05). Conclusion. Reduction in eNO bioavailability after marathon prevents the reduction in cardiopulmonary capacity induced by acute inflammatory pattern after marathon.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil das assessorias esportivas e treinadores de corrida de rua que atuam nas áreas comuns do campus Butantã da Universidade de São Paulo e, a partir da análise do crescimento deste segmento, estabelecer uma relação com o crescimento da corrida de rua em São Paulo. Trata-se de estudo exploratório de caráter quantitativo. Os dados foram coletados junto aos responsáveis ​​pelas assessorias esportivas e os treinadores que realizam treinamento no campus Butantã da Universidade de São Paulo. O instrumento incluiu questões sobre o perfil e fatores demográficos. Os resultados demonstram que, desde 1979, 100 profissionais começaram a trabalhar no campus da USP, e que, a partir de 1983, as assessorias esportivas começaram a surgir. Os profissionais são, predominantemente, do sexo masculino, com idade média de 39 anos, e, trabalham com corrida de rua em média há 12 anos. Quanto à escolaridade, 3% têm mestrado, 76% especializações diversas e 21% graduação. Sobre as assessorias, os dados revelam a heterogeneidade entre essas empresas que foram constituídas nos últimos 30 anos. As assessorias esportivas foram classificadas em 4 grupos de acordo com seu tamanho (número de corredores). Para análise das empresas, foi realizada uma comparação entre os grupos. Diversas variáveis apresentam diferenças significativas entre pelo menos dois Grupos (p

The fatigue induced by marathon races was observed in terms of inflammatory and immunological outcomes. Neutrophil survival and activation are essential for inflammation resolution and contributes directly to the pathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of marathon races on surface molecules related to neutrophil adhesion and extrinsic apoptosis pathway and its association with inflammatory markers. We evaluated 23 trained male runners at the Sao Paulo International Marathon 2013. The following components were measured: hematological and inflammatory mediators, muscle damage markers, and neutrophil function. The marathon race induced an increased leukocyte and neutrophil counts; creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), CK-MB, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-8 levels. C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α plasma concentrations were significantly higher 24 h and 72 h after the marathon race. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels decreased 72 h after the marathon race. We also observed an increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and decreasedTNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) expression immediately after and 24 h after the marathon race. We observed an increased DNA fragmentation and L-selectin and Fas receptor expressions in the recovery period, indicating a possible slow rolling phase and delayed neutrophil activation and apoptosis. Marathon racing affects neutrophils adhesion and survival in the course of inflammation, supporting the “open-window” post-exercise hypothesis.

Exercise is a common triggers of bronchoconstriction in asthmatic and non-asthmatics, mainly after strenuous exercise. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this response is poorly understood. Thus, this study investigated whether the bronchoconstriction observed immediately after completing a marathon by 31 male marathon runners occurred due to increased levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), epithelial injury (increased epithelial detachment) and modulation of pulmonary immune system. The results were presented as mean±SD (pre versus post-marathon) of paired t test analysis. Immediately after marathon, FEV1 was significantly reduced (p

Objectives The genotypes of α-actinin-3 (ACTN3), angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), bradykinin B2 receptor (BDKRB2) and angiotensinogen (AGT) genes have been associated to skeletal muscle efficiency, strength, resistance and power. Therefore, the aim of this study was associate the ACE ID, ACTN-3 RX, AGT MT and B2BRK -9 + 9 polimorphisms and power genotype score to myocardial and muscle injury induced by endurance exercise. Methods Sixty male endurance runners participated in this study. Blood samples (30 mL) were collected 24 h before, immediately after, 24 h after, 72 h after, 15 days after the Sao Paulo International Marathon 2015 (60 runners, 15-17°C and relative humidity of 82%). The power genotype score was based on ACE ID, ACTN-3 RX, AGT MT and B2BRK -9 + 9 polimorphisms. To quantify the combined influence of all 4 polymorphisms currently associated with power phenotypes, an algorithm was created to incorporate the 4 genotype. The total score was then transformed mathematically to lie within the range 0–100 (to be intuitively meaningful) and labelled the power genotype score. The following parameters were carried out to evaluate muscle injury: pro-BNP, creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), troponin, myoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) from muscle and of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Results The demographic data for these subjects are summarised as follows: age, 34 ± 6 years; height, 174 ± 0 cm; body mass, 74 ± 1 kg;% of fat mass, 20 ± 0.5; body mass index, 25 ± 0.2 kg/m2; average training race 56 ± 2,2 km/week; frequency of training 4,4 time/week; time on 10 km race 46 ± 0.7 minutes. Marathon race induced an increase on myoglobin (21-fold, p Conclusion The power genotype score are associated with endurance exercise-induced muscle injury suggesting less injury on runners with high power genotype score. Acknowledgment This work was supported by Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [Project Number 2014/21501-0].