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EMODnet Chemistry Questionnaire to collect, from data originators, information regarding QA/QC procedures for seawater, biota, and sediment samples

Dataset with the responses to live polling questions posed to participants of the SUMES Stakeholder Workshop held on the 22nd of April 2021 on Zoom (tool: Slido).

The Food Safety Authority of Ireland in collaboration with the Marine Institute (MI) has carried out a further surveillance study of levels of dioxins (PCDDs), furans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish, in addition to those already carried out in 2001 and 2004. The study was carried out in a variety of wild and farmed finfish species and also prawns and cultivated mussels available on the Irish market. It was undertaken because of concern about the possible effects on human health of these biopersistent environmental contaminants, known to be present in a number of foodstuffs including, in particular, fish, meat, eggs and dairy products. Furthermore, the study also proactively monitored fish and other seafood for a number of emerging new contaminants, in order to contribute to the knowledge base on the occurrence of these contaminants in food and to aid national and international efforts in their management. These include the brominated flame retardants and related compounds, some of which are known to be persistent and hence, like PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs, are regarded as persistent organic pollutants (POPs)., IE; en; focalpoint@fsai.ie

Coordination of the survey was initiated in the meeting of the Working Group on Northeast Atlantic Pelagic Ecosystem Surveys (WGNAPES, ICES 2011) and continued by correspondence until the start of the survey. During the survey, updates on vessel positions and trawl activities were collated by the survey coordinator and distributed to the participants twice a day. The survey design used and described in ICES (2011) allowed for a flexible setup of transects and good coverage of the spawning aggregations. Due to favourable weather conditions throughout the survey period and full vessel availability, the survey resulted in a high quality coverage of the stock. Transects of all vessels were consistent in spatial coverage and timing, delivering full coverage of the respective distribution areas within 2 weeks.

This shipping review covers Belgium.

This shipping review covers Poland.

This shipping review covers Norway.

This shipping review covers Spain.

This shipping review covers Italy.

This shipping review covers Germany.

This shipping review covers the Baltic States – Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

This shipping review covers Denmark.

This shipping review covers France.

As the global climate warms, the fate of lacustrine fish is of huge concern, especially given their sensitivity as ectotherms to changes in water temperature. The Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinusL.) is a salmonid with a Holarctic distribution, with peripheral populations persisting at temperate latitudes, where it is found only in sufficiently cold, deep lakes. Thus, warmer temperatures in these habitats particularly during early life stages could have catastrophic consequences on population dynamics. Here, we combined lake temperature observations, a 1-D hydrodynamic model, and a multi-decadal climate reanalysis to show coherence in warming winter water temperatures in four European charr lakes near the southernmost limit of the species’ distribution. Current maximum and mean winter temperatures are on average ~ 1 °C warmer compared to early the 1980s, and temperatures of 8.5 °C, adverse for high charr egg survival, have frequently been exceeded in recent winters. Simulations of winter lake temperatures toward century-end showed that these warming trends will continue, with further increases of 3–4 °C projected. An additional 324 total accumulated degree-days during winter is projected on average across lakes, which could impair egg quality and viability. We suggest that the perpetuating winter warming trends shown here will imperil the future status of these lakes as charr refugia and generally do not augur well for the fate of coldwater-adapted lake fish in a warming climate.

Scales and otoliths (ear stones) from fish are routinely sampled for age estimation and fisheries management purposes. Growth records from scales and otoliths can be used to generate long-term time series data, and in combination with environmental data, can reveal species specific population responses to a changing climate. Additionally, scale and otolith microchemical data can be utilized to investigate fish habitat usage. A common problem associated with biological collections, is that while sample intake grows, long-term physical storage is rarely a priority, and much of the sampling took place before the advent of open-access digital infrastructure. Material is often collected to meet short-term objectives and resources are seldom committed to maintaining and archiving collections. As a consequence, precious samples are frequently stored in many different and unsuitable locations, and may become lost or separated from associated metadata. The Marine Institute's ecological research station in in Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland, holds a multi-decadal (1928–2020) collection of scales and otoliths from various fish species, gathered from many geographic locations. Here we present an open-source database model and archiving system to consolidate and digitize this collection, and show how this case study infrastructure could be used for other biological sample collections. The system utilizes the FAIR (Findable Accessible Interoperable and Reusable) open-data principles, and includes a physical repository, sample metadata catalogue, and image library.

ISI Document Delivery No.: DF3JU Times Cited: 6 Cited Reference Count: 70 Gascuel, Didier Coll, Marta Fox, Clive Guenette, Sylvie Guitton, Jerome Kenny, Andrew Knittweis, Leyla Nielsen, J. Rasmus Piet, Gerjan Raid, Tiit Travers-Trolet, Morgane Shephard, Samuel European Commission; European Commission through the Marie Curie CIG grant; Spanish Research Program Ramon y Cajal This study was initially conducted during the 2012 meeting of the Experts working group on the 'Development of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in European Seas' set up by the Scientific Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF), and funded by the European Commission. MC was funded by the European Commission through the Marie Curie CIG grant and the Spanish Research Program Ramon y Cajal. We sincerely thank Trevor Branch and anonymous referees for their useful comments and suggestions on an earlier version of the manuscript. Wiley-blackwell Hoboken; International audience; Stock-based and ecosystem-based indicators are used to provide a new diagnosis of the fishing impact and environmental status of European seas. In the seven European marine ecosystems covering the Baltic and the North-east Atlantic, (i) trends in landings since 1950 were examined; (ii) syntheses of the status and trends in fish stocks were consolidated at the ecosystem level; and (iii) trends in ecosystem indicators based on landings and surveys were analysed. We show that yields began to decrease everywhere (except in the Baltic) from the mid-1970s, as a result of the over-exploitation of some major stocks. Fishermen adapted by increasing fishing effort and exploiting a wider part of the ecosystems. This was insufficient to compensate for the decrease in abundance of many stocks, and total landings have halved over the last 30years. The highest fishing impact took place in the late 1990s, with a clear decrease in stock-based and ecosystem indicators. In particular, trophic-based indicators exhibited a continuous decreasing trend in almost all ecosystems. Over the past decade, a decrease in fishing pressure has been observed, the mean fishing mortality rate of assessed stocks being almost halved in all the considered ecosystems, but no clear recovery in the biomass and ecosystem indicators is yet apparent. In addition, the mean recruitment index was shown to decrease by around 50% in all ecosystems (except the Baltic). We conclude that building this kind of diagnosis is a key step on the path to implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries management.

We would like to thank the IndiSeas Working Group, endorsed by IOC-UNESCO (www.ioc-unesco.org) and the European Network of Excellence Euroceans (www.eur-oceans.eu). KMK was supported by Conservation International and the Sea Around Us project, a collaboration between The University of British Columbia and The Pew Charitable Trusts. MC was partially supported by the EC Marie Curie CIG grant to BIOWEB and the Spanish Research Program Ramon y Cajal. LJS was supported through the South African Research Chair Initiative, funded through the South African Department of Science and Technology (DST) and administered by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF). YJS and MIT were supported by the French project EMIBIOS (FRB, contract no. APP-SCEN-2010-11). US and YS were also funded by the European collaborative project MEECE - Marine Ecosystem Evolution in a Changing Environment - (FP7, Contract no. 212085). CPL was supported by Defra project MF1228 (From Physics to Fisheries) and DEVOTES (DEVelopment of innovative Tools for understanding marine biodiversity and assessing good Environmental Status) funded by EU FP7 (grant Agreement no. 308392), www.devotes-project.eu. GIvdM was partially supported by the Norwegian Nature Index programme and the Institute of Marine Research, Norway. HO was funded was funded by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (grant SF0180005s10). MAT was funded by a predoctoral FPI fellowship from the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO). MJJJ was supported by the EC Marie Curie IOF Grant, PIOF-GA-2013-628116. We acknowledge all those who conducted surveys to collect the data used in this study.; Fisheries provide critical provisioning services, especially given increasing human population. Understanding where marine communities are declining provides an indication of ecosystems of concern and highlights potential conflicts between seafood provisioning from wild fisheries and other ecosystem services. Here we use the nonparametric statistic, Kendall's tau, to assess trends in biomass of exploited marine species across a range of ecosystems. The proportion of 'Non-Declining Exploited Species' (NDES) is compared among ecosystems and to three community-level indicators that provide a gauge of the ability of a marine ecosystem to function both in provisioning and as a regulating service: survey-based mean trophic level, proportion of predatory fish, and mean life span. In some ecosystems, NDES corresponds to states and temporal trajectories of the community indicators, indicating deteriorating conditions in both the exploited community and in the overall community. However differences illustrate the necessity of using multiple ecological indicators to reflect the state of the ecosystem. For each ecosystem, we discuss patterns in NDES with respect to the community-level indicators and present results in the context of ecosystem-specific drivers. We conclude that using NDES requires context-specific supporting information in order to provide guidance within a management framework. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Crassostrea gigas oysters represent a significant global food source, with 4.7 million tons harvested per year. In 2001, the bacterium V. aesturianus francensis emerged as a pathogen that causes adult oyster mortality in France and Ireland. Its impact on oyster aquaculture has increased in Europe since its reemergence in 2012. To better understand the evolutionary mechanisms leading to the emergence and persistence over time of this pathogen, we conducted a survey of mollusk diseases through national reference laboratories (NRLs) across Europe. We analyzed 54 new genomes of V. aestuarianus (Va) isolated from multiple environmental compartments since 2001, in areas with and without bivalve mortalities. We used a combination of comparative genomics and population genetics approaches to show that Va francensis lineages have undergone clonal expansion in Europe, likely after a recent selective bottleneck. Low mutation and recombination rates may have selected particular virulent genotypes. Furthermore, we identified a specific cus-cop-containing island conferring copper resistance to Va francensis whose acquisition may have favored the emergence of pathogenic lineages adapted to oysters.

Modern warming of the Arctic Region has been linked to extreme weather events in the Northern Hemisphere, including severe winters, increased precipitation, summer heatwaves, and increased storminess. Further, sea-ice decline and enhanced background melting of the Greenland Ice-Sheet may affect the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) by altering surface water buoyancy at deep-water formation sites. However, our observation and historical data series are too short to ascertain the impact Arctic warming might have on the climate system, resulting in a gap in our knowledge and uncertainty on how the climate system may respond to future warming. Contradictory conclusions between observations and model studies add to these uncertainties. For example, many models predict a reduction in deep-water formation during times of enhanced freshwater input, while palaeo evidence suggests vigorous deep-water formation despite freshening, highlighting our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms driving climate change. Past climate archives provide us with a tool to assess the ocean-atmosphere climate system during times of enhanced high-latitude warming. However, as the climate system responds not only to direct forcing but also to the forcing history (i.e., boundary conditions), it is crucial we examine the climatic response to enhanced high-latitude warming under various boundary conditions. This research focuses on three new palaeoceanographic investigations during periods of Arctic warming. Two focus on interglacial boundary conditions that were warmer than present, and the third investigates a deglacial period when the Arctic was warming but the boundary conditions were in transition from glacial to interglacial states. This research thus provides an opportunity to assess how different boundary conditions modulated the climate response of the North Atlantic Region. The first investigation focuses on the transition from the warmer than present Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) (~4 – 7 kiloannum (ka)) to the cooler Late Holocene. The HTM was characterised by significantly lower sea-ice extent at high northern latitudes and warm sea surface temperature and surface air temperature anomalies in the Barents Sea and subpolar North Atlantic Region. This was followed by a transition to high-latitude cooling and sea-ice growth during the Late Holocene. Using geochemical proxies to reconstruct past movements of the Irish Shelf Front, this study reveals how past changes in atmospheric circulation resulted in enhanced storm magnitude and frequency for the UK and Ireland during warmer than present climates of the HTM. The second study focuses on an abrupt climate event during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 (~424 – 403 ka) when prolonged warming of the Arctic and continuous background melting of the Greenland Ice-Sheet led to a cold, and relatively fresh surface ocean in the Nordic Seas. Analysing both surface ocean hydrography and deep-water flow strength, preserved in the same sample from a sediment core collected in the eastern North Atlantic, allows us to assess the relative timing of the onset, duration, and recovery of a surface and deep-water climate event. Interestingly, despite the addition of freshwater, Nordic Seas Deep-Water formation remained strong during early MIS 11, supporting the hypothesis that deep-water formation may not be as susceptible to future Greenland Ice-Sheet melting as previously thought. However, our analysis reveals deep-water flow strength weakened when the freshwater lens over the Nordic Seas drained into the subpolar North Atlantic, also causing an abrupt surface cooling event. Finally, the third study focuses on the Glacial-Interglacial transition, Termination 5 – TV (~430 – 424 ka), when the demise of the largest continental ice-sheets of the late Quaternary occurred under relatively weak orbital forcing. Here, the paired surface and deep-water proxies enables an assessment of the relative timing of surface water properties and deep circulation changes (i.e., lead/lags) at our core site in the eastern North Atlantic. Specifically, our analysis reveals that the primary onset of the deglaciation occurred in the Nordic Seas rather than at low-latitudes, since the reinvigoration of overflows in the Nordic Seas at the end of MIS 12 precedes the recovery of the surface ocean by several centuries. Both the investigations on MIS 11 and TV suggest that fluctuations in Nordic Seas Deep-Water formation are precursors to abrupt climate change in the eastern North Atlantic. Further, both studies identify the density gradient between the Nordic Seas and the subpolar North Atlantic as crucial in maintaining overflows, during both warm and cold climates. Thus, Nordic Seas Deep-Water may not be as susceptible to freshwater forcing as previously hypothesised. Moreover, enhanced advection of cold, and relatively fresh Polar Waters to the subpolar North Atlantic can rapidly initiate an abrupt cold event, within centuries, during both glacial and interglacial conditions. This research improves our understanding of how the climate system responds to enhanced high-latitude warming under different boundary conditions. Further, it highlights that boundary conditions are fundamental to how the climate responds. This is important going forward and must be considered when climate models are being developed. 2024-01-30

The extent to which any particular taxon supplies novel natural products depends on biological and evolutionary differences, and on decisions made by (or constraints on) biodiscovery scientists. The influences of different sources of variability on the biodiscovery process were examined in a study of the Cnidaria, a group recognised as an important source of novel marine natural products. The number of species with at least one novel metabolite within a genus was related to the number of species in the genus. This pattern implies that different genera do not differ in the probability of containing a species with novel natural products. Outlying points of this relationship were consistent with the ease of obtaining material through culturing organisms. The most productive five species were the sources of over 100 novel metabolites each. The distribution of novel metabolites across species showed no signs of exhausting novelty for the most productive source species. Novel metabolite drug likeness (ADMET-score) varied among genera. However, this pattern of variation was of the same degree as observed for molecular weights of metabolites, suggesting that differences among genera are generated by the decisions of analysts with different interests and do not reflect underlying biology. Biogeographic patterns of soft coral species with novel natural products were matched to regional species richness. Overall, the evidence for phylogenetic or spatial influences on the chance of finding novel metabolites was weak. The patterns are consistent with a constant chance of finding novel natural products across different species, with some constraints linked to ease of sampling or culturing and some reinforcement of biodiscovery in species that have previously been the source of novel metabolites. Research supported by a research grant from Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and the Marine Institute under the Investigators Programme (grant no. SFI/15/1A/3100), co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund 2014–2020 to A.L.A. peer-reviewed

Host–pathogen interactions involving microalgae have attracted more and more interest over the past decade. In order to understand interactions between those two partners and as basis of each singl...

This deliverable summarises the work of WP1 to deliver Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re-usable (FAIR) services in the context of EOSC-Life’s funding calls, using these to improve FAIR services, service uptake and to inform sustainable development and future use. We describe service delivery and development around the FAIR principles and present the funded projects which have driven our implementation of FAIR Services. We address sustainability and describe the processes used to engage the EOSC-Life funded projects, as well as future work.

19 pages, 13 figures, 1 table, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106739.-- Seismic reflection and bathymetric data collected during the MARLBORO and SARAS cruises are stored at SISMER repository (https://doi.org/10.17600/11480100, https://doi.org/10.17600/12450090, and https://campagnes.flotteoceanographique.fr/campagnes/12000010). Landslide parameters for MTDs mapped during this study are given in the appendix., Earthquakes are the most commonly cited cause of offshore slope failure, followed by high sedimentation rates and ensuing pore pressure build-up. In the South Alboran Sea, the moderate seismicity (Mw = 6.4) of the strike-slip Al Idrissi Fault Zone does not appear to control directly the landslides distribution. To provide a preliminary geohazard assessment, we characterized the spatial distribution, the volume and the ages of the submarine landslides from multibeam and seismic reflection data in the southern part of the Alboran Sea. Since the Quaternary numerous submarine landslide processes have affected the marine sedimentary cover with volumes of the mass transport deposits (MTD) estimated between 0.01 and 15 km3. West of the Al Idrissi Fault Zone, along the South Alboran Ridge's northern flank, the distribution of the MTD follows the SW-NE bank and ridge trend that correlates with blind thrusts and folds covered by a plastered contourite drift. A pockmark field, related to fluid escape, is visible near landslide scars where the contourite drift is relatively thicker. In this area, landslide scars occur on variable slopes (2–24°) and their associated MTDs show variable decompacted volumes (0.01-10 km3). East of the Al Idrissi Fault Zone, between the Alboran Ridge and the Pytheas Bank, the mapped MTDs have uneven volume. The smaller ones (10°), whereas those of the largest ones (3–15 km3) occur on gentler slopes (, This work was funded by the French programs Actions Marges, Défi Risques Naturels CNRS-IRD (MITI-ALARM) and UPMC-Emergence (ALARM project), the ALBAMAR JCJC ANR-17-03CE-0004, the EUROFLEETS program (FP7/2007-2013; n°228344), project FICTS-2011-03-01. Seismic reflection data were processed using the Seismic UNIX SU and Geovecteur© software. The processed seismic data were interpreted using Kingdom IHS Suite© software. This work also benefited from the DAMAGE (AEI/FEDER CGL2016-80687-R) and FAUCES (Ref CTM2015-65461-C2-R; MINCIU/FEDER) Projects financed by “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y al Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional” (FEDER). This work acknowledges the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation of ICM-CSIC (CEX2019-000928-S

[No abstract available] non-peer-reviewed

Fisheries stock assessments are important tools for successful management of fisheries. Reliability of a stock assessment model is often determined by the data available and accounting for key uncertainties in the data is an important aspect of stock assessments and management. Central to many assessment models is the tracking of cohorts through the population, but uncertainty in the identification of cohorts, in the form of uncertainty in age-estimation and fish growth, can impact model performance. Overall, the aim of this thesis was to develop methods to address this cohort uncertainty, as well as assess the impact of biased age-composition data on the fisheries advice process. I focus on anglerfish as the main case study species, as their assessment and management is affected by the challenges touched upon earlier. To provide context, Chapter 1 gives an overview of stock assessment and management, focussing on the challenges of uncertainty in age-estimation and growth, as well as the approaches used to account for them. Anglerfish fisheries are also summarised and issues affecting their assessment and management discussed. Chapter 2 addresses the topic of cohort uncertainty by developing a new method of length frequency analysis. The model is a maximum likelihood-based procedure that uses Gaussian mixture models and the Expectation Maximisation algorithm to estimate von Bertalanffy growth parameters from length frequency data from fisheries surveys. The model was applied to length data from the white-bellied anglerfish stock in the Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay. The basic model estimated a single set of growth parameters, whereas the hierarchical extension to the model was able to model some of the natural variability in fish growth between cohorts or years with bivariate random effects on key parameters. Chapter 3 approaches the issue of cohort uncertainty from a different perspective, implementing and and testing the performance of stage-based stock assessment models. Stage-based assessment models have less data requirements and simpler population dynamics than more complex assessment models, so are likely to be more robust to cohort uncertainty in the data. The stage-based assessment models implemented were: Catch-Survey Analysis (CSA), and a model first described in a theoretical paper by Schnute (1987). The performance of these two theoretically different stage-based assessment models was assessed with a simulation-testing framework and on a real anglerfish stock. The findings showed both models are useful stock assessment models, with CSA more robust but less precise than the Schnute model. The Schnute model was more precise than CSA but required growth and mean fish weight data unaffected by selectivity. As part of the work conducted for Chapter 3, the R package ‘sbar’ was developed. This is a fully documented R package that contains the functions to run the stage-based assessment models. Chapter 4 outlines the key assumptions and data requirements of the models, as well as demonstrating use with data from a real anglerfish stock. Versions of the Schnute model not described or tested in Chapter 3 were also detailed here. A goal of this chapter was to allow new users to begin running stage-based assessment models with relevant background information provided. Chapter 5 addresses the impact of using age-composition data generated with a biased growth function in stock assessment and management over time. A management strategy evaluation framework was used, with both stage-based and age-based management procedures tested. A method for estimating CSA reference points was also developed. Both management procedures were affected by the biased sampling data, but in different ways. Performance statistics indicated that it is important to consider the uncertainty and potential bias in growth estimates when generating age-composition data. Overall, the research presented in this thesis has developed and implemented techniques that aim to further advance the field of fisheries stock assessment and management when cohorts are uncertain. The thesis focussed on anglerfish for the majority of case studies due to the fisheries’ reported issues, however the methods implemented here are useful in a wider context and there are many species to which the techniques could be applied. no

The presence of microplastics (MPs), a contaminant of emerging concern, has attracted increasing attention in commercially important seafood species such as Nephrops norvegicus. This species lend themselves well as bioindicators of environmental contamination owing to their availability, spatial and depth distribution, interactions with seafloor sediment and position in the ecosystem and food chain. This study assesses the abundance of MPs in N. norvegicus and in benthic sediments across six functional units in the North East Atlantic. Assessment of the relationship between MP abundance in N. norvegicus, their biological parameters and their surrounding environment was examined. Despite the lack of statistical significance, MP abundances, size, shape, and polymer type recorded in N. norvegicus mirrored those found in the surrounding environment samples. The three main polymers identified in both organisms and sediment were polystyrene, polyamide (nylons), and polypropylene. The level of MP contamination in N. norvegicus could be related to local sources, with relatively low abundances recorded in this study for the North East Atlantic in comparison to other regional studies. Furthermore, larger organisms contained a lower abundance of MPs, demonstrating no accumulation of MPs in N. norvegicus. Based on the results of this study, data on MP ingestion could be used to study trends in the amount and composition of litter ingested by marine animals towards fulfilling requirements of descriptor 10 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. yes

21 pages, 9 figures, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010610.-- Data Availability Statement: Seismic data from network codes marked in Figure 3 were freely available from several data centers including: the IRIS Data Management Center (https://ds.iris.edu/ds/nodes/dmc/); the GEOFON Data Centre of the GFZ (https://geofon.gfz-potsdam.de/waveform/archive); the RESIF seismic data portal (https://seismology.resif.fr/); Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology (http://orfeus-eu.org/webdc3/); the National Observatory of Athens (http://bbnet.gein.noa.gr); the Turkish Earthquake Research Institute KOERI (http://eida-service.koeri.boun.edu.tr); and the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV (http://webservices.ingv.it). Table S2 in Supporting Information S1 provides details on the network and station codes downloaded from each data center. We thank all the network operators who contributed data to these data centers. The tomographic model is available to download at https://nlscelli.wixsite.com/ncseismology/af2019. It is also deposited to the online IRIS EMC-Earth Models repository (https://doi.org/10.17611/dp/emc.2022.af2019.1), Hot plumes rising from Earth's deep mantle are thought to cause uplift, rifting and large igneous province (LIP) emplacement. LIP volcanism in continents often spans tens of Ma and scatters unevenly over broad areas. This has been attributed to lateral flow of hot plume material, but observational evidence on such flow is scarce. New waveform tomography with massive data sets reveals detailed seismic velocity structure beneath the East Africa-Arabia region, where these processes occur at present. It shows interconnected sub-lithospheric corridors of hot, partially molten rock, fed by three mantle upwellings beneath Kenya, Afar, and Levant. The spatio-temporal distribution of the volcanism suggests that we are witnessing an integral plume head, which morphed into a three-pointed star by ponding and channeling within thin-lithosphere corridors. Plate reconstructions indicate that it spread south-to-north since ∼45 Ma. These results suggest that complex-shape plume heads can explain the enigmatic, scattered LIP volcanism and are, probably, an inherent feature of plume-continent interaction, This work was supported by the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Grants 13/CDA/2192 and 16/IA/4598, the latter co-funded by the Geological Survey of Ireland and the Marine Institute. This work has been completed in the framework of the project 3D Earth funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) as a Support to Science Element (STSE). C.C. acknowledges the grant CEX2019-000928-S funded by AEI 10.13039/501100011033

Special issue EPOS a Research Infrastructure in solid Earth: open science and innovation .-- 21 pages, 8 figures, Tsunamis constitute a significant hazard for European coastal populations, and the impact of tsunami events worldwide can extend well beyond the coastal regions directly affected. Understanding the complex mechanisms of tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation, as well as managing the tsunami risk, requires multidisciplinary research and infrastructures that cross national boundaries. Recent decades have seen both great advances in tsunami science and consolidation of the European tsunami research community. A recurring theme has been the need for a sustainable platform for coordinated tsunami community activities and a hub for tsunami services. Following about three years of preparation, in July 2021, the European tsunami community attained the status of Candidate Thematic Core Service (cTCS) within the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) Research Infrastructure. Within a transition period of three years, the Tsunami candidate TCS is anticipated to develop into a fully operational EPOS TCS. We here outline the path taken to reach this point, and the envisaged form of the future EPOS TCS Tsunami. Our cTCS is planned to be organised within four thematic pillars: (1) Support to Tsunami Service Providers, (2) Tsunami Data, (3) Numerical Models, and (4) Hazard and Risk Products. We outline how identified needs in tsunami science and tsunami risk mitigation will be addressed within this structure and how participation within EPOS will become an integration point for community development, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

In data-poor situations, length-based indicators (LBIs) and reference points based on life history parameters have been proposed to classify stocks according to conservation status and yield optimization. Given the variety of potential LBIs, life history traits, and fisheries, it is necessary to evaluate the robustness of length-based advice to ensure that despite uncertainty that management objectives will still be met. Therefore, a simulation procedure was employed where an Operating Model conditioned on life history parameters was used to generate pseudo data. Receiver operator characteristics and the true skill score were then used to screen LBIs based on their ability to identify overfishing and recovery. It was found that LBIs performed better for long-lived species with low individual growth rates, those aimed at ensuring the conservation of mature fish performed better than those aimed at the conservation of immature fish, are better at indicating trends than at quantifying exploitation level, and in general were robust to uncertainty about dynamic processes.

Target and limit reference points are fundamental management components used to define sustainable harvest strategies. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and the precautionary principle underpin many reference points. Non-proxy reference points based on MSY in age-based single-species assessments depend on the stock–recruitment (SR) relationship, which can display complex variability. Current reference points ignore persistent dynamic change by assuming that the SR relationship is stationary and with constant recruitment parameters over selected time periods. We highlight Peterman's productivity method (PPM), which is capable of tracking temporal dynamics of recruitment productivity via time-varying SR parameters. We show how temporal variability in SR parameters affects fishing mortality and biomass MSY-based reference points. Implementation of PPM allows for integrated dynamic ecosystem influences in tactical management while avoiding overwrought and sometimes ephemeral mechanistic hypotheses tested on small and variable SR datasets. While some of these arguments have been made in individual papers, in our opinion the method has not yet garnered the attention that is due to it.

The Atlantic salmon is a species of great importance culturally, economically and ecologically. Recent declines suffered by many populations have been linked to marine mortality, therefore a better understanding of the marine phase is needed to inform management decisions, slow population declines, and protect this iconic species. The overall aim of this research was to develop, validate and apply methods that unlock the information contained in Atlantic salmon scales to enhance our knowledge of the marine phase. Fish scales incorporate biochemical and isotopic signatures as they grow, acting as a chronological record of the fish’s life history. Large, multi-decadal archives of Atlantic salmon scales are held by many organisations, containing vast amounts of data to be explored. Stable isotopes of scales can be used to examine the diet, origin, and trophic level of prey of a fish, but inorganic carbonates on the scale surface can confound results. The carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C) of acid-treated and untreated scales from 208 Atlantic salmon was analysed. Acid-treatment had a negligible effect on (δ13C) and therefore does not need to be performed prior to stable isotope analysis (SIA) of Atlantic salmon scales, saving scale material, time and money. A recent isotope-based geolocation tool suggests that the marine feeding location of salmon can be determined by correlating a time series of scale δ13C with sea surface temperature (SST). To validate the method, SIA of archived scales from 100 fish (10 years of a 50-year period) caught at their feeding grounds west of Greenland was completed. The highest area of correlation between scale δ13C and SST, the Labrador Sea, accurately represented the foraging location of the fish. This validation allows the results of the geolocation tool to be interpreted with increased confidence. Cortisol, the most commonly measured stress hormone in fish, was recently extracted from fish scales as a measure of chronic stress. In this thesis, the method was adapted for use on Atlantic salmon scales and used to extract cortisol from the scales of 156 experimentally reared post-smolts that were exposed to 3 temperatures (6, 10.5 and 15°C) and varying starvation stressors. Cortisol increased significantly in fish kept at 15°C. Fluctuations occurred in fish at 6°C and in starved fish at 10.5°C, but a larger sample size is needed to determine the significance of these results. This research determined that scale cortisol is a suitable biomarker for temperature stress in Atlantic salmon and, due to optimisation to require lower weights of scale material, may open this method up to a wider range of species and life stages. Using the method, the stability of cortisol was confirmed in archived scales, then cortisol was extracted from 120 archived scale samples (6 years over a 29-year period). No interannual trends were detected, and individual variability appeared to drive the differences in cortisol. Combining cortisol data with other analyses could help understand the factors affecting scale cortisol in Atlantic salmon. This research illustrated the value of scales for examining the marine phase of Atlantic salmon, which may be key to preventing further declines. The methods developed and validated in this thesis can be used to determine marine feeding location and to examine the response of salmon to stressors experienced during their life cycle. no

International audience; We present a three-step inverse model (3SAA) for estimating the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of surface waters from the remote sensing reflectance spectra, Rrs(λ). The derived IOPs include the total (a(λ)), phytoplankton (aphy(λ)), and colored detrital matter (acdm(λ)), absorption coefficients, and the total (bb(λ)) and particulate (bbp(λ)) backscattering coefficients. The first step uses an improved neural network approach to estimate the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance from Rrs. a(λ) and bbp(λ) are then estimated using the LS2 model (Loisel et al., 2018), which does not require spectral assumptions on IOPs and hence can assess a(λ) and bb(λ) at any wavelength at which Rrs(λ) is measured. Then, an inverse optimization algorithm is combined with an optical water class (OWC) approach to assess aphy(λ) and acdm(λ) from anw(λ).The proposed model is evaluated using an in situ dataset collected in open oceanic, coastal, and inland waters. Comparisons with other standard semi-analytical algorithms (QAA and GSM), as well as match-up exercises, have also been performed. The applicability of the algorithm on OLCI observations was assessed through the analysis of global IOPs spatial patterns derived from 3SAA and GSM. The good performance of 3SAA is manifested by median absolute percentage differences (MAPD) of 13%, 23%, 34% and 34% for bbp(443), anw(443), aphy(443) and acdm(443), respectively for oceanic waters. Due to the absence of spectral constraints on IOPs in the inversion of total IOPs, and the adoption of an OWC-based approach, the performance of 3SAA is only slightly degraded in bio-optical complex inland waters.

Microplastics (MPs) are an extensive global contaminant in the marine environment, known to be ingested by marine organisms. The presence of MPs in the commercially important marine decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus (Dublin Bay Prawn) has been documented for the North-East Atlantic and the Mediterranean, however, uncertainties remain about retention times of MPs in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of this species. This study aims to investigate the retention times of polyester MP fibres of three sizes (3, 5, and 10 mm in length) and to determine whether the egestion of MP fibres is size and time dependent. Results suggest that MP fibres of different lengths are retained for different periods of time, with larger MP fibres being retained for longer periods (e.g., minimum 96 h for 10 mm fibres). The present study also assesses for the first time, the size dependent relationship of MP fibres under controlled conditions for N. norvegicus. yes

International audience; The development of a new generation of biological sensors has drastically changed the studies of marine plankton from lab bench work to in vivo and real-time observations. Target organisms, from bacteria to plankton, can now be optically characterized and/or photographed and archived. Consequently, scientists are facing the difficult challenge to handle a large amount of data which need to be processed rapidly and harmonised before being stored in databases to be accessible to scientific/environmental management communities. In the Joint European Research Infrastructure for Coastal Observatories (JERICO-RI), we intend to integrate the monitoring of physical, biogeochemical and biological variables to better understand coastal ecosystems. Focusing primarily on plankton communities measured at high spatial and temporal resolution, we aim to provide a framework for the data flow following the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse (FAIR). To achieve this, we need to draw up best practices in data management to be followed by users and experts operating the sensors such as standardised protocol, minimal technical metadata elements for effective re-use, identify and extend appropriate vocabularies, identify tools for data integration and platforms for trust-worthy long-term archival, standardised data formats to be ingested by European data infrastructures. In this presentation, we will present some of our achievements regarding in vivo flow cytometry, imagery analysis, and multispectral fluorimetry.

International audience; The CMEMS Iberian-Biscay-Ireland Monitoring and Forecasting Center (IBI-MFC) currently provides a variety of OMIs oriented to monitor the main oceanographic processes taking place in this regional domain. Among the OMIs currently delivered by IBI-MFC, it is worth mentioning (i) the coastal upwelling index focused on the African-Iberian coast, (ii) the indicator of Mediterranean Outflow Water variability and (iii) diverse indicators of extreme events of temperature or wave height. Currently, IBIMFC efforts are concentrated on designing bloom phenology indicators derived from chlorophyll anomalies detected within IBI regional seas.The present work aims to provide a general overview of the IBI-MFC OMIs operationally provided nowadays and further insight into the routine OMI update strategy, as well as main conclusions from them. Finally, ongoing developments of novel upcoming OMIs for the IBI region are also introduced.; Le centre de surveillance et de prévision CMEMS Iberian-Biscay-Ireland (IBI-MFC) fournit actuellement une variété d'OMIs orientés vers la surveillance des principaux processus océanographiques ayant lieu dans ce domaine régional. Parmi les OMIs actuellement fournis par l'IBI-MFC, il convient de mentionner (i) l'indice d'upwelling côtier centré sur la côte africaine-ibérique, (ii) l'indicateur de variabilité des eaux de sortie de la Méditerranée et (iii) divers indicateurs d'événements extrêmes de température ou de hauteur de vague. Actuellement, les efforts de l'IBIMFC se concentrent sur la conception d'indicateurs de la phénologie des fleurs d'eau dérivés des anomalies de chlorophylle détectées dans les mers régionales de l'IBI.Le présent travail vise à fournir une vue d'ensemble des OMIs IBI-MFC fournis de manière opérationnelle aujourd'hui et un aperçu de la stratégie de mise à jour de routine des OMIs, ainsi que les principales conclusions qui en découlent. Enfin, les développements en cours des nouveaux OMIs à venir pour la région IBI sont également présentés.

International audience; This study will give an overview of high-resolution Irish local scale models. The Irish Marine Institute implemented the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) to coastal waters on the west coast of Ireland. Out of the six models, details of three are presented. The models are: Connemara, Galway Bay and Bertraghboy Bay with most recent developments including the implementation of wetting/drying algorithm. Implementation of a realistic bathymetry for Connemara and Galway models wetting/ drying algorithm has resulted in better validation against acoustic Doppler current profi lers (ADCPs). The models implemented with a wetting and drying algorithm have shown better agreement against ADCPs.; Cette étude donnera un aperçu des modèles irlandais à haute résolution à l'échelle locale. L'Irish Marine Institute a mis en œuvre le système régional de modélisation des océans (ROMS) pour les eaux côtières de la côte ouest de l'Irlande. Sur les six modèles, les détails de trois sont présentés. Ces modèles sont : Connemara, Galway Bay et Bertraghboy Bay avec les développements les plus récents incluant l'implémentation de l'algorithme de mouillage/séchage. La mise en œuvre d'une bathymétrie réaliste pour l'algorithme de mouillage/séchage des modèles Connemara et Galway a permis une meilleure validation par rapport aux profileurs de courant Doppler acoustiques (ADCP). Les modèles implémentés avec un algorithme de mouillage et de séchage ont montré une meilleure concordance avec les ADCPs.

International audience; EMSO is a distributed Research Infrastructure currently comprising nine Regional Facilities (RFs) and three shallow water test sites, strategically located all the way from the southern entrance of the Arctic Ocean across to the North Atlantic through the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. Since the beginning of 2021 Norway has been integrated as a new EMSO ERIC member, extending the geographical coverage to the Nordic Sea and the Arctic. EMSO’s extension will benefi t from an experienced team managing moored observatories, ocean gliders and the Mohn Ridge Seafl oor and Water Column Observatory.

Particle-tracking models can simulate the drift of floating objects in the ocean, and provide a valuable tool for search and rescue operations at sea. The choice of model parameters has a big impact on the prediction, and can greatly affect the success of the search and rescue operations. In particular, the way in which windage is introduced into the model largely determines the dispersion and fi nal distribution of the numerical floats. The Marine Institute has conducted several experiments with OpenDrift, which have proven to be useful to help in search and rescue operations and to investigate the important connection that exists between people missing from the coast of Ireland and being found on the Welsh coast. This has culminated in the implementation of a new version of an OpenDrift-based, web application called ADRIFT, which allows to select between a range of different objects with specific leeway properties., Les modèles de suivi des particules peuvent simuler la dérive des objets flottants dans l'océan et constituent un outil précieux pour les opérations de recherche et de sauvetage en mer. Le choix des paramètres du modèle a un impact important sur la prédiction, et peut grandement affecter le succès des opérations de recherche et de sauvetage. En particulier, la manière dont le vent est introduit dans le modèle détermine largement la dispersion et la distribution finale des flotteurs numériques. Le Marine Institute a mené plusieurs expériences avec OpenDrift, qui se sont avérées utiles pour aider les opérations de recherche et de sauvetage et pour étudier le lien important qui existe entre les personnes disparues de la côte irlandaise et celles retrouvées sur la côte galloise. Ces expériences ont abouti à la mise en œuvre d'une nouvelle version d'une application web basée sur OpenDrift, appelée ADRIFT, qui permet de choisir entre une série d'objets différents ayant des propriétés de dérive spécifiques.

International audience; Ireland occupies a unique location in the NE Atlantic - an important carbon sink and an area most vulnerable to changes in Atlantic circulation. Ireland has actively participated in European ocean observation projects from the EC Sixth Framework Programme through to Horizon 2020 leading to the development of ocean and climate observing systems from the coast to open ocean. However, infrastructure gaps remain which impact the capability to address scientific questions of national and global importance. Ireland’s longstanding scientific interaction at a European level coupled with significant state investments in ocean observation infrastructures has led to the development of EirOOS (the Irish Ocean Observing System). We demonstrate how EirOOS has developed, at a national level, into a key Research Infrastructure to further develop scientific and technical research capacity in sea level science, ocean circulation, and carbon sequestration to understand the connection between Ireland, its coastal seas and the Atlantic. The data infrastructure underpinning EirOOS is discussed and how it links the disparate elements of the distributed infrastructure together through harmonisation and interoperability of its data platforms.The multi-level interaction and cooperation between EirOOS and other key marine European Research infrastructures like EMSO, EuroArgo and JERICO RI in terms of developing cohesive and impactful science, user and business cases for EirOOS to ensure it is delivering services and outputs defined by its stakeholders is discussed. Finally, the role of EirOOS as an effective and sustainable component in a distributed European Ocean Observing System with a description of the framework for integration is considered.

International audience; The ocean is an important pathway to a low-carbon and climate resilient society, e.g. in areas of blue carbon, green shipping, offshore renewable energy, aquaculture, fishery and coastal adaptation. Currently, 26 EU member states have made their National Adaptation Strategy (NAS) and/or National Strategy Plan (NAP) which needs a strong climate information service. European Global Ocean Observing System (EuroGOOS) has a strategy to expand existing operational marine service to climate change in 2020-2030. As focal points of national marine, climate and/or weather services, ROOS (Regional Sea Operational Oceanographic System) members have extensive experiences in working with citizens, stakeholders and decision-makers at national, regional and municipality levels. This paper will review current marine climate service capacity in ROOS members, identify gaps in modelling, products and service, and propose a seamless earth system approach for developing EuroGOOS and ROOS marine climate service capacities.; L'océan est une voie importante vers une société à faible émission de carbone et résiliente au changement climatique, par exemple dans les domaines du carbone bleu, du transport maritime vert, des énergies renouvelables en mer, de l'aquaculture, de la pêche et de l'adaptation côtière. Actuellement, 26 États membres de l'UE ont élaboré leur stratégie nationale d'adaptation (NAS) et/ou leur plan stratégique national (NAP), ce qui nécessite un service d'information climatique solide. Le système européen d'observation des océans (EuroGOOS) a une stratégie pour étendre le service marin opérationnel existant au changement climatique en 2020-2030. En tant que points focaux des services marins, climatiques et/ou météorologiques nationaux, les membres du ROOS (Regional Sea Operational Oceanographic System) ont une grande expérience de la collaboration avec les citoyens, les parties prenantes et les décideurs aux niveaux national, régional et municipal. Ce document passe en revue les capacités actuelles des services de climatologie marine des membres du ROOS, identifie les lacunes en matière de modélisation, de produits et de services, et propose une approche de système terrestre homogène pour développer les capacités des services de climatologie marine d'EuroGOOS et du ROOS.

International audience; Built on the two previous FP7 grants Eurofleets (2009-2013) and Eurofleets 2 (2013-2017) and within the on-going H2020 Eurofleets+ project, the under-discussion Eurofleets RI aims at strengthening the role of the European Research Vessel Fleet in collecting marine data from global oceans, regional seas and coastal waters, deploy and service observing systems, so providing a vital platform for other European RIs. Eurofleets+ provides transnational access to a unique fl eet of research vessels through a robust call management and evaluation process. Joint research activities in the project aims at advancing data management, improving interoperability of rigs for deployment of different equipment, facilitating installation of mobile equipment across different vessels and validating new innovations for intelligent exploration. Active dialog with stakeholders ensures that marine research vessels including associated equipment are coordinated, designed and operated optimally to meet scientific user’s requirements in addition to providing training activities to support the next generation of marine scientists. Fostering innovation through the management of exploitable results is supported through collaboration with industrial partners. A business plan and strategic roadmap are under development for Eurofl eets RI, while extensive dissemination and communication activities to raise awareness of the essential role of the European Research Vessel Fleet are ongoing.

International audience; Eurofl eets is a key research infrastructure, essential for collecting in situ marine data sets from global oceans, regional seas and coastal waters. Research vessels carry and operate shipborne observation equipment and facilitate deployment and handling of a large range of observing and sampling instruments. The infrastructure is also evolving, with fixed ocean seafl oor observation and mobile surface and subsea autonomous technologies presenting challenges to the existing fl eet to deploy and maintain. Meeting the complex end user needs of European scientists across disciplines and geographic locations is an expensive and complex exercise requiring coordination at national and international levels, and the use of common standards and approaches. To meet the expected challenges, Eurofl eets+ (An alliance of European marine research infrastructure to meet the evolving needs of the research and industrial communities) project is undertaking Joint Research Activities (JRA) with key industry partners. Specifi cally, the objective of JRA 3.2 led by CSIC, with the Marine Institute and industry partners Hampidjan, MacArtney AS and SEAONICS is the study and conceptual development of equipment for deep sea operations from research vessels co-designed by research and industry partners.Improving interoperability of Large Exchangeable Instrumentation (LEXI) is a primary aim of Eurofl eets+, especially in terms of improvement and standardisation of tools/rigging for more effi cient operations.The collaborative approach aims to develop a new deep-sea winch design, a multipurpose crane/handling system for deep water operations and a dual mode handling system designed for the deployment and recovery of research tools through moon-pools or/and over the side.

International audience; The CMEMS IBI-MFC (Iberia-Biscay-Ireland Monitoring & Forecasting Centre) delivers daily ocean model forecasts, analysis and reanalysis of different physical and biogeochemical parameters for the Atlantic façade, supporting all kind of marine applications. Along Copernicus-1, this IBI operational service has continuously evolved, upgrading both its forecast capabilities (in 2015, only a circulation forecast in place; today, 3 operational services, including waves and biogeochemical forecasts) and its multi-Year production (covering altimetric era with ocean and wave reanalysis products, together with a non-assimilative biogeochemical hindcast). The main IBIMFC operational achievements and product upgrades are here reviewed. An overview of main IBI service milestones, in terms of both operational production (with inclusion of new variables, increase of product resolution and temporal frequency, extension of forecast horizons and reanalysis coverages) and product quality enhancement is provided. The IBI model applications are routinely validated through meaningful skill scores and a wide range of statistical metrics computed to quantitatively assess the quality and reliability of these model solutions. The CMEMS IBI-MFC delivers today a reliable operational service, meeting user needs for a widespread end-user community (with strong IBI-ROOS connections and marked by a high number of ‘regular’ operational users linked to downstream services). The IBI-MFC service is expected to be upgraded, already in a Copernicus-2 context, and major guidelines of the roadmap are here outlined.