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Identification key to species of Moenkhausia bearing a dark blotch on the upper caudal-fin lobe and hyaline lower lobe 1 Scales of the anterior portion of predorsal area arranged in a pair, followed by a single median row of scales extending onto dorsal-fin origin........................................................................................ M. lepidura (rio Orinoco basin and Amazonas lowlands, rio Tocantins, Madeira, and Negro basins, lower Tapajós and Trombetas drainages) 1 ’ Predorsal scales arranged in a single median row from the tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal fin...................... 2 2 Humeral spot absent, caudal fin pigmentation consisting of roughly triangular dark spot at the middle caudal-fin rays, distinctly separate from the spot on the upper caudal-fin lobe...................................................................... M. celibela (rio Amazonas lowlands downstream of rio Maraú, rio Tapajós, lower rio Xingú and rio Jari). 2 ’ Humeral spot present, middle caudal-fin rays hyaline or when dark, continuous with the upper caudal-fin spot............ 3 3 Humeral spot displaced posteriorly, over the fifth to ninth lateral-line scale; upper caudal-fin lobe with scattered dark chromatophores from base to tip, frequently with a round dark spot at its middle portion................................................................................... M. hysterosticta (middle rio Tocantins basin and rio Trombetas). 3 ’ Humeral spot located over the third to fifth lateral-line scale; base of upper caudal caudal-fin lobe with a clear area, free of dark chromatophores....................................................................................... 4 4 Six longitudinal scale rows above the lateral line.......................... M. inrai (rio Maroni and Approuague basins) 4 ’ Five longitudinal scale rows above the lateral line........................................................... 5 5 Humeral spot inconspicuous, composed of few chromatophores...................................................................................... M. gracilima (rio Amazonas lowlands, Madeira, Tapajós, and Trombetas basins) 5 ’ Humeral spot conspicuous.............................................................................. 6 6 Humeral spot round; middle caudal-fin rays hyaline; first half of lateral line frequently easily visible through naked eye, due to conspicuous dark chromatophores concentrated around the lateral-line pores; mature males with two large, dorsally curved bony hooks on the anal fin, and tiny bony spines on distal portions of all fins............................................................ M. mikia (rio Orinoco and widely distributed in the Amazon basin except Tocantins-Araguaia basin) 6 ’ Humeral spot vertically elongate; middle caudal-fin rays dark; no evident dark chromatophores concentrated around the lateral-line pores; sexual dimorphism absent.................................................................. 7 7 Lateral line with 36–38 perforated scales....... M. loweae (rio Xingu and upper and middle rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin) 7 ’ Lateral line with 34–35 perforated scales................................................................... 8 8 Humeral spot wide, over three and a half scales or more horizontally, upper and lower edges turned anteriorly........... 9 8 ’ Humeral spot narrow, over one to two and a half scales horizontally, with upper and lower edges aligned in a straight line... 10 9 Second humeral spot present, proximal half of anal-fin ray deeply pigmented, branched anal-fin rays 26–29....................................................................... M. megalops (rio Branco, rio Jari and rio Tapajós basin) 9 ’ Second humeral spot absent, anal-fin equally pigmented, branched anal-fin rays 21–26................................... M. lata (rio Orinoco basin, rio Negro, rio Amazonas between mouth of rio Negro and mouth of rio Tapajós, and lower rio Tapajós basin) 10 Unbranched dorsal-fin rays dark, branched anal-fin rays 25–29.... M. abyss (widely distributed in Amazon basin lowlands). 10 ’ Unbranched dorsal-fin rays hyaline, branched anal-fin rays 19–23.............................................. 12 12 Longitudinal thin line extending from the vertical through the middle portion of dorsal-fin origin, falling short of caudal-fin base; upper caudal-fin and middle caudal-fin rays weakly pigmented.......... M. icae (rio Solimões, rio Içá and rio Japurá) 12 ’ Longitudinal dark line extending from the humeral spot (or slightly posterior to it), becoming wider at vertical through the posterior third of dorsal fin to the caudal peduncle, frequently covered by guanine. Caudal-fin lobe mark variable, frequently presenting a semicircular darker spot on its middle portions, and faintly on middle caudal-fin rays...................................................... M. hasemani (widely distributed in the Amazon basin and drainages of the Guiana Shield).

Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner, 1858) (Figs. 1 ���5, 7 a; Table 1, 2) Tetragonopterus lepidurus Kner, 1858: 80 [rio Guapor�� (subsequentely reported by Kner 1959: 177)]; 1859: 176, pl. 8, fig. 20 [detailed description].��� Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1891: 53 [catalog, Amazon from ��bidos to Tabatinga].? G��nther, 1864: 328 [literature compilation]. Moenkhausia lepidurus.? Eigenmann, 1910: 438 [in part, only Amazon basin; catalog]. Moenkhausia lepidura lepidura.? Eigenmann, 1917: 68 [key], 98 [in part, only Amazon species with predorsal region with two lateral series of scales anteriory, followed by one medial series; redescription]. Moenkhausia lepidura.? G��ry, 1977: 451 [similar to Gymnotichthys hildae].? G��ry 1992: 70, fig. 1 [in part, redescription], 78 [key].? Lima et al., 2003: 148 [in part, only Amazon and Orinoco basins; literature compilation].? Lima et al., 2007: 59 [literature compilation].? Marinho & Langeani, 2010 a: 60 [diagnosis of M. mikia; literature compilation].? Marinho & Langeani, 2010 b: 878 [literature compilation; comparative material].? Mirande, 2010: 506 [comments on phylogeny].? Oliveira & Marinho, 2016 [diagnosis of M. abyss; literature compilation]. Gymnotichthys hildae Fern��ndez-Y��pez, 1950: 10, pl. 2: figs 1 [rio Autana].? G��ry, 1977: 438 [key], 451 [similar to Moenkhausia lepidura]. G��ry, 1992: 78 [key].? Lasso, et al., 1997: 41 [type catalog].? Lima et al., 2003: 128 [literature compilation].? Mirande, 2010: 546 [comments on phylogeny]. Diagnosis. Moenkhausia lepidura can be distinguished from all congeners, except M. abyss, M. celibela, M. gracilima, M. hasemani, M. hysterosticta, M. icae, M. inrai, M. lata, M. megalops, M. mikia, and M. loweae, by having a dark blotch on the upper caudal-fin lobe, and lower lobe hyaline (vs. caudal lobes hyaline or with a black blotch on both lobes). Moenkhausia lepidura is distinguished from all the aforementioned species by the arrangement of the predorsal scales, which consists of two median series from the tip of supraocciptal spine followed by one medial series reaching the dorsal-fin origin (Fig. 5) (vs. one median series from the supraocciptal spine to the dorsal-fin origin). The pigmentation of the caudal fin also helps to recognize M. lepidura among the species above, which is black, extending from middle caudal-fin rays to the upper lobe (vs. upper caudal-fin lobe pigmentation not as dark; when black, not located on middle caudal-fin rays). Description. Morphometrics in Table 1. Largest specimen examined 84.0 mm SL. Body compressed, greatest body depth slightly ahead of vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to nares; straight from nares to tip of supraoccipital spine; convex from supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight to slightly convex along dorsal-fin base; straight to slightly convex from posterior terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin; slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from tip of lower jaw to pelvic-fin origin; straight from pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin; straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Mouth terminal; upper jaw slightly ahead lower jaw. Premaxillary teeth in two rows, outer with 3 (3), 4 * (85) or 5 (10) tricuspid teeth, inner with 5 * (97) or 6 (1) tetra- to pentacuspid teeth (Fig. 4). Maxilla extending posteriorly to vertical through anterior margin of eye, with 1 (60) or 2 * (38) tricuspid teeth. Dentary with four pentacuspid teeth and a series of 6 ��� 9 very small conical or tricuspid teeth. Pectoral-fin rays i* (98), 12 (10), 13 * (67), 14 (19), or 15 (2), their tips not reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvicfin rays i, 7 * (98), their tips reaching or just anterior to anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iv (1) or v (6), 20 (13), 21 * (29), 22 (42), 23 (11), 24 (1) or 25 (1); last unbranched and first three or four branched anal-fin rays much longer then remaining rays. Four supraneurals, all rod-shaped, with bony lamellae in upper portion. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 * (98), first unbranched dorsal-fin ray almost half length of second unbranched ray. Dorsal-fin origin slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin; base of last dorsal-fin ray anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. Adipose-fin origin approximately at vertical through base of 16 th to 19 th branched anal-fin rays. Caudal-fin rays i* (98), 16 (1), 17 * (96), or 18 (2), i* (98). Caudal fin forked; lobes of similar size. Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 11 (3) or 12 (4), ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 9 (3), 10 (2) or 11 (2). Lateral line completely pored, slightly curved ventrally, with 33 (4), 34 (15), 35 * (29), 36 (32), or 37 (5) perforated scales. Scales of anterior portion of predorsal area arranged in pairs, followed by a single median row of scales extending to dorsal-fin origin (Fig. 5). Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5 * (95); longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3 (2) or 4 * (60). Single row of 5���9 scales overlying base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 14 * (90). Small scales along first and second third of upper and lower caudal-fin lobes. Vertebrae 33 (5) or 34 (2). Four branchiostegal rays. Gill rakers on first gill arch 8 (4) or 9 (3) on epibranchial, 1 on intermediate cartilage, 9 (3) or 10 (4) on ceratobranchial, none (5) or 1 (2) on intermediate cartilage, and 2 (4) or 3 (3) on hypobranchial. Lateral base of gill rackers expanded, forming a small plate with small denticles extending to the posterior portion of the branchial arch (Fig. 7). Color in alcohol. Overall coloration yellow to brownish (Figs. 1, 2). Snout, jaws, and top of head with small dark chromatophores; infraorbitals and opercular areas with larger dark chromatophores. Dorsal portion of body dark. First three dorsal horizontal scale rows on body with slightly reticulated pattern, formed by scales bordered by dark pigment. Humeral spot small, vertically over two scale rows above lateral line, sometimes also over lateral line, and horizontally over second and third lateral-line scales. Dark line at horizontal septum, extending from humeral spot to middle caudal peduncle. Broad longitudinal dark band extending approximately from vertical to dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base, sometimes becoming a rounded faint blotch at caudal peduncle. Frequently, superficial pigmentation spread over longitudinal band, more concentrated at vertical through fifth to sixth lateralline scales, gradually becoming fainter towards caudal peduncle, extending vertically over two scale rows. Upper caudal-fin lobe and middle caudal-fin rays with continuous black mark, contrasting with whitish rounded area dorsally on anterior third of caudal-fin lobe; frequently, darker pigmentation limiting whitish area (Fig. 2 a). Some specimens with caudal-fin black mark restricted to ventral portion of upper lobe and middle rays (Fig. 2 b). Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, anal, adipose fin and lower caudal-fin lobe with scattered dark chromatophores. Color in life. Based on photographs of freshly collected specimens (Fig. 3). Overall coloration silvery. Eye, dorsal and adipose fin orange. Pectoral, pelvic, anal fins, and lower caudal-fin lobe hyaline. Middle caudal-fin rays and distal portion of upper caudal-fin lobe black, proximal portion of upper lobe varying from yellow to red. Sexual dimorphism. Tiny bony spines distributed on distal portion of first seven pelvic-, and five longest anal-fin rays of mature males. Distribution. Moenkhausia lepidura is distributed in Amazonas lowlands, including rios Tocantins-Araguaia, Madeira, Negro and lower portions of the Tapaj��s and Trombetas. It is also distributed in the rio Orinoco basin., Published as part of Marinho, Manoela M. F. & Langeani, Francisco, 2016, Reconciling more than 150 years of taxonomic confusion: the true identity of Moenkhausia lepidura, with a key to the species of the M. lepidura group (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 338-352 in Zootaxa 4107 (3) on pages 340-343, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/267517, {"references":["Kner, R. (1858) Beitrage zur Familie der Characinen. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 30 (13), 75 - 80.","Eigenmann, C. H. & Eigenmann, R. S. (1891) A catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of South America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 14, 1 - 81. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.842","Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of Physostomi, containing the families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum, 5, i - xxii, 1 - 455.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1910) Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America. In: Reports of the Princeton University expeditions to Patagonia 1896 - 1899. Zoology, 3 (4), 375 - 511.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1917) The American Characidae - I. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 43, 1 - 102.","Gery, J. (1977) Characoids of the World. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey, 672 pp.","Gery, J. (1992) Description de deux nouvelles espeses proches de Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner) (Poissons, Characiformes, Tetragonopterinae), avec une revue du groupe. Revue Francaise d'Aquariologie and Herpetologie, 19, 69 - 78.","Lima, F. C. T., Malabarba, L. R., Buckup, P. A., Silva, J. F. P., Vari, R. P., Harold, A., Benine, R. C., Oyakawa, O., Pavanelli, C. S., Menezes, N. A. Lucena, C. A. S., Malabarba, M. C. S. L., Lucena, Z. M. S., Reis, R. E., Langeani, F., Casatti, L., Bertaco, V., Moreira, C. & Lucinda, P. H. F. (2003) Genera Incertae Sedis In Characidae. In: Reis, R. E., Kullander, S. O. & Ferraris-Jr, C. J. (Eds.), Check List of Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 106 - 169.","Lima, F. C. T., Buckup, P. A., Menezes, N. A., Lucena, C. A. S., Lucena, Z. M. S., Toledo-Piza, M. & Zanata, A. (2007) Familia Characidae: Generos incertae sedis. In: Buckup, P. A., Menezes, N. A. & Ghazzi, M. A. (Eds.), Catalogo das especies de peixes de agua doce do Brasil. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 44 - 62.","Marinho, M. M. F. & Langeani, F. (2010 a) A new species of Moenkhausia from the rio Amazonas and rio Orinoco basins (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 2577, 57 - 68.","Marinho, M. M. F. & Langeani, F. (2010 b) Moenkhausia celibela: a new species from the Amazon basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Journal of Fish Biology, 77 (4), 879 - 889. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.2010.02719. x","Mirande, J. M. (2010) Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy. Neotropical Ichthyology, 8 (3), 385 - 568. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 0031.2009.00262. x","Oliveira, G. D. & Marinho, M. M. F. (2016) A new species of Moenkhausia Eigenmann, 1903 (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio Amazonas basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4093 (4), 566 - 574. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4093.4.8","Fernandez-Yepez, A. (1950) Algunos peces del Rio Autana. Novedades Cientificas Contribuciones ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural la Salle (Serie Zoologica), 2, 1 - 18, pls. 1 - 3.","Lasso, C. A., Ponte, V. & Lasso, O. M. (1997) Catalogo de la coleccion de tipos de peces de la Fundacion La Salle de Ciencias naturales. Parte I: Museo de Historia Natural la Salle (MHNLS). Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle, 57 (147), 37 - 52."]}

Dagosta, Fernando C. P., Marinho, Manoela M. F., Benine, Ricardo C. (2015): A new species of Moenkhausia Eigenmann (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Juruena basin, Central Brazil. Zootaxa 4032 (4): 417-425, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4032.4.6

Marinho, Manoela M. F., Camelier, Priscila, Birindelli, José L. O. (2015): Redescription of Astyanax guianensis Eigenmann 1909 (Characiformes: Characidae), a poorly known and widespread fish from the Amazon, Orinoco and Guiana Shield drainages. Zootaxa 3931 (4): 568-578, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3931.4.6

Astyanax guianensis Eigenmann 1909 Figs. 1���2, Table 1 Astyanax guianensis Eigenmann 1909: 16 [type locality: Warraputa (= rio Essequibo at Warraputa cataract, Guyana)].��� Eigenmann 1910: 434 [citation].��� Eigenmann, 1911: 177 [closely allied to Astyanax guaporensis].��� Eigenmann 1912: 350 [identification key; literature compilation].��� Eigenmann 1921: 274, plate 53, Fig. 4 [identification key; literature compilation].��� Eigenmann 1927: 328 [literature compilation].��� Henn 1928: 60 [type catalog].��� B��hlke 1953: 22 [type catalog].��� G��ry 1977: 426 [identification key].��� Nijssen et al. 1982: 14 [type catalog].��� B��hlke 1984: 47 [type catalog].��� Ibarra & Stewart 1987: 12 [type catalog].��� Vari & Howe 1991: 6 [type catalog].��� Nijssen et al. 1993: 216 [type catalog].��� Garutti & Venere 2009 [literature compilation].��� Lima 2009: 29 [Guiana Shield at Amazonas and Bolivar States, Venezuela].��� Lima et al. 2003: 109 [questionably Venezuela].��� Marinho & Birindelli 2013: 46 [similar to Astyanax multidens and A. guaporensis].���Marinho & Ohara 2013: 476 [tentative identification of material from rio Beni]. Moenkhausia sp. ��� collettii alta���.��� Lima et al. 2013: 322 [rio Madeira basin, brief description]. Diagnosis. Astyanax guianensis can be distinguished from all congeners, except A. angustifrons (Regan), A. aurocaudatus Eigenmann, A. gisleni Dahl, A. goyanensis (Miranda Ribeiro), A. guaporensis, A. henseli Melo & Buckup, A. leopoldi G��ry, Planquette & Le Bail, A. multidens, A. nasutus Meek, A. nicaraguensis Eigenmann, A. superbus Myers, and A. totae Haluch & Abilhoa by having five to 10 maxillary teeth (vs. none to four). Astyanax guianensis is distinguished from the aforementioned species, except A. angustifrons, A. goyanensis, A. guaporensis, A. leopoldi, A. multidens, A. nicaraguensis, and A. totae, by having 31 to 35 pored lateral-line scales (vs. more than 35). It can be distinguished from A. angustifrons, A. goyanensis, A. leopoldi, A. multidens, and A. nicaraguensis by having the middle caudal-fin rays hyaline (vs. middle caudal-fin rays dark), from A. guaporensis by having five, rarely six (4 out of 59 examined specimens) horizontal scale row above lateral line (vs. six to seven) and the absence of a midlateral series of dark anteriorly-directed chevrons (vs. presence), and from A. totae by presenting 21 to 25 branched anal-fin rays (vs. 15 to 18). Description. Morphometric data for Astyanax guianensis presented in Table 1. Small sized species (largest examined specimen 53.3 mm SL). Body compressed laterally, moderately elongate. Greatest body depth at dorsalfin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from tip of snout to vertical through anterior border of anterior nostril and straight from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body straight to slightly convex at predorsal region, straight at dorsal-fin base, straight from end of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body slightly convex from anterior tip of lower lip to anal-fin origin, straight along anal-fin base, and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws aligned vertically, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Outer row with 2 (4), 3 (32), 4 (30) or 5 *(3) tricuspid teeth. Inner row with 5 *(66) or 6 (3) teeth, 4 of which pentacuspid, and lateralmost one tricuspid. Maxilla with 5 (17), 6 *(22), 7 (22), 8 (5), 9 (3) or 10 (1) uni- to tetracuspid teeth. Dentary with 4 (26) large pentacuspid teeth, followed by one or two smaller tricuspid and one series of 5 to 12 small uni- to tricuspid teeth. Central median cusp in all teeth longer than lateral cusps (Fig. 2). Branchiostegal rays 4. First gill arch with 2 (3) or 3 (3) rakers on hypobranchial, none (3) or 1 (3) raker on intermediate cartilage, 10 (2) or 11 (4) rakers on ceratobranchial, 1 (6) raker on intermediate cartilage, and 7 (3) or 8 (3) rakers on epibranchial. Each gill raker bearing small denticles. Supraneurals 3 (3) or 4 *(4), upper portion with bony lamellae. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 *(65), first unbranched ray about one-half length of second unbranched ray. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to neural spine of 7 th(1) or 8 th*(6) vertebrae. Dorsal-fin origin slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Adipose-fin origin at vertical through base of 18 th or 19 th branched anal-fin rays. Pectoral-fin rays i(64), 12 (22), 13 (37) or 14 (4). Tip of adpressed pectoral fin extending beyond pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i*(65), 6 (1) or 7 *(64). Tip of adpressed pelvic fin extending beyond anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iv*(7), 21 (8), 22 (6), 23 *(18), 24 (27) or 25 (5). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior of haemal spine of 15 th*(7) vertebra. Anal-fin origin located at vertical through base of 5 th or 6 th branched dorsal-fin ray. Principal caudal-fin rays i, 9 *(57) at upper and i, 8 *(57) at lower lobe. Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 11 (1), 12 (4) or 13 (1) and ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 9 (2), 10 (2) or 11 (2). Caudal fin forked, lobes pointed. Lateral line straight to slightly curved ventrally, with 31 (3), 32 (7), 33 (17), 34 (17) or 35 *(16) perforated scales from supracleithrum to caudal-fin base. Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5 *(55) or 6 (4). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4 *(44) or 5 (10). Predorsal scales 8 (14) or 9 (51) in one aligned series. Single row of 4���8 scales overlying base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 14 *(50). Scales usually at base of caudal fin, not extending over lobes; some specimens with scales along basal one-sixth of lower lobe. Abdominal vertebrae 14 *(5) or 15 (2), caudal vertebrae 18 (3) or 19 *(4). Total vertebrae 32 (1) or 33 *(6). Color in alcohol. General body color pale yellow (Figs. 1 a���c). Upper and lower lips, anterior portion of maxilla, snout, top of head, dorsal portion of opercle and pectoral girdle with scattered small dark chromatophores. Some specimens with dark chromatophores scattered on third infraorbital. Middorsal horizontal scale rows bordered by dark pigmentation, forming slightly reticulated pattern. More pigmented specimens with faint dark chromatophores bordering all scales, except on ventral portion of body. Scattered dark chromatophores above analfin base. More pigmented specimens with dark chromatophores concentrated along margins of myosepta of posterior half of lower portion of body, between lateral line and anal-fin base. Humeral blotch vertically oriented, extending over one scale row ventral to, and three scale rows dorsal to lateral line, and over three scales horizontally. Portion of humeral blotch located dorsal to lateral line often interrupted by clear horizontal stripe. Humeral blotch followed posteriorly by clear area and then by pigmented area progressively fading posteriorly as a longitudinal stripe, from vertical through 7 th or 8 th lateral-line scale to caudal peduncle. Some specimens retaining guanine over longitudinal stripe. Dark pigmentation along horizontal septum extending approximately from vertical through dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle, falling short of caudal-fin base. Faint pigmented area at caudal peduncle. First unbranched dorsal-fin ray with dark chromatophores, remaining dorsal-fin rays hyaline. Distal half of interadial membranes of all dorsal-fin rays with scattered dark chromatophores. Pectoral, pelvic, caudal and adipose fins with few scattered dark chromatophores. Distal portion of interadial membranes of branched anal-fin rays with concentration of dark chromatophores; proximal portion with few scattered dark chromatophores. Color in life. General body coloration silver to pale (Fig. 1 d). Dorsal portions of head and eye, middle portions of dorsal and anal fins (especially anteriorly), adipose fin, and base of upper and lower caudal-fin lobes yellow to orange. Humeral blotch and longitudinal stripe conspicuous in life. Tip of the three longest pelvic-fin rays white. Tip of first six dorsal- and anal-fin rays milky white. Sexual dimorphism. No sexually dimorphic characters observed. Geographic distribution. Astyanax guianensis is widespread throughout the Guiana Shield drainages and also in the Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Fig. 3). Habitat and ecological notes. Astyanax guianensis was collected in clear water streams, running over sand and silt bottoms, at altitudes ranging from 204 to 240 m above sea level, in habitats characterized by slow to moderate water current, less than one meter deep. The riparian vegetation was mainly composed by grass, shrubs, and trees. The analysis of stomach contents of five specimens of A. guianensis (MZUSP 97149 and MZUSP 109674) revealed the presence of organic debris, aquatic insects (caddisflies larvae, chironomids pupae, and Odonota nymph), and fragments of other unidentified arthropods. Remarks. Most features described by Eigenmann (1909) in the original description of Astyanax guianensis matches those observed by us. There are only two exceptions. Eigenmann (1909) mentioned four to seven maxillary teeth. In 70 examined specimens, five to 10 tiny teeth were counted in the maxilla, none had four. Eigenmann (1909) also mentioned the presence of 34 to 35 (rarely 36) scales on the lateral series. In 60 examined specimens, 31 to 35 scales were counted on the lateral series, none had 36. In the label corresponding to lot CAS 68733 (ex IU 12078), the word cotype, is written in reference to one specimen of Astyanax guianensis collected by Eigenmann at Rupununi, near Rockstone. A second label was found inside the jar, stating that this specimen was not cited in the original description of A. guianensis and should not be considered as cotype. We agree with this remark and thus will not consider this specimen as paratype. Pearson (1924) mentioned 12 specimens of Astyanax guaporensis from lagoons near Reyes [= pampa town 24 mi NE of Rurrenabaque], rio Beni, Bolivia, identified as Astyanax cf. guianensis by Marinho & Ohara (2013). Examination of this material (CAS 68730 [ex IU 17322]) confirmed the identification of the specimens as Astyanax guianensis. Lowe-McConnell (1991) cited Astyanax guianensis from rio das Mortes, rio Araguaia basin. These specimens could not be analyzed herein. However, extensive material from that drainage was examined and did not yield any specimen of A. guianensis., Published as part of Marinho, Manoela M. F., Camelier, Priscila & Birindelli, Jos�� L. O., 2015, Redescription of Astyanax guianensis Eigenmann 1909 (Characiformes: Characidae), a poorly known and widespread fish from the Amazon, Orinoco and Guiana Shield drainages, pp. 568-578 in Zootaxa 3931 (4) on pages 569-574, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3931.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/234679, {"references":["Eigenmann, C. H. (1909) Reports on the expedition to British Guiana of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum, 1908. Report no. 1. Some new genera and species of fishes from British Guiana. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 6, 4 - 54.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1910) Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America. In: Reports of the Princeton University expeditions to Patagonia 1896 - 1899. Zoology, 3, pp. 375 - 511.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1911) New characins in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 8, 164 - 181","Eigenmann, C. H. (1912) The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping of species, and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 5, 1 - 578.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1921) The American Characidae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 43, 209 - 310.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1927) The American Characidae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 43, 311 - 428.","Henn, A. W. (1928) List of types of fishes in the collection of the Carnegie Museum on September 1, 1928. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 19, 51 - 99.","Bohlke, E. J. (1953) A catalogue of the type specimens of Recent fishes in the Natural History Museum of Stanford University. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin, 5, 1 - 168.","Gery, J. (1977) Characoids of the World. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey, 672 pp.","Nijssen, H., van Tuijl, L. & Isbrucker, I. J. H. (1982) A catalogue of the type-specimens of Recent fishes in the Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoologisch Museum), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, No. 33. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens, Instituut voor Taxonomische Zooogie, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 173 pp.","Bohlke, E. B. (1984) Catalog of type specimens in the ichthyological collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14, 1 - 216.","Ibarra, M. & Stewart, D. J. (1987) Catalogue of type specimens of Recent fishes in Field Museum of Natural History, Fieldiana Zoology, 35, 1 - 112.","Vari, R. P. & Howe, J. C. (1991) Catalog of type specimens of Recent fishes in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. 1. Characiformes (Teleostei, Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 517, 1 - 52.","Nijssen, H., van Tuijl, L. & Isbrucker, I. J. H. (1993) Revised catalog of the type specimens of recent fishes in the Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoologisch Museum), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Bulletin Zoologisch Museum, 13, 211 - 260.","Garutti, V. & Venere, P. C. (2009) Astyanax xavante, a new species of characid from the middle rio Araguaia in the Cerrado region, Central Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 7, 377 - 383. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252009000300004","Lima, F. C. T. (2009) Genera Incerta Sedis, family Characidae. In: Vari, R. P., Ferraris-Jr., C. J., Radosavljevic, A. & Funk, V. A. (Eds.), Checklist of the freshwater fishes of the Guiana Shield. - Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, pp. 29 - 32.","Lima, F. C. T., Malabarba, L. R., Buckup, P. A., Silva, J. F. P., Vari, R. P, Harold, A., Benine, R. C., Oyakawa, O., Pavanelli, C. S., Menezes, N. A., Lucena, C. A. S., Malabarba, M. C. S. L., Lucena, Z. M. S., Reis, R. E., Langeani, F., Casatti, L., Bertaco, V. A., Moreira, C. & Lucinda, P. H. F. (2003) Genera incertae sedis in Characidae. In: Reis, R. E., Kullander, S. O. & Ferraris-Jr, C. J. (Eds.), Check List of Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre, pp. 106 - 169.","Marinho, M. M. F. & Birindelli, J. L. O. (2013) Redescription of Astyanax multidens Eigenmann, 1908 (Characiformes: Characidae), a small characid of the Brazilian Amazon. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11, 45 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000100005","Lima, F. C. T., Pires, T. H. S., Ohara, W. M., Jerep, F. C., Carvalho, F. R., Marinho, M. M. F. & Zuanon, J. A. S. (2013) Characidae. In: Queiroz, L. J., Torrente-Vilara, G., Ohara, W. M., Pires, T. H. S., Zuanon, J. & Doria, C. R. C (Eds.), Peixes do rio Madeira. Vol. I. Dialeto, Sao Paulo, pp. 211 - 395.","Pearson, N. E. (1924) The fishes of the eastern slope of the Andes. I. The fishes of the rio Beni basin, Bolivia, collected by the Mulford Expedition. Indiana University Studies, 11, 1 - 83.","Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1991) Natural history of fishes in Araguaia and Xingu Amazonian tributaries, Serra do Roncador, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Icthyological Exploration of Freshwater, 2, 63 - 82."]}

Moenkhausia lineomaculata, new species (Figs. 1���3; Table 1) Holotype. MZUSP 117108, 67.8 mm SL, Campos de J��lio, rio Juruena at Fazenda Tiroleza, upper rio Tapaj��s basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 14 �� 16 ��� 37 ���S 59 �� 5 ��� 22 ���W, K. de Silimon, 19 Sep 2006. Paratypes. All from Mato Grosso State, Brazil, upper rio Tapaj��s basin. MZUSP 105953, 3, 14.8���36.6 mm SL, Campos de J��lio, rio Juruena at Fazenda Tiroleza, upstream to the airport, 14 �� 15 ��� 47 ���S 59 �� 5 ��� 25 ���W, K. de Silimon, 19 Sep 2006. MZUSP 106316, 2, 23���66.7 mm SL, same data as holotype. MZUSP 106320, 2, 19.5���27.1 mm SL, Campos de J��lio, swamp between rio Juruena and Cabeceira stream, upstream to the bridge at BR��� 364 road, 14 �� 39 ��� 43 ���S 59 �� 6 ��� 27 ���W, K. de Silimon, 18 Sep 2006. MZUSP 106322, 3, 18.6���23.5 mm SL, INPA 48035, 3, 26���36.5 mm SL, USNM 427200, 3, 26.1���38.5, Campos de J��lio, rio Juruena at Fazenda Tiroleza, 14 �� 16 ��� 38 ���S 59 �� 5 ��� 22 ���W, K. de Silimon, 19 Sep 2006. MZUSP 106324, 4, 17.7���32.4 mm SL, Campos de J��lio, rio Juruena, stream upstream to the bridge at BR��� 364 road, 14 �� 39 ��� 43 ���S 59 �� 6 ��� 27 ���W, K. de Silimon, 17 Sep 2006. MZUSP 106325, 1, 35.5 mm SL, Sapezal, rio Juruena at left margin, upstream to the PCH (Small hydropower plant) Santa L��cia, 13 �� 38 ��� 23 ���S 59 ��0��� 28 ���W, K. de Silimon, 24 Sep 2006. MZUSP 106326, 1, 29.5 mm SL, Sapezal, rio Juruena, upstream to the PCH Santa L��cia, 13 �� 34 ��� 49 ���S 59 �� 1 ��� 48 ���W, K. de Silimon, 24 Sep 2006. MZUSP 106327, 5, 21.6��� 30.4 mm SL, 2 C&S, 30.7���34.9 mm SL, Campos de J��lio, rio Juruena at Fazenda Tiroleza, 14 �� 16 ��� 38 ���S 59 �� 5 ��� 22 ���W, K. de Silimon, 19 Sep 2006. MZUSP 106328, 1, 36.3 mm SL, Sapezal, rio Juruena, downstream to the PCH Ilha Comprida, 13 �� 12 ��� 6 ���S 58 �� 59 ��� 3 ���W, K. de Silimon, 26 Sep 2006. MZUSP 106467, 2, 30.7���41.1 mm SL, Sapezal, rio Juruena at right margin, upstream to the PCH Sapezal, 13 �� 14 ��� 47 ���S 50 ��0��� 52 ���W, K. de Silimon, 22 Sep 2006. MZUSP 107995, 4, 18.4���30.4 mm SL, Sapezal, rio Juruena upstream to the Cachoeir��o waterfall, 12 �� 55 ��� 35 ���S 58 �� 55 ��� 19 ���W, K. de Silimon, 6���8 Jul 2006. Diagnosis. Moenkhausia lineomaculata is readily distinguished from all congeners, except M. cosmops Lima, Britski & Machado, M. cotinho Eigenmann, M. diktyota Lima & Toledo-Piza, M. forestii Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira, M. oligolepis (G��nther), M. sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner), and M. pyrophthalma Costa by the presence of a reticulated color pattern on body formed by dark pigmentation on the posterior portion of the scales (vs. absence). It is further distinguished from all congeners, except M. cosmops, M. cotinho, M. forestii, M. oligolepis, M. sanctaefilomenae, and M. pyrophthalma by the presence of a light area preceding the dark caudalpeduncle blotch (vs. absence). The new species is distinguished from all the aforementioned species, except M. cotinho, by the presence of longitudinal series of dark dots on body (vs. absence), and from M. cotinho by the humeral blotch evenly pigmented along its length (vs. dorsal portion of the humeral blotch distinctly darker, fig. 5) and by having the longitudinal line formed by subjacent dark pigmentation along horizontal septum starting approximately at the vertical through dorsal-fin origin (vs. starting slightly posterior to the humeral blotch, fig. 5). Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Body compressed, moderately elongate. Greatest body depth slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from upper lip to vertical through posterior nostril; slightly convex from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body convex along predorsal region, straight along dorsal-fin base, straight or slightly convex from terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin, and concave from the latter point to origin of dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower lip to pelvic-fin origin, concave from that point to anal-fin origin, straight along anal-fin base, and concave from that point to origin of ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two distinct rows (fig. 3). Outer row with 3 (3), 4 *(26) or 5 (1) tricuspid teeth. Inner row with 5 *(25) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior tip of maxilla at vertical through posterior portion of second infraorbital. Maxilla with 2 (10), 3 (19), or 4 (1) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Dentary with 4 *(30) larger pentacuspid teeth followed by a series of 9���13 diminute conical teeth (2). Central median cusp in all teeth longer than lateral cusps. Branchiostegal rays 4 (2). First gill arch with 1 (2) rakers on hypobranchial, 9 (2) rakers on ceratobranchial, 1 (2) rakers on intermediate cartilage, and 6 (2) rakers on epibranchial. Scales cycloid, with 7���9 radii from focus to anterior border, and circulii posteriorly. Lateral line completely pored (24), with 31 (8), 32 (7), or 33 *(9) perforated scales on longitudinal series or incomplete (1) with 12 perforated scales and total of 31 scales on longitudinal series. Two specimens with lateral line completely pored with scales of lateral line approximately at vertical through the middle of anal fin with small, poorly developed tube. Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5 *(30). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3 (13) or 4 *(17). Scales along middorsal line between posterior tip of supraoccipital process and dorsal-fin origin 9 (10), 10 *(19) or 11 (1). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 14 *(30). Base of anteriormost anal-fin rays covered by a series of 4 to 6 scales. Proximal half of caudal-fin lobes covered by small scales. Supraneurals 5 (2). Dorsal-fin rays ii*(30), 9 *(30). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to neural spine of 9 th(3) vertebra. Base of last dorsal-fin ray slightly anterior to vertical through base of first branched analfin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i*(30), 10 (5), 11 (16) or 12 *(9). Pelvic-fin rays i*(30), 7 *(29) or 8 (1). Adipose fin present. Anal-fin falcate, with iv(1) or v(1), 15 (3), 16 (10), 17 *(15), or 18 (2) rays. First anal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to haemal spine of 17 th(2) vertebra. Principal caudal-fin rays i,9,8,i*(30). Caudal fin forked, lobes somewhat pointed, of similar size. Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 11 (1); ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 9 (2). Total vertebrae 32 (2): precaudal vertebrae 15 (2) and caudal vertebrae 17 (2). Color in alcohol. Overall ground coloration of head and body tan (Fig. 1). Dorsal portion of head and body dark. Concentration of dark chromatophores at upper and lower jaws. Infraorbitals with scattered dark pigmentation, mainly on 5 th and 6 th infraorbitals. Overall body with scattered dark chromatophores gradually fading ventrally. Humeral blotch roughly rectangular, vertically oriented, overlying three or four scales vertically, including the lateral line scale, and one scale horizontally. Humeral blotch evenly pigmented, with approximately the same width along its vertical length. Reticulated pattern on body formed by concentration of dark chromatophores at the posterior margin of scales, more conspicuous in dorsalmost longitudinal scale series. Six to seven longitudinal series of scales on body with dots formed by the concentration of dark chromatophores either beneath the posterior portion of the scale or over the base of the subsequent scale. Longitudinal line formed by subjacent dark pigmentation along horizontal septum starting approximately at vertical through dorsal-fin origin and extending onto caudal peduncle. Vertical light area formed by low concentration of dark chromatophores anterior to the caudal-peduncle spot. Round caudal-peduncle spot restricted to the posterior portion of the caudal peduncle and to the base of the caudal-fin rays. Pectoral and pelvic fins with dark chromatophores scattered along edge of lepidotrichia. Dorsal and anal fins with concentration of dark chromatophores along interradial membranes, higher concentration at distal portion. Adipose-fin base with scattered dark chromatophores. Caudalfin rays with scattered dark chromatophores at interradial membranes and along the edge of lepidotrichia, more concentrated in outermost rays. Color in life. Dark pigmentation pattern of coloration in life similar to that described for preserved specimens. Overall body coloration silver to pale beige (Fig. 2). Top of head green. Dorsal portion of iris orange and ventral portion blue. Conspicuous bright green stripe crossing the eye and extending posteriorly on body, ending at caudal peduncle. All fins yellowish. Anterior portion of dorsal, anal, and base of outermost principal caudal-fin rays light yellow to orange. Sexual dimorphism. No sexually dimorphic feature was observed in the examined specimens. Geographic distribution. Moenkhausia lineomaculata is known from the rio Juruena basin, upper rio Tapaj��s basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil (Fig. 4). Etymology. The specific name ��� lineomaculata ��� comes from the Latin lineo meaning line, and maculata meaning spotted, in allusion to the longitudinal series of aligned spots characteristic of the new species. An adjective., Published as part of Dagosta, Fernando C. P., Marinho, Manoela M. F. & Benine, Ricardo C., 2015, A new species of Moenkhausia Eigenmann (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Juruena basin, Central Brazil, pp. 417-425 in Zootaxa 4032 (4) on pages 418-422, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4032.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/239886

Hyphessobrycon diastatos, new species Figs. 1-3 Hasemania sp. - Lima & Caires, 2011: 235, 239, 243, and 248 (listed). Hemigrammus sp. 2 ���Sap��o��� - Lima & Caires, 2011: 235, 241, 243, and 248 (listed). Holotype. MZUSP 114030, 24.4 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, S��o Desid��rio, rio Galheir��o (or rio da Estiva) at BR-020 road, affluent of rio Grande, rio S��o Francisco basin, 12��58���42.7"S 45��59���28.7"W, 802 m above sea level, 4 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. V. Loeb & C. Santos. Paratypes. All from Brazil. INPA 39960, 5, 18.8-20.9 mm SL; MCP 48060, 5, 18.7-22.2 mm SL, and MZUSP 114029, 41, 14.4-25.2 mm SL, same data as holotype. MZUSP 114026, 35, 10.3-22.3 mm SL, 2 c&s, 19.2-29.9 mm SL, Bahia, Barreiras, rio das Balsas, bridge at BA-458 road, Lu��s Eduardo Magalh��es to Cotia, affluent of rio Grande, rio S��o Francisco basin, 11��59���34.5"S 45��34���49.2"W, 3 Dec 2012, J. L. O. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. V. Loeb & C. Santos. MZUSP 40894, 62, 15.7-25.5 mm SL, Goi��s, S��o Domingos, Riacho Curral de Pedra along GO-362 road, 3 km from S��o Domingos, affluent of rio S��o Domingos, rio Tocantins basin, 13��23���59"S 46��18���59"W, 14 Jan 1989, J. C. Oliveira & W. J. M. Costa. MZUSP 58586, 62, 19.2-27.9 mm SL, Goi��s, S��o Domingos, stream affluent of rio S��o Domingos, at road to S��o Domingos, about 5 km of bifurcation on BR-020 road, rio Tocantins basin, 13��19���23"S 46��07���15"W, 10 Jul 1998, O. T. Oyakawa, A. Akama & V. Garutti. MZUSP 98494, 16, 22.6-26.1 mm SL, Tocantins, Mateiros, rio Novo, near mouth of c��rrego Lajeiro, rio Tocantins basin, 10��46���23"S 46��43���08"W, 1 Feb 2008, F. C. T. Lima, R. A. Caires & C. Nogueira. MZUSP 98507, 1, 23.4 mm SL, Tocantins, Mateiros, rio Preto, North limit of Esta����o Ecol��gica Serra Geral do Tocantins, near Regi��o das Dunas, rio Tocantins basin, 10��38���40"S 46��41���02"W, 1 Feb 2008, F. C. T. Lima, R. A. Caires & C. Nogueira. MZUSP 98531, 38, 11.8-17.6 mm SL, Bahia, Formosa do Rio Preto, Vereda do rio Sap��o, rio S��o Francisco basin, 10��44���41"S 46��11���45"W, 3 Feb 2008, F. C. T. Lima, R. A. Caires & C. Nogueira. MZUSP 109772, 1, 23.6 mm SL, Bahia, S��o Desid��rio, rio Galheir��o (or rio da Estiva) at BR-020 road, affluent of rio Grande, rio S��o Francisco basin, 12��58���S 45��59���W, 17 Feb 2011, A. Akama & J. L. O. Birindelli. MZUSP 114027, 10, 19.2-21.2 mm SL, Bahia, Lu��s Eduardo Magalh��es, rio do Bor��, affluent of rio das Ondas, affluent of rio Grande at BR-020, 12��17���58.9"S 45��50���55.4"W, 4 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. V. Loeb & C. Santos. MZUSP 114031, 11, 18.9-26.7 mm SL, Goi��s, S��o Domingos, rio S��o Domingos at road GO-463 to S��o Domingos, rio Tocantins basin, 13��19���23"S 46��07���15.2"W, 5 Dec 2012, J. L. O. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. V. Loeb & C. Santos. MZUSP 114028, 4, 19.2-21.4 mm SL, Bahia, S��o Desid��rio, rio Pau de ��leo, affluent of rio das F��meas, affluent of rio Grande at BR-020 road, rio S��o Francisco basin, 12��41���24.3"S 45��55���48.9"W, 4 Dec 2012, J. L. O. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. V. Loeb & C. Santos. Diagnosis. Hyphessobrycon diastatos differs from all congeners, except H. amandae G��ry & Uj, H. axelrodi (Travassos), H. brumado Zanata & Camelier, H. compressus (Meek), H. diancistrus Weitzman, H. eilyos Lima & Moreira, H. georgettae G��ry, H. heteresthes (Ulrey), H. gracilior G��ry, H. milleri Durbin, H. minimus Durbin, H. negodagua Lima & Gerhard, H. otrynus Benine & Lopes, H. parvellus Ellis, H. piabinhas Fowler, H. procerus Mahnert & G��ry, H. saizi G��ry, H. scutulatus Lucena, H. taurocephalus Ellis, and H. tukunai G��ry by the absence of any concentration of chromatophores at the humeral region (vs. presence of a dark humeral spot or/ and a longitudinal dark stripe extending over the humeral region). The new species can be diagnosed from H. otrynus, H. piabinhas, and H. procerus by having 15-18 branched anal-fin rays (vs. 19 or more); from H. amandae, H. axelrodi, H. compressus, H. georgettae, H. heteresthes, and H. milleri by the absence of a dark blotch in the dorsal fin (vs. presence); from H. eilyos and H. scutulatus by having 1-3 maxillary teeth (vs. 5 or more); from H. diancistrus by having hyaline caudalfin lobes (vs. caudal lobes with a black spot); from H. gracilior by the presence of 4-5 longitudinal scale rows below the lateral line (vs. 3); from H. minimus by having the largest dentary teeth with 3-5 cusps (vs. 7); from H. saizi by having 14 horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle (vs. 12) and 10- 12 predorsal scales (vs. 9); from H. taurocephalus by having adipose fin (rarely absent, 1 of 294 specimens) and 15-18 branched anal-fin rays (vs. adipose fin absent and 12-15); and from H. tukunai by having 2-5 teeth in the outer premaxillary teeth row (vs. 1, rarely 2), besides the maxillary teeth with 1-3 cusps (vs. 5 or more). It can be distinguished from H. brumado, H. negodagua, and H. parvellus by the round and relatively well-defined dark caudal-peduncle spot in males (vs. caudalpeduncle blotch with inconspicuous border in males, frequently only represented by dense pigmentation on this region) and also by the absence of white pigmentation on distal portions of first rays of dorsal, anal, and caudal fins in life (vs. presence). The new species is further distinguished from H. negodagua and H. parvellus by having dark pigmentation of caudal-peduncle spot extending to base of few middle caudal-fin rays or reaching their tip, never on caudal lobes in males (vs. caudal-peduncle pigmentation spread from middle caudal-fin rays to inner portions of caudalfin lobes in males). Hyphessobrycon diastatos is further distinguished from H. brumado and H. parvellus by having pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins hyaline to slightly yellowish in life (vs. distinct orange- to reddish) and presence of sexually dimorphic elongation of dorsal and anal fins in males (vs. absence). It can be further diagnosed from H. brumado by the overall silvery body color in life (vs. orange- to reddish) and from H. negodagua by the absence of dense concentration of dark chromatophores over dorsum and posterior portion of body (vs. presence) and by the presence of adipose fin (rarely absent, 1 of 294 specimens) (vs. usually absent; 4 of 158 with adipose fin; see discussion for further details). Description. Morphometric data in Table 1. Body compressed, moderately elongate. Greatest body depth slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; slightly convex from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex along predorsal region, straight and posteroventrally inclined along dorsal-fin base, slightly convex from terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin, and concave to origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent caudal-fin ray. Ventral profile of head and body convex from tip of lower lip to pelvic-fin origin, straight to slightly concave between latter point to origin of anal-fin origin, straight to slightly convex and posterodorsally inclined along anal-fin base, and concave to origin of anteriormost ventral procurrent caudal-fin ray. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Outer row with 2(3), 3(19), 4(7), or 5*(1) conical or tricuspid teeth. Inner row with 5*(29) or 6(1) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Posterior tip of maxilla at vertical through posterior half of second infraorbital. Maxilla with 1(18), 2*(11), or 3(1) conical or tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 3*(30) larger teeth, medial tooth tri- to pentacuspid, lateral teeth tricuspid, followed by one smaller conical or tricuspid, and a series of 6(2) diminute conical teeth. Central median cusp in all teeth longer than lateral cusps. Branchiostegal rays 4(2). First gill arch with 1(1) or 2(1) gill rakers on hypobranchial, 7(1) or 8(1) rakers on ceratobranchial, 1(2) rakers on intermediate cartilage, and 4(1) or 5(1) rakers on epibranchial. Scales cycloid, with 3-5 radii on posterior border, and conspicuous circulii anteriorly. Lateral line incomplete, with 5(1), 6(10), 7*(12), or 8(7) perforated scales, and 31(9), 32*(17), 33(2), or 34(2) scales on longitudinal series. Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(24) or 6(6). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 4*(22) or 5(8). Scales along middorsal line between tip of supraoccipital process and dorsal-fin origin 10(5), 11*(19), or 12(6). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 14*(30). Base of anteriormost anal-fin rays covered by a series of 4 or 5 scales. Caudal fin not scaled. Supraneurals 4(1) or 5(1). Dorsal-fin rays ii*(27) or iii(3), 8(3) or 9*(27). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to neural spine of 10 th vertebra (2). Base of last dorsal-fin ray at vertical through base of first branched anal-fin ray. Pectoralfin rays i*(30), 9(8), 10(20), or 11*(2). Pelvic-fin rays i,6*(30). Adipose fin of variable size, present in 294 specimens, absent in one individual (MZUSP 40894; Fig. 4). Anal-fin falcate, with iii(16) or iv*(14), 15(6), 16*(15), 17(8), or 18(1) branched rays. First anal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to haemal spine of 16 th (2) vertebra. Principal caudal-fin rays i,9/8,i*(30); caudal fin forked, lobes somewhat pointed, of similar size. Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 9(2); ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 5(1) or 7(1). Total vertebrae 31(1) or 32(1): precaudal vertebrae 14(1) or 15(1) and caudal vertebrae 17(2). Color in alcohol. Overall ground coloration pale (Fig. 1). Infraorbital, opercular, and gular areas retaining some guanine. Dorsal portion of head and body dark. Dark chromatophores concentrated at upper and lower jaws and upper portion of opercle. Upper and lower lips with a dark line. Some specimens with dark chromatophores scattered at infraorbital series. Humeral spot absent.A thin longitudinal line formed by embedded dark pigmentation along horizontal septum, approximately from vertical through pelvic-fin origin to caudal peduncle. No evident longitudinal stripe, some specimens from rio Tocantins basin with more intense concentration of chromatophores along the midlateral body line. Body pigmented by small dark chromatophores, more intense at its dorsolateral portion, fading ventrally. Some specimens with slight reticulated pattern on first two horizontal scale rows, formed by concentration of chromatophores on the posterior portion of scales. Abdominal region devoid of chromatophores. Distal portion of dorsal and anal fins with dark pigmentation on interadial membranes, more intense in males than in females (Figs. 1 b- c, respectively). A well-defined black round spot extending from posterior half of caudal peduncle to base of middle caudal-fin rays (Figs. 1c; 6a, c), or reaching their tips (Figs. 1a, b; 6b). All fins with dark chromatophores along edge of lepidotrichia. Color in life. Coloration in life similar to described above for preserved specimens, except for overall body coloration silver to yellowish. Infraorbitals, preopercle, and opercle silvery. Dorsal portion of iris yellow to orange. Pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins slightly yellowish to almost hyaline. Some specimens with distal portion of first anal-fin rays distinctly darker, especially males (Fig. 3a). Dorsal and adipose fins orange- to slightly yellowish. Conspicuous black blotch over caudal peduncle and median caudal-fin rays. Caudal fin orange- to slightly yellowish (Figs. 3a, b). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with dorsal (30.2-39.7%, mean = 33.1% of SL) and anal fins (22.5-34.6%, mean = 26.4% of SL) longer than in females (24.7-31.3%, mean = 28.0%, 19.0- 23.0%, mean = 20.8% of SL, respectively) (Fig. 4). Bony hooks on fins were not found in any specimen analyzed. Based on the five photographed live specimens, two males and three females, it is possible that Hyphessobrycon diastatos presents sexual dimorphic coloration in life. Males have dorsal and caudal fins orange, and distal portion of first dorsal- and analfin rays dark (Fig. 3a). Females have slightly yellowish to almost hyaline fins (Fig 3b). Geographic distribution. Hyphessobrycon diastatos is known from tributaries of the rio Grande (rio S��o Francisco basin) draining east to the Serra Geral de Goi��s, from the rio S��o Domingos (upper rio Tocantins basin) and rio do Sono basins (middle rio Tocantins basin) (Fig. 5). Etymology. The specific name diastatos comes from the Greek, meaning divided, in reference to its geographic distribution in both the rio S��o Francisco and the rio Tocantins basins. Habitat and ecological notes. Hyphessobrycon diastatos was collected in clear water streams running over submerged vegetation and sandy bottom, at altitudes ranging from 430 to 935m above sea level, with relatively swift water current. The riparian vegetation is mainly composed of grass, herbs, and shrubs. Analysis of stomach contents of four specimens revealed the presence of allochthonous and autochthonous items, composed of fragments of plants, organic debris, insect larvae (Diptera and Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae), fragments of adults of terrestrial insects (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Orthoptera, and unidentified orders) and of other unidentified arthropods. One specimen (MZUSP 114029) has a parasitc Isopoda attached to the inside its urogenital cavity., Published as part of Dagosta, Fernando C. P., Marinho, Manoela M. F. & Camelier, Priscila, 2014, A new species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin (Characiformes: Characidae) from the middle rio S��o Francisco and upper and middle rio Tocantins basins, Brazil, with comments on its biogeographic history, pp. 365-375 in Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2) on pages 366-370, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130179, http://zenodo.org/record/4639074

Hyphessobrycon ataktos, new species Figs. 1-2 Moenkhausia sp. Menezes, Oyakawa & Birindelli, 2013: 31, fig. 15 [same picture as Fig. 1a]. Holotype. MZUSP 113725, 37.7 mm SL, Brazil, Tocantins State, Natividade, c��rrego Cocal on road TO-280, rio Manoel Alves drainage, rio Tocantins basin, 11��42���50.2���S 47��35���40.2���W, 2 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. Loeb & C. Santos. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Tocantins State, rio Tocantins basin. DZSJRP 18431, 5, 26.2-29.5 mm SL; INPA 39537, 5, 25.3-28.3 mm SL; MCP 47869, 5, 23.3-33.1 mm SL; MZUEL 7019, 5, 23.6- 28.5 mm SL; MZUSP 47846, 331, 9.1-36.8 mm SL, 11 c&s, 20.3- 32.6 mm SL, Natividade, Ribeir��o da Sede, tributary of ribeir��o Formiguinha at Fazenda S��o Judas, approximately 30 km north of Natividade, approximately 11��31���00���S 47��52���00���W, 2-9 Feb 1994, F. C. T. Lima. MZUSP 43373, 5, 15.2-20.2 mm SL, Porto Nacional, left margin of rio Tocantins, 500 meters from bridge, 10��43���S 48��25���W, 9 Jun 1979, E. Bastos. MZUSP 43425, 4, 23.5- 31.1 mm SL, Porto Nacional, Bel��m-Bras��lia road, 9 Jun 1979, E. Bastos. MZUSP 47864, 44, 13.2-35.2 mm SL, Natividade, Ribeir��o da Represa, tributary of ribeir��o Formiguinha at Fazenda S��o Judas, approximately 30 km North of Natividade, approximately 11��31���00���S 47��52���00���W, 2-9 Fev 1994, F. C. T. Lima. MZUSP 113722, 7, 17.6-34.4 mm SL, Almas, rio do Peixe at bridge on TO-280, 11��40���0.7���S 47��26���19.9���W, 2 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. Loeb & C. Santos. MZUSP 113724, 18, 17.1-36.3 mm SL, same data as holotype. MZUSP 1131726, 2, 29.8-33.6 mm SL, Dian��polis, c��rrego Gameleira, 11��37���34.8���S 46��56���25.4���W, 2 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. Loeb & C. Santos. MZUSP 113727, 1, 19.7 mm SL, Dian��polis, rio Momb�� at road TO-280, 11��29���53.6���S 46��50���32.3���W, 2 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. Loeb & C. Santos. MZUSP 113728, 1, 19.1 mm SL, Rio da Concei����o, balne��rio at rio Manoel Alves, 11��24���12.9���S 46��51���30.3���W, 3 Dec 2012, J. Birindelli, F. Dagosta, M. Loeb & C. Santos. ZUEC 6756, 4, 27.4-33.6 mm SL, Gurupi-Alian��a do Norte road, Fazenda Suely, Jul 1981, J. Pombal-Jr. Non-type material. CAS (SU) 56087, 4, 22.0- 31.2 mm SL, Brazil, Goi��s, ���Laguinha II���, Santa Teresa Valley, 6 Jan 1924, C. Ternetz. CAS (SU) 56305, 1, 31.7 mm SL, Brazil, Goi��s, ���Jausinho brook into rio Tocantins ��� (not located), 22 Feb 1924, C. Ternetz. Diagnosis. Hemigrammus ataktos can be distinguished from all congeners by its unique color pattern, consisting of a black midlateral stripe on body, extending from the posterior margin of the eye to the median caudal-fin rays (vs. dark stripe or thin line extending approximately from the humeral blotch or from the vertical through dorsal-fin origin to the caudal fin). The elongated anteriormost portions of the dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins in mature males also help to recognize the new species, feature only shared with H. filamentosus Zarske. Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Smallsized species, largest examined specimen 37.7 mm SL. Body compressed, moderately elongate. Greatest body depth slightly anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril; straight to slightly convex from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex along predorsal region, straight and posteroventrally inclined along dorsal-fin base, straight to slightly convex from terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head and body straight to slightly convex from tip of lower jaw to pectoral-fin origin, convex from that point to anal-fin origin, straight and posterodorsally inclined along anal-fin base, and concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws equal, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows. Outer row with 2(3), 3(20), or 4*(18) tricuspid, rarely pentacuspid teeth. Inner row with 5*(40) tri- or pentacuspid teeth. Tip of maxilla approximately at vertical through middle of second infraorbital. Maxilla with 1(3), 2*(18), 3(17), 4(3), or 5(1) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Dentary with 4*(41) large pentacuspid, one smaller tetra- or tricuspid, and series of 6-13 diminute conical, rarely tricuspid, teeth. Central median cusp in all teeth longer than lateral cusps (Fig. 2). Branchiostegal rays 4(11). First gill arch with 1(2), 2(5), or 3(4) rakers on hypobranchial, 9(5) or 10(6) rakers on ceratobranchial, 1(11) raker on intermediate cartilage, and 5(2), 6(8), or 7(1) rakers on epibranchial. Gill rakers with small spines along its length. Scales cycloid, with four to seven radii on posterior border, and conspicuous circulii anteriorly. Lateral line straight to slightly curved ventrally, with total of 32(2), 33(31), 34(40), 35(24), or 36*(4) scales. Scales on lateral line series variably perforated. Four specimens with 33(2), 34(1), and 35(1) completely pored lateral line; 65 specimens with 6(4), 8(5), 9(11), 10(9), 11(12), 12(8), 13(6), 14(6), or 15(4) pored scales followed by non-pored ones (incomplete lateral line), and 31 specimens with pored scales interspersed with non-pored ones (discontinuous lateral line) of variable pattern. Holotype with 19 pored + 7 non-pored + 2 pored + 1 non-pored + 6 pored lateral-line scales. Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(29) or 6(1). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3*(22) or 4(8). Predorsal scales 10*(21), 11(5), or 12(4), in one series. Single row of 4(2), 5(6), 6*(11), 7(4), or 8(2) scales at base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Circumpeduncular scale rows 14(30). Caudal fin with small scales along proximal one-fourth of upper lobe and proximal one-half of lower lobe. Supraneurals 4(7) or 5(3), with dorsal portion expanded. Dorsal-fin rays ii(41), 9*(40) or 10(1). Proximal tip of dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to neural spine of 9 th or 10 th vertebra. Base of last dorsal-fin ray at vertical through base of first or second branched anal-fin rays. Pectoral-fin rays i(30), 10(17), 11*(22), or 12(1). Pelvic-fin rays i(41), 7*(41). Adipose-fin origin at vertical through base of 18 th or 19 th branched anal-fin rays. Anal fin falcate, with iv(1), v(9), vi(1), 20(2), 21(6), 22(14), 23*(15), or 24(4) rays. Proximal tip of first anal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to haemal spine of 15 th (2) or 16 th (4) vertebra. Caudal-fin with i(39), 9(39) rays on the upper and 8(39), i(39)* rays on the lower lobe. Caudal fin forked, with similar sized lobes. Dorsal procurrent caudalfin rays 10(2), 11(7), or 12(2); ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 9(9) or 10(1). Total vertebrae 33(4) or 34(3): precaudal vertebrae 14(2) or 15(5) and caudal vertebrae 18(2) or 19(5). Color in alcohol. Overall ground color light tan. Infraorbital, opercular and gular areas with guanine (Fig. 1b, c). Dorsal portion of head dark. Snout, maxilla, and lower jaw scattered with dark chromatophores. Dorsalmost three horizontal scale rows on body with slightly reticulated pattern, formed by dark pigment on middle portion of exposed area of scales. Deep black midlateral stripe on body, extending from posterior margin of eye to median caudal-fin rays. Stripe one-and-ahalf scales deep. Narrow longitudinal dark line at horizontal septum, formed by embedded dark chromatophores, extending approximately from vertical through dorsal-fin origin to end of caudal peduncle. Scattered dark chromatophores above anal-fin base. All fins with dark chromatophores along edge of lepidotrichia. Distal margin of third to fifth branched dorsal fin-rays and smallest branched anal-fin rays dark. Color in life. Dorsal portion of body yellowish tan above black midlateral stripe (Fig. 1a). Opercular area and ventral portion of body below black midlateral stripe with guanine. Narrow bright yellow line above black midlateral stripe. Black midlateral stripe over middle portion of eye. Dorsal portion of eye red, ventral portion silver. Tip of dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins creamy white. Adipose fin, most of dorsal and pelvic fins, and proximal portion of anteriormost rays of anal fin yellow. Proximal two-thirds of caudal-fin lobes red on mature males (no information available for females and juveniles). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with dorsal (31.6-44.9% of SL), pelvic (18.8-23.8% of SL) and anal fin (23.1-27.3% of SL) longer than females or immatures (28.1-32.9%; 15.8- 20.3%; 19.5-24.4%, respectively) (Table 1, Fig. 3). Tip of pelvic fin extending from base of first to fifth branched analfin ray in mature males and not reaching anal fin or extending to base of first branched anal-fin ray in females. Bony hooks were not observed on fins of any analyzed specimen. Geographic distribution. Hemigrammus ataktos is known from middle rio Tocantins basin, from rio Santa Tereza, Goi��s State, from the rio Manoel Alves basin, and from smaller tributaries of the rio Tocantins immediately downstream of the mouth of rio Manoel Alves, Tocantins State, Brazil (Fig. 4). Etymology. From the Greek ataktos, meaning disordered or irregular, in allusion to the variation in the perforation of lateral-line scales present in the new species. An adjective., Published as part of Marinho, Manoela M. F., Dagosta, Fernando C. P. & Birindelli, Jos�� L. O., 2014, Hemigrammus ataktos: a new species from the rio Tocantins basin, central Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 257-264 in Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2) on pages 258-261, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130091, http://zenodo.org/record/4551043

Marinho, Manoela M. F., Ohara, Willian M. (2013): Redescription of Astyanax guaporensis Eigenmann, 1911 (Characiformes: Characidae), a small characid from the rio Madeira basin. Zootaxa 3652 (4): 475-484, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3652.4.5

Netto-Ferreira, André L., Marinho, Manoela M. F. (2013): New species of Pyrrhulina (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Lebiasinidae) from the Brazilian Shield, with comments on a putative monophyletic group of species in the genus. Zootaxa 3664 (3): 369-376, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3664.3.7

Astyanax guaporensis Eigenmann, 1911 Fig. 1 Astyanax guaporensis Eigenmann, 1911 a: 176, plate VII, fig. 4 [Type locality: Maciel, rio Guapor��].���Eigenmann, 1921: 274, plate 52, fig. 1 [identification key, literature compilation].���Eigenmann, 1927: 329, plate 52, fig. 1 [literature compilation].���Henn, 1928: 60 [type catalog].���Fowler, 1948: 49-50, fig. 42 [literature compilation].���G��ry, 1977: 426 [identification key].���Ibarra & Stewart, 1987: 12 [type catalog].���Lima et al., 2003: 109 [literature compilation].���Lima et al., 2007: 45 [literature compilation]. Diagnosis. Astyanax guaporensis can be distinguished from all congeners, except A. leopoldi G��ry, Planquette & Le Bail, A. orthodus Eigenmann, and A. superbus Myers by the presence of a series of transverse anteriorly directed V-shaped marks (vs. their absence). It can be distinguished from the aforementioned species by the absence of a black mark on the caudal peduncle (vs. its presence). Additionally, Astyanax guaporensis can be distinguished from all congeners, except A. angustifrons (Regan), A. aurocaudatus Eigenmann, A. gisleni Dahl, A. goyanensis (Miranda Ribeiro), A. guianensis Eigenmann, A. henseli Melo & Buckup, A. leopoldi G��ry, Planquette & Le Bail, A. multidens Eigenmann, A. nasutus Meek, A. nicaraguensis Eigenmann, A. superbus Myers, and A. totae Haluch & Abilhoa by having five to nine maxillary teeth (vs. none to four). Astyanax guaporensis can be distinguished from the aforementioned species, except A. angustifrons, A. goyanensis, A. guianensis, A. leopoldi, A. nicaraguensis, and A. totae, by having 33 to 35 pored lateral-line scales (vs. more than 35). It can be distinguished from A. angustifrons, A. goyanensis, A. leopoldi, A. multidens, and A. nicaraguensis by having the middle caudal-fin rays hyaline (vs. middle caudal-fin rays dark), from A. guianensis by having six to seven horizontal scale row above lateral line (vs. five), and from A. totae by presenting 24 to 27 branched anal-fin rays (vs. 15 to 18). Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Body somewhat compressed, moderately deep in larger specimens. Greatest body depth located at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril, straight to slightly concave from latter point to base of supraoccipital spine, convex from that point to terminus of dorsal-fin base, straight from latter point to adipose fin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile convex from lower lip to anal-fin origin, straight to slightly convex along anal-fin base, and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Mouth terminal. Posterior terminus of maxilla located approximately at vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Tooth cusps aligned in straight series, central cusp longer. Premaxillary teeth in two rows, outer series with one (1), three (16)*, four (5) or five (1) tricuspid teeth; inner series with five (22)* or six (1) tri- to pentacuspid teeth. Maxilla with five (6), six (12)*, seven (3), eight (1) or nine (1) uni- to pentacuspid teeth; anteriormost tooth usually larger (Fig. 2). Dentary with four pentacuspid teeth (22)*, followed by a series of six to eight smaller teeth, uni- to tricuspid (Fig. 3). Scales cycloid. Lateral line slightly curved ventrally, with 33 (20), 34 (12) or 35 * (4) perforated scales, continuous from supracleithrum to base of caudal fin. Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 6 (35)* or 7 (2). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 5 (37)*. Median series of scales along dorsal line between tip of supraoccipital spine and dorsal-fin origin 8 (28) or 9 (5). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 14 (31)*. Single row of scales extending at first one-third of anal-fin base. Caudal fin with scales restricted to its base. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 (37)*, distal profile of dorsal fin straight to slightly rounded. Dorsal-fin origin posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin; first dorsal-fin pterygiophore posterior to neural spine of fourth vertebra (5). Adipose fin present. Anal-fin rays iii or iv, 24 (5), 25 (10), 26 (10)* or 27 (10); first anal-fin pterygiophore posterior to hemal spine of 11 th (5) vertebra. Pectoral-fin rays i, 12 (10)*, 13 (23) or 14 (3); tip of pectoral fin extending beyond pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7 (37)*; tip of pelvic fin extending beyond anal-fin origin. Principal caudal-fin rays i, 9, 8, i; caudal fin forked, lobes somewhat pointed, of similar size. Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 11 (2), 12 (2) or 13 (1); ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 9 (1) or 10 (4). Gill-rakers on first gill arch: seven (4) on epibranchial, one (4) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial, ten (4) on ceratobranchial, and three (4) on hypobranchial. Vertebrae 31 (1), 32 (2) or 33 (2). Supraneurals 3 (1) or 4 (4); distal portion slightly expanded. Color in alcohol. Overall ground color yellowish. Anterior portion of maxilla and dentary, and top of head with small dark chromatophores. Few dark chromatophores on opercle. Scales of first two or three horizontal scale rows bordered by dark pigmentation, forming slight reticulated pattern. Some specimens with faint dark pigmentation bordering all scales, except on ventral portion of body. Humeral blotch conspicuous, vertically oriented, extending over one scale row ventral to, and three scale rows dorsal to lateral line, and over three scales horizontally. Portion of humeral blotch located dorsal to lateral line often interrupted by clear horizontal stripe. Humeral blotch followed posteriorly by clear area and then by pigmented area progressively fading posteriorly as a longitudinal stripe, from vertical through 7 th or 8 th lateral line, over fourth or fifth horizontal scale rows. Dark pigmentation along horizontal septum extending approximately from vertical through dorsal-fin origin to caudal peduncle, falling short of caudal-fin base. Series of 10-13 transverse anteriorly directed V-shaped marks of variable intensity over dark pigmentation along horizontal septum. First unbranched dorsal-fin ray with dark chromatophores, remaining dorsal-fin rays hyaline. Distal portion of interadial membranes of all dorsal-fin rays with scattered dark chromatophores. Pectoral, pelvic, caudal and adipose fins with scattered dark chromatophores. Anal fin with scattered dark chromatophores, frequently concentrated in proximal and distal portions of interadial membranes (Fig. 1 c). Color in life. Overall body coloration silver. Lateral and ventral surfaces of head, ventrolateral portions of body, and anteroventral portion of caudal peduncle covered with guanine. Head and body with iridescent hues of blue. Dorsal, anal and adipose fins and iris orange to yellow. Pectoral, pelvic and caudal fins hyaline. Dorsal portions of head and body yellow. Humeral blotch distinctly visible. Anteriorly directed V-shaped marks conspicuous (Fig. 1 d). Sexual dimorphism. Secondary sexual characters were not found in examined specimens. Geographic distribution. Astyanax guaporensis is known from several localities in the rio Madeira, Amazon basin (Fig. 4). Ecological notes. In the rio Madeira basin, specimens of Astyanax guaporensis were found inhabiting clear water, usually in sandy beaches on small igarap��s, such as Belmont, Karipunas and Caracol, but also in large rivers such as the Guapor�� (Fig. 5), Machado and Jaciparan��. Analysis of stomach contents of five specimens (UFRO-I 3666) revealed the presence of autochthonous Trichoptera, Diptera (Ceratopogonidae), Ephemeroptera (Ephemeridae), Hydracarina, and Hemiptera (Heteroptera). Remarks. Astyanax guaporensis was described based on three specimens from the rio Guapor��, rio Madeira, under the original catalog numbers CM 3351, ��� type ��� (Fig. 1 a), and CM 3352, two ���cotypes��� (Fig. 1 b). Presently, the holotype and one of the paratypes are deposited at FMNH (54709 and 54710, respectively), but no further information about the other paratype is available. The CAS fish collection database indicates that CAS 68729 (IU 13268), represented by one specimen (approximately 28 mm SL), has the same data of the type series of A. guaporensis. Examination of its photograph allowed us to recognize it as conspecific with A. guaporensis and its original number is indeed CM 3352 (D. Catania, pers. comm.). Although not examined, specimen CAS 68729 is considered paratype of Astyanax guaporensis, along with FMNH 54710. The type locality given by Eigenmann (1911 a) in the original description of Astyanax guaporensis is ���Maciel, rio Guapor�����. More detailed information is available in Eigenmann (1911 b), where it is written ���sixty miles above San Ant��nio de Guapor�����. On the map containing J. Haseman���s route in South America (Eigenmann, 1915), Maciel is pointed as a rubber farm at ���S��o Ant��nio de Guapor�����, near the confluence of rivers S��o Miguel and Guapor��. The approximate coordinate for this locality is 12 �� 31 ���S 63 �� 30 ���W (Fig. 4). The redescription of Astyanax guaporensis is a contribution to the ichthyological survey of the rio Madeira basin intended to increase knowledge of the fish fauna of that area. During the development of the project ���Monitoramento e Conserva����o da Ictiofauna do rio Madeira��� (Assessment and conservation of the ichthyofauna of the Madeira River) from 2009 to 2011, eight species of Astyanax, two of which probably new, were recorded from that drainage: Astyanax cf. anterior, Astyanax aff. bimaculatus, A. guaporensis, Astyanax lineatus (Perugia), A. maculisquamis Garutti & Britski, and Astyanax cf. maximus. Among these species, Astyanax guaporensis can be easily recognized by the presence of a series of anteriorly directed V-shaped dark marks along the medial portion of the body (vs. their absence), and by having five to nine maxillary teeth (vs. two or less). In addition to the references of Astyanax guaporensis listed in fish catalogs, the citations of Pearson (1924, 1937) and Fowler (1940) correspond to misidentifications. In Pearson (1924), twelve specimens of A. guaporensis are mentioned from lagoons near Reyes [= pampa town 24 mi NE of Rurrenabaque], rio Beni, Bolivia. Photographs of nine specimens now under CAS 68730 (ex-IU 17322), indicate they are not Astyanax guaporensis and are herein preliminary identified as Astyanax cf. guianensis. Pearson (1937) cited Astyanax guaporensis from the Beni - Mamor�� basin, probably referring to the same specimens CAS 68730, and Fowler (1940) mentioned the same fishes collected by Pearson from Reyes, Bol��via. Eigenmann (1911 a, 1927) stated that Astyanax guaporensis and A. guianensis are closely allied species. Indeed, both species are very similar to each other externally (Eigenmann, 1912, plate LI, fig. 1), as well as to Astyanax multidens. These species are relatively small Astyanax species, with a somewhat diamond-shaped body, a vertically oriented humeral blotch, followed posteriorly by a clear area, and then by a more pigmented area that fades away posteriorly, no dark blotch on the caudal peduncle and five or more teeth on the maxilla. In spite of such similarities, no phylogenetic analyses including these species has been undertaken. The relationships of A. guaporensis with other characid species are unknown. Material examined. Type specimens. Astyanax guaporensis. FMNH 54709 (holotype, 38.6 mm SL), rio Guapor��, Maciel (=rubber farm, near S��o Ant��nio de Guapor��, Rond��nia, approximately 12 �� 31 ���S 63 �� 30 ���W), Brazil, J. D. Haseman, 23���26 Jul 1909. FMNH 54710 (1 paratype, 32.0 mm SL), same data of holotype. Non-type specimens. Astyanax guaporensis. Brazil, Rond��nia. MZUSP 77888 (1, 30.7 mm SL), rio Guapor��, Forte Pr��ncipe da Beira, Costa Marques, G. R. Kloss, 1987. UFRO-I 1542 (5, 29.2���34.9 mm SL), rio Jaciparan��, tributary of rio Madeira, Jaci Paran�� district, Porto Velho, 9 �� 17 ��� 1 ���S 64 �� 23 ��� 57 ���W, C. R��pke, 12 Dec 2008. UFRO-I 1866 (2, 33.5��� 34.9 mm SL), Madalena lake, rio Jaciparan��, about 13 km of mouth, Jaci Paran�� district, Porto Velho, 9 �� 17 ��� 0.9 ���S 64 �� 23 ��� 57.1 ���W, C. R��pke, 10 Dec 2008. UFRO-I 3643 (5, 30.6 ���34.0 mm SL), Tr��s Praias, rio Jaciparan��, about 13 km of mouth, Jaci Paran�� district, Porto Velho, 9 �� 28 ��� 20 ���S 64 �� 24 ��� 27.4 ���W, A. Ribeiro, 18 Mar 2012. UFRO-I 3660 (21, 31.9���41.3 mm SL), downstream of Pimenteiras do Oeste, rio Guapor��, 13 �� 31 ��� 23.2 ���S 61 �� 8 ��� 3 ���W, G. Torrente- Villara, 21 May 2010. UFRO-I 3666 (541, 26.1-43.3 mm SL, 5 c&s), rio Guapor��, downstream of Pimenteiras do Oeste, 13 �� 31 ' 23.2 " S 61 �� 8 ' 3 " W, G. Torrente-Vilara, 21 May 2010. UFRO-I 3696 (11, 39.9���47.4 mm SL), rio Guapor�� downstream of Pimenteiras do Oeste, 12 �� 51 ��� 10 ���S 62 �� 53 ��� 58.4 ���W, C. Zawadzki, 24 May 2010. UFRO-I 3698 (132, 32.1���45.4 mm SL), rio Guapor��, Pimenteiras do Oeste, 13 �� 28 ��� 59.5 ���S 61 �� 2 ��� 43.2 ��� W, C. Zawadzki, 21 May 2010. UFRO-I 3713 (1, 34.6 mm SL), rio Cabixi, tributary of rio Guapor��, Cabixi, 13 �� 30 ��� 14.1 ���S 60 �� 30 ��� 41.8 ���W, W. M. Ohara, G. Torrente-Villara & T. Pires, 20 May 2010. UFRO-I 3714 (1, 32.7 mm SL), igarap�� Caracol, about 9 km of Jaci Paran�� district, Porto Velho, 9 �� 14 ��� 34.6 ���S 64 �� 19 ��� 20.2 ���W, W. M. Ohara, 21 Jul 2010. UFRO-I 3737 (2, 33.1���34.8 mm SL), Tr��s Praias, rio Jaciparan��, about 13 km of mouth, Jaci Paran�� district, Porto Velho, 9 �� 27 ��� 11.1 ���S 64 �� 24 ��� 46.6 ���W, C. R��pke, 7 Dec 2010. UFRO-I 3761 (1, 42.2 mm SL), rio Guapor��, near Pedras Negras community, S��o Francisco do Guapor��, 12 �� 51 ��� 7.9 ���S 62 �� 54 ��� 19.9 ���W, W. M. Ohara, 24 May 2010. UFRO-I 4119 (1, 31.5 mm SL), Madalena lake, rio Jaciparan��, about 13 km of mouth, Jaci Paran�� district, Porto Velho, 9 �� 17 ��� 13 ���S 64 �� 24 ��� 0.7 ���W, L. C. R. Melo, 10 Jul 2009. UFRO-I 4870 (1, 36.47 mm SL), rio Caut��rio, tributary of rio Guapor��, RESEX do rio Caut��rio, Coloca����o Jatob��, Costa Marques, 12 �� 35 ���S 60 �� 55 ���W, G. Torrente-Vilara, 1 Jan 2004. Comparative material. Brazil. Astyanax cf. anterior UFRO-I 15253 (13, 71.6���86.8 mm SL) rio Guapor�� drainage, rio Madeira basin. Astyanax lineatus UFRO-I 15252 (1, 76.6 mm SL) rio Guapor�� drainage, rio Madeira basin. Astyanax multidens MCZ 89559 (29 syntypes, 26.0���30.0 mm SL), rio Amazonas at ��bidos, Brazil; MZUSP (75, 27.3���45.3 mm SL), tributary of rio Teles Pires, rio Tapaj��s basin, Brazil. Astyanax cf. maximus UFRO-I 243 (1, 96.4 mm SL), rio Jaciparan��, rio Madeira basin; UFRO-I (1, 73.2 mm SL), rio Machado, rio Madeira basin. Astyanax aff. scabripinnis UFRO-I 15262 (5, 54.1���71.7 mm SL) rio Guapor�� drainage, rio Madeira basin. Guiana. Astyanax guianensis BMNH 1911.10.31.314- 8 (5 paratypes, 32.1���36.5 mm SL), BMNH 1911.10.31.319- 20 (2 paratypes, 41.8 and 43.3 mm SL), Essequibo river at Warraputa., Published as part of Marinho, Manoela M. F. & Ohara, Willian M., 2013, Redescription of Astyanax guaporensis Eigenmann, 1911 (Characiformes: Characidae), a small characid from the rio Madeira basin, pp. 475-484 in Zootaxa 3652 (4) on pages 476-482, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/215543

Pyrrhulina marilynae, new species Figure 1, Table 1 Holotype. MCP 47420 (ex-MCP 30227), 30.0 mm SL. Brazil, Mato Grosso, Tapurah, stream crossing MT- 338 road, 62 Km to the north of Tapurah, 12 �� 15 ' 29 ���S 56 �� 38 ' 59 ���W, 19 Jan 2002, R. E. Reis, L. R. Malabarba and E. H. Pereira; Paratypes. (94 specimens). All from Brazil, Mato Grosso: MCP 30227 (14, 14.2���30.4 mm SL), collected with the holotype; ANSP 199222 (2, 26.3���26.7 mm SL), MCP 30231 (22, 23.1-28.8 mm SL), MNRJ 40361 (2, 24.1��� 25.3 mm SL), MZUSP 112227 (2, 26.9 ���28.0 mm SL), UF 184704 (2, 24.35���27.2 mm SL), Tabapor��, stream crossing MT- 220, about 170 Km east from Porto dos Ga��chos, rio Teles Pires drainage, 11 �� 36 '48.0"S 55 �� 57 '4.0"W, 20 Jan 2002, R. E. Reis, L. R. Malabarba and E. H. Pereira; MNRJ 23298 (3, 18.1���23.6 mm SL), Porto dos Ga��chos, c��rrego Ortigueira tributary of Rio Bra��o Dois (Rio dos Peixes), on road Tapurah���Porto dos Ga��chos, 19 Jan 2002, P. A. Buckup, A. T. Aranda, F. Silva, C. A. A. Figueiredo; MZUSP 55305 (8, 22.3���34.3 mm SL), Claudia, 10-25 Mar 1997, M. Rodrigues, G. Skuk, D. Pavan, V. X. Silva; MZUSP 61130 (23, 16.9���26.3 mm SL; 2 cs, 24.7���30.7 mm SL), Nova Mutum, headspring flowing into Rio Criquirin (tributary of Rio dos Patos), 19 Feb 2000, graduate students of the MZUSP; MZUSP 93557 (4, 23.8���27.8 mm SL), stream at Sacocal farm, flowing into Rio Papagaio, near the road to Brasnorte, 12 �� 47 ' 1.86 ���S 58 �� 23 ' 29 ���W, 9 oct 2006, F. A. Machado and F. C. T. Lima; USNM 199170 (6, 25.8���31.5 mm SL), upper rio Juruena, H. Schultz, 8 Jun 1962. USNM 268230 (4, 23.9��� 34.1 mm SL), Porto dos Ga��chos, rainforest stream at rio Arinos, 20 Aug 1984, M. Goulding et al. Diagnosis. Pyrrhulina marilynae differs from all congeners (except Pyrrhulina zigzag) by presenting a conspicuous, dark primary stripe extending from tip of snout to middle caudal-fin rays, with a zigzag pattern along most body length (vs. primary stripe straight and narrow, mostly restricted to the head or not extending posterior to vertical through anal fin origin). Pyrrhulina marilynae differs from P. zigzag by the presence of a distinct, clear zigzag area lying between the primary stripe and the strongly pigmented dorsum; the lack of a hiatus on the primary stripe; and the absence of elongate dorsal-, anal- and caudal-fin rays in males (vs. clear zigzag area absent, and dorsum poorly pigmented; presence of a hiatus on the primary stripe at approximately fifth scale of fourth longitudinal series; rays of dorsal, anal and caudal-fin upper lobe distinctly elongate in males; Fig. 2). The new species further differs from all congeners (except P. australis) by presenting nine principal rays on caudal-fin dorsal lobe, and 18 or less precaudal vertebrae (vs. 10 principal rays on caudal-fin dorsal lobe and 19 or more precaudal vertebrae). It can be further distinguished from P. australis by the absence of the posthcleithrum 2 (vs. postcleithrum 2 present). Description. Morphometric data of the holotype and paratypes are presented in Table 1. Lateral view of male holotype and female paratype in Fig. 1 (a and b, respectively). Body cylindrical, elongate. Greatest body depth located anterior to dorsal-fin origin between pectoral and pelvic fins. Dorsal profile of head convex from tip of upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril, slightly concave or nearly straight from that point to scaled portion of parietals, slightly concave from latter point to dorsal-fin origin and distinctly concave from that point to dorsal fin terminus; slightly concave or nearly straight from that point to anteriormost dorsal caudal-fin procurrent ray. Ventral profile of head and trunk distinctly convex from tip of lower lip to anal-fin terminus, and slightly concave from that point to origin of anteriormost ventral caudal-fin procurrent ray. Mouth superior. Premaxillary with two series of pedunculate conical teeth; outer series with 11 (2) or 12 (2); inner with 17 (1) or 18 (1) in females and 21 (1) or 23 (1) in males. Maxillary with 2 (1) or 3 (1) conical teeth in females and 8 (1) or 11 (1) in males, anteriormost tooth usually largest. Posterior terminus of maxilla slightly beyond anterior margin of orbit. Dentary with two series of conical teeth; outer with 11 (1) or 12 (1) in females and 14 (1) or 15 (1) in males, decreasing gradually in size posteriorly; inner with 20 (1) or 22 (1) in females and 32 (2) in males, minute conical teeth, extending from symphysis to coronoid process. Branchiostegal rays 3 (2); three articulating with the anterior ceratohyal and one with the posterior. Scales cycloid, circuli restricted to border of scales, several radii converging to center of scale and strongly anastomosed at focus but not forming cells. Lateral line series with 21 (8), 22 *(6), 23 (2) or 24 (1) scales, none perforated despite of canal present at medial portion of anteriormost 1-4 scales. Longitudinal rows of scales between dorsal and pelvic fin 5 *(20). Predorsal scales 11 (1), 12 (10) or 13 *(9). First longitudinal scale row with 9 (1), 10 (8), 11 (4) or 12 *(6) scales, extending approximately between vertical through pelvic- and dorsal-fin origins. Circumpeduncular scales 10 *(20). Pectoral-fin rays i, 11 (7) or i, 12 *(13). Tip of longest pectoral-fin ray falling far short of vertical through pelvicfin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i, 6 (1) or i, 7 *(19). Tip of longest pelvic-fin ray not reaching anal-fin origin. Supraneurals 7, located anterior to neural spine of centra 7 to 13 (2). Dorsal-fin rays ii, 8 *(20). First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting anterior to neural spine of centrum 14 (2). Distal margin of extended dorsal fin rounded. Dorsal-fin origin located distinctly closer to caudal-fin origin than to tip of snout. Base of last dorsal-fin ray situated distinctly anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iii, 8 *(20), with last ray adnate. Profile of extended anal fin rounded. First anal-fin pterygiophore inserted posterior to haemal arch of centrum 18 (2). Adipose fin absent. Caudal fin furcated with upper lobe slightly longer than lower lobe; both lobes rounded. Principal caudal-fin rays i, 8 /i, 8 *(7), ii, 6 /i, 8 (1) or ii, 7 /i, 8 (12). Dorsal caudal-fin procurrent rays 4 (2); ventral caudalfin procurrent rays 4 (2). Precaudal vertebrae 17 (2); caudal vertebrae 16 (2). Color in alcohol. Background color yellowish. Light brown pigmentation onto dorsal portion of head from upper lip to first scales overlying portion of parietal; similar pigmentation pattern extending from that point to caudal-fin origin, along mid-dorsal series of scales and longitudinal scale series one and two. Maxilla, infraorbitals 1 and 5 and opercle strongly pigmented where primary stripe runs through, becoming distinctly lighter ventrally; infraorbitals 2-4 and remaining opercular series bones lightly colored, with scattered chromatophores. Lower lip densely pigmented. Ventral portion of head with scarce pigmentation. Opercular membrane mostly hyaline with small scattered chromatophores, but densely pigmented where primary stripe passes. Trunk dark dorsally, becoming lighter at second longitudinal series of scales. Scales of third longitudinal series with mid-dorsal margins pigmented similarly to scales of second series, forming light zigzag band between dark dorsum and primary stripe. Primary stripe on body formed by overlaid dark pigmentation of mid-ventral margins of scales of third longitudinal series and mid-dorsal margin of scales of fourth longitudinal series, forming a dark zigzag band between pectoral girdle and vertical through anal-fin median portion; stripe nearly straight from that point to distal end of caudal-fin median rays. Abdominal region yellowish, with minute dark chromatophores from isthmus to anal-fin origin. Humeral blotch absent. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins mostly hyaline with distal border densely pigmented; caudal fin mostly hyaline, except for median rays, onto which the primary stripe extends. Dorsal fin with round blotch onto mid-distal portion of last unbranched and first branched rays, extending towards base of posterior dorsal-fin rays. Sexual dimorphism. Adult males of Pyrrhulina marilynae present the general lebiasinid pattern of sexual dimorphism in which male specimens present the anal-fin rays and intervening membrane distinctly thicker than females, and hypertrophied anterodorsally directed process in the first lepidotrichia, where erector muscles attach (Netto-Ferreira et al., 2011). Additionally, the number of maxillary and inner premaxillary teeth differs between males and females of Pyrrhulina marilynae, but further investigation is necessary to confirm whether this is indeed a sexual dimorphism condition of this species, although a similar condition was herein observed in cleared and stained specimens of P. australis and P. v i t t a t a. Distribution. Pyrrhulina marilynae is known from the headwaters of the rio Tapaj��s and rio Xingu in the Brazilian Shield (Fig. 3). Etymology. The specific epithet is in honor to Marilyn Weitzman, for her assistance to both authors since the beginning of their enterprise in studying fishes of the family Lebiasinidae. A noun. Remarks. Among the species of Pyrrhulina, the new species seems to be closely related to Pyrrhulina australis, P. v i t t a t a and P. z i g z a g, small sized species which rarely grow larger than 30.5 mm SL, contrasting to the other species in the genus, which grow larger than 50.0 mm SL. Species of this putative monophyletic group share a reduction in the number of maxillary teeth, which are restricted to the anterior border of the bone (vs. teeth present along entire anteroventral portion of the maxilla in the remaining species). A less inclusive group comprising Pyrrhulina australis, P. vittata and Pyrrhulina marilynae can also be recognized by having fewer precaudal vertebrae; dorsal-, anal- and caudal-fin rays not elongate in males; foramen through which the nasal nerve runs delimited exclusively by the ethmoidal cartilage and the reduction in size (in P. australis), or absence (in P. vittata and Pyrrhulina marilynae) of postcleithrum 2 (vs. 19 or more precaudal vertebrae; dorsal-, anal- and caudal-fin rays distinctly elongate in male; foramen through which the nasal nerve runs delimited by the ethmoidal cartilage and the orbitosphenoid; postcleithrum 2 represented by a relatively large laminar bone). Additionally, the new species shares with P. australis the reduced number of caudal-fin rays on the upper lobe (9 vs. 10 in all remaining Pyrrhulina species). Although Myers (1926) states that the syntypes of P. rachoviana (Fig. 4) were collected in Rosario, Argentina, there has been considerable questioning regarding the exact locality where type specimens of P. rachoviana have originated in the German literature (Zarske & G��ry, 2004; Zarske, 2006). Specimens of that species are considered to have a longitudinal stripe similar to that present in Pyrrhulina marilynae. Nevertheless, both syntypes now lack any coloration on the flanks, although the dorsal and caudal blotches, and those of the primary stripe on the head are still clearly visible. Both species can be distinguished by the caudal-fin color pattern, since in Pyrrhulina marilynae the caudal blotch is minute, distinctly rounded, overlapped by the primary stripe, which extends to the medio-distal portion of median caudal-fin rays, whereas that of P. rachoviana is vertically elongate, with a second crescent shaped blotch, with no trace of the primary stripe onto the caudal fin. The color pattern on the caudal fin of P. rachoviana is also observed in specimens of Pyrrhulina occurring in the rio Tiet��, upper rio Paraguay and the Amazon system, and is depicted in Zarske and G��ry (2004: Fig. 12). Additionally, the syntypes of P. rachoviana present a more robust body, instead of the slender body observed in P. australis and Pyrrhulina marilynae. Given these differences between the three nominal species of Pyrrhulina, the synonymy of P. rachoviana with P. australis proposed by Zarske and G��ry (2004) may have been precipitated. Comparative material. Pyrrhulina australis CAS 60490, holotype, (36.6 mm SL); P. beni CAS 60493, syntypes, (2, 36.2-36.4 mm SL); P. b re v i s NMW 76177.2, lectotype, (48.8 mm SL); P. eleanorae ANSP 68676, holotype, (39.7 mm SL); P. elongata MHNG 2610.005, paratypes, (3, 27.3-35.5 mm SL); P. filamentosa MNHN 4408, holotype, (53.0 mm SL); MHNLS 23410 (27, 27.4-52.2 mm SL); P. lugubris CAS 78888, holotype, (53.0 mm SL); P. oberm��lleri CAS 60498, syntypes, (4, 33.2 -43.0 mm SL); P. rachoviana USNM 92970, syntypes, (2, 30.6-32.9 mm SL); P. semifasciata NMW 56975, syntypes, (3, 31.1-33.1 mm SL); P. s to l i BMNH 1911.10.31.133- 137 (5, 31.2-70.8 mm SL); P. v it ta ta BMNH1912.8.31.2, holotype, (21.8 mm SL); P. zigzag MTD F 17705, holotype, (34.5 mm SL); INHS 56206 (5, 26.2-30.9 mm SL)., Published as part of Netto-Ferreira, Andr�� L. & Marinho, Manoela M. F., 2013, New species of Pyrrhulina (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Lebiasinidae) from the Brazilian Shield, with comments on a putative monophyletic group of species in the genus, pp. 369-376 in Zootaxa 3664 (3) on pages 370-374, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3664.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/217068

Moenkhausia mikia, new species (Fig. 1–6; Table 1) Holotype. MZUSP 85166 (1, 49.6 mm SL), rio Tiquié, rio Negro drainage, igapó at Jabuti village, Amazonas, Brazil, 0° 16 ’ 31.9 ”N 69 ° 53 ’ 36.4 ”W, F. C. T. Lima, 30 Jun 2004. Paratypes. Brazil, Amazonas State, rio Negro drainage: DZSJRP 12673 (10, 34.9 – 42.9 mm SL), INPA 34346 (5, 34.8 – 48.2 mm SL), MCP 45680 (5, 36.5 – 42.07 mm SL), MPEG 18978 (5, 35.3 – 41.5 mm SL), MNRJ 37425 (5, 32.8 – 40.5 mm SL), MZUSP 81198 (296, 23.0 – 49.0 mm SL, 1 c&s, 46.7 mm SL), rio Tiquié, sand beaches downstream waterfall, Caruru village, F. C. T. Lima et al., 0° 16 ’ 29 ”N 69 ° 54 ’ 54 ”W, 20 – 21 Oct 2002. MZUSP 85062 (5, 52.0 – 57.7 mm SL), igarapé Açaí, tributary of rio Tiquié, near São Pedro village, 0° 15 ’N 69 ° 58 ’W, F. C. T. Lima, 21 Jun 2004. MZUSP 81219 (36, 32.9 – 49.0 mm SL, 2 c&s 33.7 and 37.0 mm SL), rio Tiquié, port between São Domingos Sávio and Jabuti village, 0°04’ 59 ”N 68 ° 25 ’00”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 0 7 Nov 2002. MZUSP 85168 (1, 53.4 mm SL), rio Tiquié, port at Santa Rosa village, F. C. T. Lima, 30 Jun 2004. MZUSP 85116 (4, 46.2 – 50.3 mm SL), rio Tiquié at Cachoeira Comprida, 0° 15 ’N 70 °01’W, F. C. T. Lima, 26 Jun 2004. MZUSP 85172 (2, 47.0 – 49.4 mm SL), Igarapé Onça, Assunção village, 0° 13 ’ 51.6 ”N 69 ° 51 ’04.7”W, F. C. T. Lima, 0 1 Jul 2004. Non-type specimens. Brazil, Amazonas State, rio Negro drainage: MZUSP 65687 (1, 41.9 mm SL), rio Tiquié, beach before waterfall in Cachoeira Comprida village, 0° 15 ’ 44 ”N 70 ° 1 ’ 5 ”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 20 Oct 2000. MZUSP 65768 (5, 49.3 – 53.3 mm SL), rio Tiquié, Caruru village, 0° 16 ’ 27 ”N 69 ° 54 ’ 56 ”W, Tukano indians, May 2000. MZUSP 65771 (2, 34.1 – 37.0 mm SL), rio Tiquié, Caururu village, pool downstream Caruru waterfall, 0° 16 ’ 27 ”N 65 ° 54 ’ 56 ”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 21 Oct 2000. MZUSP 66136 (18, 33.5 – 41.3 mm SL), rio Tiquié, Caruru village, pool downstream Caruru waterfall, 0° 16 ’ 27 ”N 69 ° 54 ’ 56 ”W, F. C. T. Lima, 24 Oct 2000. MZUSP 81182 (20, 34.8 – 47.7 mm SL), rio Tiquié, Boca do Sal village, 0° 16 ’ 22 ” N 69 ° 54 ’ 3 ”W, N. P. Marques (Tukano), 25 Oct 2002. MZUSP 81277 (3, 34.5 – 37.4 mm SL), rio Tiquié, port at Boca do Sal village, 0° 16 ’ 22 ”N 69 ° 54 ’ 3 ”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 0 7 Nov 2002. MZUSP 81283 (9, 34.4 – 38.8 mm SL), rio Tiquié, beach below Caruru waterfall, Caruru Village, 0° 16 ’ 29 ”N 69 ° 54 ’ 54 ”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 0 7 Nov 2002. MZUSP 81314 (2, 28.6 – 33.0 mm SL), rio Tiquié, marginal lagoon below São Pedro village, 0° 16 ’ 21 ”N 69 ° 56 ’ 25 ”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 24 Oct 2002. MZUSP 81338 (1, 39.7 mm SL), igarapé Umari Norte, tributary of rio Tiquié, 0° 16 ’0”N 69 ° 58 ’0”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 2002. MZUSP 81362 (3, 30.3 – 37.3 mm SL), rio Tiquié, Traíra lake, São Pedro village, 0° 16 ’00”N 69 ° 58 ’0”W, students of Tuyuka school, 26 Oct 2002. MZUSP 81378 (6, 37.1 – 56.3 mm SL), igarapé Onça, tributary of rio Tiquié, Onça Igarapé village, 0° 13 ’ 52 ”N 69 ° 51 ’ 5 ”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 0 6 Nov 2002. MZUSP 81456 (29, 27.3 – 44.1 mm SL), rio Tiquié, marginal lagoon at below São Pedro village, 0° 16 ’0”N 69 ° 56 ’0”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 24 Oct 2002. MZUSP 81460 (1, 35.4 mm SL), igarapé Cabari, tributary of rio Tiquié, waterfall before Coração de Maria village, 0° 16 ’ 26 ”N 69 ° 60 ’ 24 ”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 0 8 Nov 2002. MZUSP 81468 (1, 41.5 mm SL), igarapé Açaí, near São Pedro village, 0° 15 ’ 55 ”N 69 ° 58 ’ 16 ”W, students of Tuyuka school, 26 Oct 2002. 85051 (1, 51.5 mm SL), igarapé tributary of rio Tiquié, Fronteira village, 0° 15 ’N 70 °02’W, F. C. T. Lima, 24 Jun 2004. MZUSP 85095 (1, 49.8 mm SL), rio Tiquié, Pedra Curta waterfall, 0° 16 ’N 69 ° 58 ’W, F. C. T. Lima, 26 Jun 2004. MZUSP 85141 (3, 50.2 – 59.4), rio Tiquié, between waterfall of Cauru and port at Boca do Sal village, 0° 16 ’N 69 ° 54 ’W, F. C. T. Lima, 26 Jun 2004. MZUSP 91550 (2, 46.7 – 49.1 mm SL), igarapé Sirinau, right margin of rio Cuieiras, about 25 km of mouth, 02° 42 ’00”S 60 ° 20 ’00”W, Alpha Helix Amazon Expedition, 30 Jan 1977. MZUSP 92143 (10, 33.6 – 37.6 mm SL), igarapé tributary of rio Tiquié, Serra do Mucura village, 0° 10 ’07”N 69 °07’ 46 ”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 10 Sep 2006. MZUSP 92255 (06, 31.8 – 39.7 mm SL), rio Tiquié, between ports of São José “do meio” and Floresta village, 0° 13 ’00”N 69 ° 36 ’00”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 28 Aug – 1 Sep 2006. MZUSP 92502 (3, 27.9 – 30.0 mm SL), near mouth of igarapé Castanha, tributary of rio Tiquié, 0° 12 ’00”N 69 ° 35 ’00”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., Aug 2006. MZUSP 92590 (1, 33.1 mm SL), igarapé Castanha, tributary of rio Tiquié, beach below Santa Rosa village, 0°05’00”N 69 ° 39 ’00”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 0 3 Sep 2006. MZUSP 93303 (3, 33.2 – 35.9 mm SL), igarapé Canuri (or Mucucu), oposite margin of port of São José II village, 0° 13 ’N 69 ° 36 ’W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 16 Nov 2006. MZUSP 100251 (1, 40.5 mm SL), sand beach downstream falls, rio Tiquié, Caruru village, 0° 16 ’ 29 ”N 69 ° 54 ’ 54 ”W, F. C. T. Lima et al., 21 Oct 2002. Brazil, Amazonas State, rio Solimões drainage: MPEG 18013 (12, 37.7–44.3 mm SL), Igarapé Tartaruga, rio Urucu drainage, Coari, 04° 53 ’ 4.3 ”S 65 ° 20 ’ 6.5 ”W, B. F. Prudente, 0 6 Sep 2009. MPEG 18014 (1, 50.2 mm SL), Igarapé Tartaruga, rio Urucu drainage, Coari, 04° 53 ’ 2.7 ”S 65 ° 19 ’02”W, W. B. Wosiacki, 0 4 Apr 2007. Brazil, rio Madeira drainage: MZUSP 30283 (123, 40.3 – 56.1 mm SL), igarapé tributary of rio Madeira, 15 km of Humaitá, 07° 28 ’00”S 62 ° 55 ’00”W, M. Golding, 0 7 Aug 1984. MCP 39791 (6, 27.8 – 49.7 mm SL), small tributary of right margin of rio Machado, near Km 280 of BR- 364, Rondônia State, 11 ° 21 ’ 29 ”S 61 ° 50 ’ 59 ”W, P. A. Buckup, V. Bertaco & F. Langeani, 15 Jul 2004. MCP 39801 (5, 32.2 – 40.6 mm SL), igarapé, ca. 27 km south from Humaiatá in the road BR- 319, Amazonas State, 07° 43 ’ 54 ”S 63 °06’ 47 ”W, R. Reis, F. Langeani, E. Pereira & A. Cardoso, 28 Jul 2004. MCP 39957 (98, 35.3 – 47.6 mm SL), igarapé Vinte e Dois, Recanto do Sanari, 20 km of W de Humaiatá, Amazonas State, 07° 35 ’ 36 ”S 63 ° 10 ’ 27 ”W, P. Buckup, P. Lehmann, F. C. T. Lima & V. Bertaco, 27 Jul 2004. Brazil, Amazonas State, Rio Preto da Eva drainage: MZUSP 87375 (2, 45.1 – 50.9 mm SL), tributary of rio Preto da Eva at Recanto da Mata, 02° 38 ’ 25.8 ”S 59 ° 44 ’06”W, Exc. MZUSP / USP, 0 3 Jul 2003. MZUSP 87376 (2, 35.5 – 44.1 mm SL), at recanto do Buriti, near bridge in town, 02° 41 ’ 58 ”S 59 ° 42 ’ 11 ”W, Toledo-Piza et al., 0 4 Jul 2003. MZUSP 87377 (1, 40.7 mm SL), igarapé Cândido, Balneário Gonzagão, 02° 41 ’ 13 ”S 59 ° 42 ’ 33 ”W, Toledo-Piza et al., 0 4 Jul 2003. MZUSP 87378 (1, 31.4 mm SL), flooded forest at Pousada do Paraíso, near igarapé Tauari, 02° 47 ’ 25.2 ”S 59 ° 38 ’ 11 ”W, Toledo-Piza et al., 0 7 Jul 2003. MZUSP 87379 (29, 33.8 – 63.4 mm SL), logo ao lado esquerdo da praia do balneário, 02° 41 ’ 58 ”S 59 ° 42 ’ 11 ”W, Toledo-Piza et al., 0 7 Jul 2003. MZUSP 87380 (6, 54.8 – 58.5 mm SL), below Encanto da Mata, 02° 38 ' 58 ”S 59 ° 43 ’ 50 ”W, Toledo-Piza et al., 0 9 Jul 2003. MZUSP 87381 (1, 38.8 mm SL), above town, 2 ° 41 ’S 59 ° 42 ’W, Toledo-Piza et al., 0 8 Jul 2003. Brazil, Amazonas State, rio Sanabani drainage: MZUSP 7433 (2, 46.7 – 52.9 mm SL), rio Sanabani, Silves, Brasil, 02°07’00”S 58 ° 20 ’00”W, Expedição Permanente da Amazônia, 0 7 Dec 1967. MZUSP 7464 (5, 42.2 – 53.9 mm SL), igarapé tributary of Sanabani, Silves, 02° 45 ’00”S 58 ° 20 ’00”W, Expedição Permanente da Amazônia, 0 7 Dec 1967. Brazil, Pará State, rio Trombetas: MPEG 14435 (3, 44.8 – 78.3 mm SL), rio Saracá, W. B. Wosiacki, 18 Oct, 2007. MZUSP 17192 (2, 40.2 – 47.2 mm SL), Jacaré lake, 01° 20 ’00”S 56 ° 51 ’00”W, Museu Emilio Goeldi staff, 0 3 Oct 1965. Brazil, Pará State, rio Amazonas: MPEG 9295 (1, 58.2 mm SL), headwater of Igarapé Juruti Grande, Juruti, 02° 34 ’ 36 ”S 56 ° 24 ’03”W W. B. Wosiacki, 0 4 Aug 2004. Brazil, Pará State, Tapajós drainage: MPEG 15010 (1, 55.4 mm SL), rio Jamanxim, Itaituba, 06° 33 ’ 44.8 ”S 55 ° 40 ’ 9.2 ”W, F. B. N. Ribeiro, 18 May 2008. Brazil, Pará State, Xingu drainage: MZUSP 73397 (25, 39.4 – 42.2 mm SL), igarapé Atuviá, Belo Monte, 03°07’00”S 51 ° 42 ’00”W, M. Golding, 29 Aug 1983. Peru, Ucayali drainage: MZUSP 85609 (2, 52.5 – 49.4 mm SL), Quebrada Copal, 15 km L. de Jenaro Herrera at road to Angamos village, Requena, Loreto, 4 ° 55.4 ’S 073° 32.6 ’W, H. Ortega, W. Crampton, R. Reis & F. C. T, Lima, 10 Jan 2004. Venezuela, Orinoco drainage: MZUSP 96513 (8, 33.9 – 39.2 mm SL), rio Parguaza, Puente Parhueña community, Bolivar, Cedeño, 05° 53 ’ 30 ”N 67 ° 24 ’ 14 ”W, M. C. C. de Pinna & C. Oliveira, 17 Jul 2004. Diagnosis. Moenkhausia mikia can be distinguished from all congeners, except species of the Moenkhausia lepidura group (sensu Géry, 1992), by presenting a dark spot on the upper caudal-fin lobe, and the lower caudal-fin lobe without spot or with a faint one (vs. both caudal lobes hyaline or both with a black blotch equally dark). The new species can be distinguished from Moenkhausia hysterosticta, M. inrai, M. lata, and M. loweae, by the number of branched anal-fin rays 18 – 21 (vs. 23 or more), from M. hasemani by the larger inner premaxillary teeth pentacuspid (vs. heptacuspid), from M. lepidura by having the predorsal scales arranged in one medial series (vs. two series anteriorly and one series posteriorly), and from M. gracilima and M. icae by presenting the upper caudal-fin lobe spot intense black (vs. faint blotch). Additionally, the presence of a conspicuous, relatively small and circular humeral spot distinguishes the new species from Moenkhausia hysterosticta, M. inrai, M. lata, and M. loweae (humeral spot larger and vertically elongated) and M. gracilima (humeral spot faint); and the middle caudal-fin rays hyaline distinguish M. mikia from M. hasemani and M. lepidura (vs. middle caudal-fin rays dark). The presence of conspicuous dark chromatophores concentrated around the lateral-line pores helps to differentiate the new species from the remaining species of the Moenkhausia lepidura group (chromatophores absent or few, not conspicuous, around the lateral-line pores). Also, Moenkhausia mikia can be distinguished from any other known Characidae species by having a unique combination of two large-sized bony hooks on the anal-fin rays and tiny spines on the distal portion of all fins in mature males. Description. Morphometrics of types and non-type specimens presented in Table 1. Largest specimen analyzed 63.4 mm SL. Body compressed, greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril pore; straight from anterior nostril to tip of supraoccipital spine; convex from supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight and posteroventrally inclined along dorsal-fin base; straight to slightly convex from posterior terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin; slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from tip of lower jaw to pelvic-fin origin; straight from pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin; straight and posterodorsally inclined along anal-fin base and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Jaws vertically aligned, mouth terminal. Premaxillary teeth in two rows, outer with 3 (12), 4 * (40), or 5 (8) tricuspid teeth, inner with 5 tri- pentacuspid teeth. Maxilla extending posterior to anterior margin of eye, with 0 (8), 1 * (49), or 2 (3) tricuspid teeth. Dentary with 4 pentacuspid teeth, followed by a smaller tricuspid and a series of 5 – 7 small conical teeth (Fig. 2) Dorsal-fin rays ii, 8 (1) or 9 * (59). First unbranched dorsal-fin ray smaller than half length of second unbranched ray. Dorsal-fin origin slightly behind midbody, at vertical through pelvic-fin origin, and base of last dorsal-fin ray at vertical through anus. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore behind neural spine of 9 th (1) or 10 th (2) vertebrae. Adipose-fin origin approximately at vertical through base of 15 th or 16 th branched anal-fin rays. Pectoral-fin rays i, 11 (3), 12 * (31), 13 (24), or 14 (2); tip of adpressed longest rays reaching pelvic-fin origin in mature males, not reaching in immatures and females. Pelvic-fin rays i, 7, tip of adpressed longest rays reaching anal-fin origin in mature males, not reaching anal fin in immature and females. Anal-fin rays iv (3), 18 (14), 19 * (29), 20 (14), or 21 (3); last unbranched anal-fin ray and first four or five branched anal-fin rays longer than remaining rays. Principal caudal-fin rays i, 9 + 8, i. Caudal fin forked, both lobes similar in size, with small scales along first third of upper lobe and first half of lower lobe. Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 11 (2) or 12 (1), ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 9 (2) or 10 (1). Lateral line complete, slightly curved anteriorly, with 33 (1), 34 (19), 35 * (25), or 36 (8) perforated scales. Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5; longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3 (41) or 4 * (11), and between lateral line and anal-fin origin 3 (12) or 4 * (46). Predorsal scale row with 9 (2), 10 (42), or 11 * (16) scales, arranged in a medial series. Single row of 3 – 6 scales overlying base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Scales around caudal peduncle 14. Axillary scale present, without any spines. Supraneurals 4 (2) or 5 (1), with bony lamellae on upper portion; first supraneural “I-shaped”; remaining “Y-shaped ”.Vertebrae 34 (2) or 35 (1). Branchiostegal rays 4. First gill arch with 23 (1) or 24 (2) gill rakers: 7 or 8 on epibranchial, 1 on intermediate cartilage, 11 or 12 on ceratobranchial, and 3 on hypobranchial. Gill rakers with small denticles on proximal portion. Color in alcohol. Ground color pale yellow. Snout, lower jaw, maxilla and top of head with small dark chromatophores. Larger chromatophores spread at opercle. Infraorbitals, gular and opercular areas silvery. Scales on two or three dorsalmost longitudinal body scale rows with small chromatophores concentrated at posterior half, becoming hyaline towards posterior border, forming slightly reticulated pattern. Conspicuous chromatophores concentrated around lateral line pores, extending at least to vertical through dorsal-fin origin; generally, first half of lateral line easily visible through naked eye; in most pigmented specimens, lateral line completely visible. Small, conspicuous, circular humeral spot, horizontally over third and fourth lateral-line scales and vertically over one, sometimes two, rows above lateral line. Ventral half of humeral spot often longitudinally crossed by a clear horizontal line. Longitudinal dark stripe from humeral spot to end of caudal peduncle, narrow anteriorly, wider from vertical through posterior third of dorsal-fin base; more superficial chromatophores spread over longitudinal stripe. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, anal, and adipose fins with scattered dark chromatophores. H n Paratypes mean n Non-types mean range range Upper caudal-fin lobe with a black spot of variable size (Fig. 3 a, 3 c and 3 d), contrasting with the whitish basal portion. When black spot is restricted to median portion of upper caudal-fin lobe, the distal region is dark or hyaline. Lower caudal-fin lobe with scattered dark chromatophores (Fig. 1 and 3 b, c, d), or with a dark spot, however never as dark as the one on the upper lobe (Fig. 3 a). Middle caudal-fin rays hyaline or with dark tips. Color in life. Dorsolateral portion of body yellowish and ventrolateral portion silvery. Midlateral band silvery with bright blue iridescence. Top of head, upper and lower jaws and eyes yellowish. Infraorbital and opercular areas silvery. Tip of first anal-fin rays white. Proximal portion of dorsal-fin rays, adipose fin, base of upper caudal-fin lobe ranging from intense yellow to orange. Base of lower caudal-fin lobe yellowish (Fig. 4). Sexual dimorphism. Mature males with two large, dorsally curved bony hooks on anal-fin rays, larger on fifth or sixth proximal segment of last unbranched ray, smaller on sixth proximal segment of first branched ray; both encircled by well developed thick mass of tissue (Fig. 5). Larger hooks always more proximally positionated than smaller. Twenty males, mature (with two large and well-developed anal-fin hooks) and apparently in maturation, with bony hooks starting to develop (generally just one small hook on first unbranched anal-fin ray) were collected from May to September, and December to January, r

Hemigrammus parana, new species (Fig. 1) Holotype. DZSJRP 6217, 24.9 mm SL, rio Grande near the old sand port, known as Velho Ad��o, municipality of Santa Clara D���Oeste, S��o Paulo state, Brazil, 20 ��01��� 27.2 ���S, 50 �� 54 ��� 46.6 ���W, F.R.Carvalho and J. O.Carvalho, 08.i. 2004. Paratypes. All from Brazil, upper rio Paran�� system. DZSJRP 8781, 1262/ 3, 13.3 ���28.0 mm, Ribeir��o Can-Can, old port, Ilha Solteira reservoir, municipality of Santa Clara D��Oeste, S��o Paulo state, 20 ��01��� 26.5 ���S 50 �� 54 ��� 44.5 ���W, F.Langeani, R.S.Costa-Ferreira, F.R.Carvalho, M.M.F.Marinho, J.P.Serra and F.L.R.Sousa, 23.viii. 2006; DZSJRP 8809, 208 / 5, 12.2���30.8 mm, headwater of Brejo Comprido, Ilha Solteira reservoir, municipality of Aparecida do Taboado, Mato Grosso do Sul state, 20 �� 10 ��� 34.4 ���S 51 �� 12 ��� 18.6 ���W, F.Langeani, R.S.Costa-Ferreira, F.R.Carvalho, M.M.F.Marinho, J.P.Serra and F.L.R.Sousa, 26.viii. 2006; DZSJRP 9051, 1399, 11.8���29.5 mm, C��rrego da Anta, Fazenda S��o F��lix, Ilha Solteira reservoir, municipality of Aparecida do Taboado, Mato Grosso do Sul state, 20 �� 23 ��� 57.4 ���S 51 ��07��� 57.3 ���W, F.Langeani, R.S.Costa-Ferreira, F.R.Carvalho, M.M.F.Marinho, J.P.Serra and F.L.R.Sousa, 29.viii. 2006; DZSJRP 10796, 359 / 34, 14.8���26.1 mm, 3 c&s, same data as holotype; LIRP 6004 (ex- DZSJRP 10796), 20, 19.8 ���25.0 mm; MCP 41759 (ex- DZSJRP 8781), 20, 20.7���25.2 mm; MNRJ 31197 (ex-DZSJRP 8781), 20, 20.7���27.9 mm; MZUEL 4904 (ex- DZSJRP 10796), 20, 25.7 ��� 18.8 mm; MZUSP 95001 (ex-DZSJRP 8781), 30, 19.3���26.8 mm; UFRGS 8869 (ex-DZSJRP 9051), 50 / 16, 22.2���26.7 mm. Diagnosis. Hemigrammus parana differs from all congeners, except Hemigrammus levis, by the absence of a humeral spot and presence of a conspicuous black spot, restricted to caudal fin, roughly triangular or rectangular, extending from base to tip of middle caudal-fin rays (its greatest depth at base of caudal-fin rays). It differs from H. levis by having 18���23 (mode 21) unbranched anal-fin rays (vs. 16���18), largest tooth of the inner row of premaxilla and dentary with 5 cusps (vs. 7���9 cusps), anterior portion of longitudinal band as a broad uninterrupted pigmented area (vs. anterior portion of longitudinal band with a small round concentration of chromatophores at humeral region, surrounded by unpigmented areas anterior and posteriorly), distance of snout to anal-fin origin 58.6���65.9 % SL, mean 62.0% (vs. 63.7���73.9 % SL, mean 68.8 %), anal base length 25.1���32.5 % SL, mean 29.2 % (19.3���24.7 % SL, mean 22.0%), upper jaw length 39.6���48.3 % HL (vs. 34.3���39.5 % HL), Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Overall size small (22.2���30.2 mm SL). Body compressed, moderately elongate, greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from tip of upper jaw to vertical through anterior nostril; straight to slightly concave from that point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body slightly convex from posterior tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight and posteroventrally inclined from dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin and slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from tip of lower jaw to pelvic-fin origin; straight from that point to anal-fin origin; straight and posterodorsally slanted along anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Eyes relatively large, lacking distinct adipose eyelid. Jaw equal, mouth terminal. Maxillary extending posteriorly anterior margin of eye, slightly curved, aligned approximately at 45 degrees angles relative to longitudinal axis of body. Premaxillary teeth in two rows: outer with 2 (7), 3 (29), 4 *(20), or 5 (3) tricuspid teeth (rarely pentacuspid); inner tooth row with 5 tri-pentacuspid teeth. Dentary with 3 (2), 4 *(54) or 5 (2) large tri to pentacuspid teeth, followed by a series of 5���10 small conical teeth. Antero and posterodorsal border of maxillary relatively straight. Maxilla with 0(5), 1 *(29), 2 (17), or 3 (5) tricuspid teeth along anteroventral margin (Fig. 2). Central median cusp in all teeth longer than remaining cusps; cusp tips slightly curved posteriorly and towards inside of mouth. Scales cycloid, with few radii, relatively small, and weakly implanted. Lateral line incomplete, slightly decurved anteriorly to vertical through distal tip of pectoral fin; perforated scales of lateral line 6 (7), 7 (19), 8 *(15), 9 (13), 10 (2), or 11 (1); longitudinal scales series including pored scales 26 (2), 27 (4), 28 (6), 29 (8), 30 (6), 31 (10), 32 *(12), 33 (6), or 34 (1); 5 (58) scales rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line; scales rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 3 (18) or 4 *(32). Predorsal scales 9 (13), 10 *(40), or 11 (6) scales. Scale sheath along anal-fin base with 2 (2), 3 (10), 4 (20), 5 (14), or 6 *(1) in a single row. Circumpeduncular scales 10 *(14), 11 (35) or 12 (6). Axillary scale present. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9 (58); first unbranched ray approximately one-half of second unbranched ray. Dorsalfin origin at midbody, at vertical through anterior third of pelvic- fin base, and base of its last ray at vertical through second or third anal-fin branched ray. Tip of longest ray of adpressed dorsal fin at vertical through 11 th and 12 th branched anal-fin rays. First dorsal-fin pterygiphore inserting behind neural spine of 6 th(2) or 7 th(1) vertebra. Adipose fin present, located approximately at vertical through second or third last branched of analfin rays. Pectoral fin with i, 9 (2), 10 (17), 11 *(37), or 12 (3) rays. Pelvic fin with i, 6 (7) or 7 *(52) rays; tip of longest ray reaching anal fin. Anal-fin rays iii, 18 (1), 19 (9), 20 (14), 21 *(17), 22 (14), or 23 (4). Caudal fin forked, lobes slightly rounded, similar in size, with i, 9, 8, i rays (58). Caudal fin partially covered with very small and weakly implanted scales along first third of upper and first half of lower caudal-fin lobes. Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 10 (3), ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 8 (2) or 9 (1). Branchiostegal rays 4. First gill arch with 6 gill rakers on epibranchial, 10 in ceratobranchial, and 3 on hypobranchial. Precaudal vertebrae 15 and caudal vertebrae 17 (2) or 18 (1). Supraneurals 4. Color in alcohol. Overall ground coloration of body pale. Infraorbital and opercular areas silvery. Anterior portion of lower jaw, dorsal portion head, snout, and dorsal midline of body covered by small dark chromatophores. Longitudinal body band dusky, originating as a broad pigmented area from opercle to vertical through tip of longest pectoral-fin ray, becoming more intense, slender and sometimes silvery from this point to end of caudal peduncle. Scales of second or third longitudinal rows above lateral line bordered by few chromatophores, forming a slight reticulate pigmentation. Humeral spot absent. Dorsal, adipose, pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins almost entirely hyaline, with few scattered dark cromatophores. Posterior half of caudal-fin lobes with diffuse chromatophores, making fin slightly darkish. Conspicuous black caudal spot roughly triangular or rectangular, extending from base to tip of middle caudal-fin rays, its greatest depth at base of caudal rays; sometimes, caudal spot lighter, not reaching the tip of middle caudal-fin rays. Color in life. Overall coloration silvery. Intense silvery longitudinal band on body. Dorsal, adipose, pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins yellowish; median portion of caudal lobes reddish or orange. Conspicuous black caudal spot, extending from base to tip of middle caudal-fin rays. Sexual dimorphism. Secondary sexually dimorphic characters, such as hooks on pelvic and anal-fin rays, were not found on examined specimens. Distribution. Hemigrammus parana only occurs in the area of influence of the Ilha Solteira reservoir, upper Paran�� system, southeastern Brazil, throughout margins of rio Grande, rio Paran��, rio Parana��ba, and rio S��o Jos�� dos Dourados (Fig. 3 ��� 4). Etymology. The specific name parana refers to the type locality river, the rio Paran��, which originates after the confluence of the rio Grande and the rio Parana��ba, where the new species occurs. Ecological notes. Hemigrammus parana is very common and specially abundant in backwater margins, from 0.3 to 1.30 m depth, occurring associated with Poaceae and macrophytes (Ceratophyllum sp., Egeria densa, Eichornia spp., Ludwigia sedorde, and Salvinia sp.). Stomach contents examination of two specimens showed a large volume of Spirogyra sp., Cladocera, sediments (sand) and unidentified organic matter. Several species were collected syntopically with Hemigrammus parana, the most frequent were Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, Crenicichla britskii Kullander, Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855), Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758, Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch), Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner), Laetacara sp., Metynnis maculatus (Kner), Moenkhausia sp., Pamphorichthys hollandi (Henn), Roeboides descalvadensis Fowler, Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel), Serrapinnus notomelas (Eigenmann), and Serrasalmus maculatus Kner., Published as part of Marinho, Manoela M. F., Carvalho, Fernando R., Langeani, Francisco & Tatsumi, Vio L., 2008, A new Hemigrammus Gill from upper rio Paran�� system, Southeastern Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae), pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 1724 on pages 53-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.181167