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35. Temperatures in a runaway greenhouse on the evolving Venus: implications for water loss

Author

Department of Atmosphere and Ocean Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A., Marine Biological Association of the U.K., The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, U.K., Watson, Andrew J., Donahue, Thomas M., Kuhn, William R., Department of Atmosphere and Ocean Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A., Marine Biological Association of the U.K., The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, U.K., Watson, Andrew J., Donahue, Thomas M., and Kuhn, William R.

Abstract

Recent work has established that Venus once had at least 100 times its present complement of outgassed water. An original complement of water comparable to the earth's is not inconsistent with our present knowledge (and is worthy of consideration since it involves no special assumptions concerning the differences in origin of the two planets). We use a one-dimensional calculation to investigate temperatures in the "runaway greenhouse" which may have ensued if Venus once had more than a few percent of the earth's water complement. We find that the atmosphere must exhibit an unusual structure, with condensation and presumably cloud formation taking place at high altitudes, while deep in the atmosphere the gas is strongly unsaturated with respect to water vapour. The necessity of including clouds introduces considerable uncertainty into the calculation of surface temperatures. However, for certain reasonable values of the cloud parameters, very high temperatures can be sustained, approaching the temperature of the basalt solidus. We speculate that such high temperatures may have promoted water-rock reactions, releasing free hydrogen and "burying" oxygen. A plastic or molten surface could have promoted rapid exposure of fresh rock, significantly easing the problem of disposing of the oxygen released by the dissociation of water.

Published
2006

36. Sea Truth Validation of Bio-Optical Models for A and Bb; Application to Heat Budget Models and the Effects of Biology on Ocean Thermal Structure

Author

MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM PLYMOUTH PLYMOUTH LAB, Aiken, Jim, Moore, Gerald, Fishwick, James, MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM PLYMOUTH PLYMOUTH LAB, Aiken, Jim, Moore, Gerald, and Fishwick, James

Abstract

The long-term goal is to obtain better measurements of the inherent optical properties of seawater (IOPs, absorption a and back-scattering bb) to provide better parameterizations of the absorption of light by seawater, to improve heat budget models of surface ocean stratification. The proposed work will extend on-going research at PML on furthering the understanding, accurate interpretation and exploitation of remotely sensed data of ocean color, from sensors: SeaWiFS, MODIS (NASA), MERIS (ESA). Assimilation of data from these sensors into 1-D and 3-D ocean circulation models is a long-term goal., The original document contains color images.

Published
2005

37. Validation of Buoy and Satellite Data for Near-Real Time Assessment of Changes on Bio-Optical Properties on Coastal Waters (English Channel)

Author

MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM PLYMOUTH PLYMOUTH LAB, Holligan, Patrick, Spooner, William, MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM PLYMOUTH PLYMOUTH LAB, Holligan, Patrick, and Spooner, William

Abstract

The long-term goal is to quantify the controls of primary productivity in shelf seas, and develop methods to detect and assess the possible anthropogenic impact on shelf-seas. This research requires the development and validation of models that derive predictions of hydrographic and biological variability from estimates of external physical forcing. The objectives of this project are; to demonstrate that hydrographic variability in shelf waters can be hind-cast, to a quantifiable degree, using a simple 1 dimensional physical model. To demonstrate that the model can be used to interpret the regional variability of ocean colour in terms of the mechanisms of physical forcing on phytoplankton growth. The effects of tidal front dynamics and the stability of the seasonal thermocline are of specific interest., See also ADM002252.

Published
1998

38. Pichicuco 5: Gulf of California CTD Data Report, R/V NEW HORIZON

Author

SCOTTISH MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION EDINBURGH OCEANOGRAPHIC LAB, Bray,N A, Hendershott,M C, Robles,J M, Shull,S, Carrasco,A C, SCOTTISH MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION EDINBURGH OCEANOGRAPHIC LAB, Bray,N A, Hendershott,M C, Robles,J M, Shull,S, and Carrasco,A C

Abstract

During May of 1984, the R/V New Horizon occupied a total of 172 CTD stations in the northern half of the Gulf, of California. Of these, 80 were part of a large-scale survey of hydro graphic properties in the Gulf, mainly cross-Gulf sections. The remaining stations were time series, or yoyo, stations in which temporal evolution of finestructure was examined. This report presents individual profiles of temperature, salinity and density for all stations, along with regional composite diagrams of potential temperature vs salinity.

Published
1987

39. A Rare Deep-sea Angler from Weather Station 'Alfa'

Author

SCOTTISH MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION EDINBURGH OCEANOGRAPHIC LAB, Jones,D. H., SCOTTISH MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION EDINBURGH OCEANOGRAPHIC LAB, and Jones,D. H.

Abstract

Deep-Sea Anglers are members of a group of fish that lives in the regions of the sea where light does not penetrate, where the temperature is low and constant and the pressure is high. Because of the difficult conditions of life in which the fish live they are modified and adapted in many ways. As a result they may appear very different from the more familiar, commercially-caught fish.

Published
1972

40. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PELAGIC REDFISH (SEBASTES MENTELLA TRAVIN) FROM WEATHER STATION ALFA

Author

SCOTTISH MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION EDINBURGH OCEANOGRAPHIC LAB, Jones,D. H., SCOTTISH MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION EDINBURGH OCEANOGRAPHIC LAB, and Jones,D. H.

Abstract

The existence of a permanent pelagic population of the redfish Sebastes mentella Travin in the Irminger Sea has been confirmed as a result of successful angling trials carried out by ships occupying Weather Station Alfa during the years 1962 to 1965. No specimens of S. marinus or 'intermediate' forms were found amongst the 207 specimens returned to the laboratory. The sample was predominantly female (7:1) although males were found in equal or greater numbers in the period late December to March. All females were sexually mature and all males were approaching or had reached full sexual maturity. Captures were made at depths ranging from 50 to 350 m but chiefly between 100 and 150 m in the summer. Fishing was most successful during the periods May to August and December to March. There was considerable but continuous variation in body proportions and age/length relationships. Much less variation occurred in the numbers of vertebrae and of pyloric caeca. Allowing one pair of growth rings to one year's growth, it is thought that the ages ranged from approximately 15 to 57 years, with a mean age of 31 years and it is believed that sexual maturity in females occurs between 15 and 25 years of age. Fecundity, which varies according to size (length), ranges from approximately 20,000 to 150,000. No evidence was obtained to show the relationship of this population to any other redfish population nor is there any clear evidence to demonstrate migration or movement. The seasonal variation in the number of males caught at Station Alfa may possibly be due to either horizontal or vertical migration. (Author)

Published
1969

41. Circles in the sea: annual courtship 'torus' behaviour of basking sharks Cetorhinus maximus identified in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean

Author

David W. Sims, Simon D. Berrow, Ken M. O'Sullivan, Nicholas J. Pfeiffer, Richard Collins, Kev L. Smith, Brianna M. Pfeiffer, Paul Connery, Shane Wasik, Lois Flounders, Nuno Queiroz, Nicolas E. Humphries, Freya C. Womersley, Emily J. Southall, The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, Irish Basking Shark Group, Merchants Quay, Kilrush, Ireland, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland, SeaFever Productions, Woodview Park, Ennistymon, Ireland, MERC Ecological Consultants, Galway, Ireland, Irish Basking Shark Group, Kilkee, Ireland, Basking Shark Scotland, Oban, UK, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Vairão, Portugal, and David W. Sims is supported by a Marine Biological Association Senior Research Fellowship.

Subjects
Male, Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Courtship, Sharks, Animals, Female, Seasons, Aquatic Science, Atlantic Ocean, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem
Abstract

Groups of basking sharks engaged in circling behaviour are rarely observed, and their function remains enigmatic in the absence of detailed observations. Here, underwater and aerial video recordings of multiple circling groups of basking sharks during late summer (August and September 2016–2021) in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean showed groups numbering between 6 and 23 non-feeding individuals of both sexes. Sharks swam slowly in a rotating “torus” (diameter range: 17–39 m), with individuals layered vertically from the surface to a maximum depth of 16 m. Within a torus, sharks engaged in close-following, echelon, close-flank approach or parallel-swimming behaviours. Measured shark total body lengths were 5.4–9.5 m (mean LT: 7.3 m ± 0.9 s.d.; median: 7.2 m, n = 27), overlapping known lengths of sexually mature males and females. Males possessed large claspers with abrasions that were also observed on female pectoral fins. Female body colouration was paler than that of males, similar to colour changes observed during courtship and mating in other shark species. Individuals associated with most other members rapidly (within minutes), indicating toroidal behaviours facilitate multiple interactions. Sharks interacted through fin–fin and fin–body contacts, rolling to expose the ventral surfaces to following sharks, and breaching behaviour. Toruses formed in late summer when feeding aggregations in zooplankton-rich thermal fronts switched to non-feeding following and circling behaviours. Collectively, the observations explain a courtship function for toruses. This study highlights northeast Atlantic coastal waters as a critical habitat supporting courtship reproductive behaviour of endangered basking sharks, the first such habitat identified for this species globally. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7i2H1wVOmb4) yes

Published
2022

42. Deep maxima of phytoplankton biomass, primary production and bacterial production in the Mediterranean Sea

Author

E. Marañón, F. Van Wambeke, J. Uitz, E. S. Boss, C. Dimier, J. Dinasquet, A. Engel, N. Haëntjens, M. Pérez-Lorenzo, V. Taillandier, B. Zäncker, Universidade de Vigo, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Maine - School of Marine Sciences, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA), Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), and University of California-University of California

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 2417.05 Biología Marina, 2510.01 Oceanografía Biológica, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Life, Photosynthetic efficiency, 01 natural sciences, Nutrient, Mediterranean sea, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Phytoplankton, Photic zone, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2417.07 Algología (Ficología), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Biomass (ecology), Deep chlorophyll maximum, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Oceanography, Productivity (ecology), [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract

The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is a ubiquitous feature of phytoplankton vertical distribution in stratified waters that is relevant to our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin the variability in photoautotroph ecophysiology across environmental gradients and has implications for remote sensing of aquatic productivity. During the PEACETIME (Process studies at the air-sea interface after dust deposition in the Mediterranean Sea) cruise, carried out from 10 May to 11 June 2017, we obtained 23 concurrent vertical profiles of phytoplankton chlorophyll a, carbon biomass and primary production, as well as heterotrophic prokaryotic production, in the western and central Mediterranean basins. Our main aims were to quantify the relative role of photoacclimation and enhanced growth as underlying mechanisms of the DCM and to assess the trophic coupling between phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotic production. We found that the DCM coincided with a maximum in both the biomass and primary production but not in the growth rate of phytoplankton, which averaged 0.3 d−1 and was relatively constant across the euphotic layer. Photoacclimation explained most of the increased chlorophyll a at the DCM, as the ratio of carbon to chlorophyll a (C:Chl a) decreased from ca. 90–100 (g:g) at the surface to 20–30 at the base of the euphotic layer, while phytoplankton carbon biomass increased from ca. 6 mg C m−3 at the surface to 10–15 mg C m−3 at the DCM. As a result of photoacclimation, there was an uncoupling between chlorophyll a-specific and carbon-specific productivity across the euphotic layer. The ratio of fucoxanthin to total chlorophyll a increased markedly with depth, suggesting an increased contribution of diatoms at the DCM. The increased biomass and carbon fixation at the base of the euphotic zone was associated with enhanced rates of heterotrophic prokaryotic activity, which also showed a surface peak linked with warmer temperatures. Considering the phytoplankton biomass and turnover rates measured at the DCM, nutrient diffusive fluxes across the nutricline were able to supply only a minor fraction of the photoautotroph nitrogen and phosphorus requirements. Thus the deep maxima in biomass and primary production were not fuelled by new nutrients but likely resulted from cell sinking from the upper layers in combination with the high photosynthetic efficiency of a diatom-rich, low-light acclimated community largely sustained by regenerated nutrients. Further studies with increased temporal and spatial resolution will be required to ascertain if the peaks of deep primary production associated with the DCM persist across the western and central Mediterranean Sea throughout the stratification season.

Published
2021
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43. Spatial patterns of ectoenzymatic kinetics in relation to biogeochemical properties in the Mediterranean Sea and the concentration of the fluorogenic substrate used

Author

Van Wambeke, France, Pulido, Elvira, Catala, Philippe, Dinasquet, Julie, Djaoudi, Kahina, Engel, Anja, Garel, Marc, Guasco, Sophie, Marie, Barbara, Nunige, Sandra, Taillandier, Vincent, Zäncker, Birthe, Tamburini, Christian, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Laboratory (Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom), Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Ectoenzymatic activity, prokaryotic heterotrophic abundances and production were determined in the Mediterranean Sea. Sampling was carried out in the sub-surface, the deep chlorophyll maximum layer (DCM), the core of the Levantine intermediate waters and in the deeper part of the mesopelagic layers. Michaelis–Menten kinetics were assessed using a large range of concentrations of fluorogenic substrates (0.025 to 50 µM). As a consequence, Km (Michaelis–Menten half-saturation constant) and Vm (maximum hydrolysis velocity) parameters were determined for both low- and high-affinity enzymes for alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase (LAP) and β-glucosidase (βGLU). Based on the constant derived from the high-LAP-affinity enzyme (0.025–1 µM substrate concentration range), in situ hydrolysis of N proteins contributed 48 % ± 30 % to the heterotrophic bacterial nitrogen demand within the epipelagic layers and 180 % ± 154 % in the Levantine intermediate waters and the upper part of the mesopelagic layers. The LAP hydrolysis rate was higher than bacterial N demand only within the deeper layer and only when considering the high-affinity enzyme. Based on a 10 % bacterial growth efficiency, the cumulative hydrolysis rates of C proteins and C polysaccharides contributed on average 2.5 % ± 1.3 % to the heterotrophic bacterial carbon demand in the epipelagic layers sampled (sub-surface and DCM). This study clearly reveals potential biases in current and past interpretations of the kinetic parameters for the three enzymes tested based on the fluorogenic-substrate concentration used. In particular, the LAP / βGLU enzymatic ratios and some of the depth-related trends differed between the use of high and low concentrations of fluorogenic substrates.

Published
2021
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44. Developing a list of invasive alien species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the European Union

Author

Jack Sewell, Wojciech Solarz, CA Wood, Belinda Gallardo, Etienne Branquart, Marianne Kettunen, Helen E. Roy, Elena Tricarico, Montserrat Vilà, Alan J. A. Stewart, Tim M. Blackburn, Gordon H. Copp, David C. Aldridge, Piero Genovesi, Riccardo Scalera, Franz Essl, Jodey Peyton, Philip E. Hulme, Alain Roques, Argyro Zenetos, Jan Pergl, Stefan Schindler, Francis Kerckhof, Oliver L. Pescott, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Carles Carboneras, Sven Bacher, Steph L. Rorke, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Karsten Schönrogge, Marc Kenis, John D. D. Bishop, Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook, Dan Minchin, Emili García-Berthou, Ana Nieto, Tim Adriaens, Juliet Brodie, Wolfgang Nentwig, Gerard van der Velde, Mariana Garcia, Hannah Dean, Jørgen Eilenberg, Cristina Preda, Roy, Helen E [0000-0001-6050-679X], Bacher, Sven [0000-0001-5147-7165], Brodie, Juliet [0000-0001-7622-2564], Copp, Gordon H [0000-0002-4112-3440], Eilenberg, Jørgen [0000-0002-9273-5252], García-Berthou, Emili [0000-0001-8412-741X], Pergl, Jan [0000-0002-0045-1974], Stewart, Alan JA [0000-0001-7878-8879], Tricarico, Elena [0000-0002-7392-0794], Vilà, Montserrat [0000-0003-3171-8261], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Universite de Fribourg, Environment Agency Austria, University of Vienna [Vienna], Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), The Laboratory (Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom), Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA), University College of London [London] (UCL), Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Service Public de Wallonie, Natural History Museum, The Lodge, RSPB, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Bournemouth University [Poole] (BU), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, department of Plant, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), Partenaires INRAE, Universitat de Girona (UdG), Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC), Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, CABI Europe Switzerland, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Institute for European Environmental Policy, Marine Organism Investigations, University of Bern, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Ovidius University of Constanta, Unité de recherche Zoologie Forestière (URZF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Nature Conservation, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), University of Sussex, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Belgian Science Policy Office, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands Centre of Expertise for Exotic Species, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), European Commission for funding the study (Invasive alien species – framework for the identification of invasive alien species of EU concern ENV.B.2/ETU/2013/0026). Project COST TD1209 (Alien Challenge). Research development project RVO 67985939 (Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic). Projects IMPLANTIN (CGL2015‐65346R). The Severo Ochoa Program for Centres of Excellence (SEV‐2012‐0262)., and Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biological invasions, Biodiversity, 01 natural sciences, invasive species, Invasive species (nature management), propagation, policy support (inc. instruments), Primary Research Article, Taxonomic rank, Milieux et Changements globaux, General Environmental Science, media_common, Global and Planetary Change, consensus approach, Invasive species (management), species directed nature management, QK0001, risk assessment, Invasive species (fauna management), Environmental policy, Geography, nature policy, Impacts, Listing (finance), [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Consensus approach, B005-zoology, Biodiversity and Ecology, espèce exotique invasive, media_common.cataloged_instance, Ecosystem, European union, Biological invasions, Invasions biològiques, impacts, Environmental planning, introduction de ravageur, biodiversity policy, fauna management, Invasive species (damage management), QK0900, 15. Life on land, introductions, union européenne, Espècies introduïdes -- Avaluació del risc, invasive, Prioritization, Animal Ecology and Physiology, invasieve exoten, Consensus Development Conferences as Topic, Biodiversité et Ecologie, biodiversité, uitheemse soorten, Política ambiental, Alien species, impact sur la biodiversité, B004-botany, Risk assessment, invasive alien species, B003-ecology, Ecology, prioritization, Introduced organisms -- Risk assessment, Environmental Policy, QL0001, Europe, invasion biologique, Invasive species (species diversity), Legislation, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecology and Environment, Environmental Chemistry, Animals, 14. Life underwater, European Union, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, environmental policy, Primary Research Articles, invasieve soorten, politique environnementale, voie d'introduction, Introductions, impact sur l' écosystème, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Introduced Species, évaluation des risques, QH0001
Abstract

The European Union (EU) has recently published its first list of invasive alien species (IAS) of EU concern to which current legislation must apply. The list comprises species known to pose great threats to biodiversity and needs to be maintained and updated. Horizon scanning is seen as critical to identify the most threatening potential IAS that do not yet occur in Europe to be subsequently risk assessed for future listing. Accordingly, we present a systematic consensus horizon scanning procedure to derive a ranked list of potential IAS likely to arrive, establish, spread and have an impact on biodiversity in the region over the next decade. The approach is unique in the continental scale examined, the breadth of taxonomic groups and environments considered, and the methods and data sources used. International experts were brought together to address five broad thematic groups of potential IAS. For each thematic group the experts first independently assembled lists of potential IAS not yet established in the EU but potentially threatening biodiversity if introduced. Experts were asked to score the species within their thematic group for their separate likelihoods of i) arrival, ii) establishment, iii) spread, and iv) magnitude of the potential negative impact on biodiversity within the EU. Experts then convened for a 2‐day workshop applying consensus methods to compile a ranked list of potential IAS. From an initial working list of 329 species, a list of 66 species not yet established in the EU that were considered to be very high (8 species), high (40 species) or medium (18 species) risk species was derived. Here, we present these species highlighting the potential negative impacts and the most likely biogeographic regions to be affected by these potential IAS., We identified 66 species, that are currently absent from the EU, which pose a very high, high or medium threat to biodiversity and ecosystems. The species span a range of functional groups, with primary producers being numerically dominant. Escape from confinement is the pathway considered to be the most likely route of introduction for many species, particularly among plants and vertebrates.

Published
2019
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45. Costs and benefits to European shipping of ballast-water and hull-fouling treatment: Impacts of native and non-indigenous species

Author

Ana M. Queirós, Frédérique Viard, David Stanley Smith, Lionel Santos, John D. D. Bishop, Melanie C. Austen, Gorka Merino, Erik Buisman, T.W. Fileman, Jose A. Fernandes, Thomas Vance, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Marine Biological Association (MBA UK), Marine Biological Association, DIVersité et COnnectivité dans le paysage marin côtier (DIVCO), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, LEI Wageningen UR, and Plymouth Marine Laboratory

Subjects
economic impact, 0106 biological sciences, Pollution, Ballast, Economics and Econometrics, Biofouling, media_common.quotation_subject, Introduced species, mitigation measures, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Shipping, Environmental protection, Mitigation measures, biofouling, ballast water, 14. Life underwater, Economic impact analysis, Ballast water, shipping, Green Economy and Landuse, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common, Fouling, Cost–benefit analysis, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Maritime, Economic impact, Groene Economie en Ruimte, 13. Climate action, maritime, Non-indigenous species, Fuel efficiency, native, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Law, Native
Abstract

International audience; Maritime transport and shipping are impacted negatively by biofouling, which can result in increased fuel consumption. Thus, costs for fouling reduction can be considered an investment to reduce fuel consumption. Anti-fouling measures also reduce the rate of introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS). Further mitigation measures to reduce the transport of NIS within ballast water and sediments impose additional costs. The estimated operational cost of NIS mitigation measures may represent between 1.6% and 4% of the annual operational cost for a ship operating on European seas, with the higher proportional costs in small ships. However, fouling by NIS may affect fuel consumption more than fouling by native species due to differences in species’ life-history traits and their resistance to antifouling coatings and pollution. Therefore, it is possible that the cost of NIS mitigation measures could be smaller than the cost from higher fuel consumption arising from fouling by NIS.

Published
2016
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46. Harnessing positive species interactions as a tool against climate-driven loss of coastal biodiversity

Author

Richard Michalet, Tjeerd J. Bouma, Celia Olabarria, Martin Wahl, Stuart R. Jenkins, Gabriele Procaccini, Christos Arvanitidis, Ester A. Serrão, Ljiljana Iveša, Britas Klemens Eriksson, Lisandro Benedetti-Cecchi, Katell Guizien, Francisco Arenas, Dominique Davoult, Tasman P. Crowe, Ana M. Queirós, Laura Airoldi, Fabio Bulleri, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare [Rome, Italie] (CoNISma), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research [Matosinhos, Portugal] (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des environnements benthiques (LECOB), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Laboratory (Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom), Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Facultade de Ciencias del Mar, Universidade de Vigo, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigaçao Marinha e Ambiental (CIMAR), Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Department of Biology [Pisa], University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Eriksson group, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISma), Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto [Porto], Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Universidate de Vigo, Stazione Zoologica Napoli, Bulleri, Fabio, Eriksson, Britas Klemen, Queirós, Ana, Airoldi, Laura, Arenas, Francisco, Arvanitidis, Christo, Bouma, Tjeerd J., Crowe, Tasman P., Davoult, Dominique, Guizien, Katell, Iveša, Ljiljana, Jenkins, Stuart R., Michalet, Richard, Olabarria, Celia, Procaccini, Gabriele, Serrão, Ester A., Wahl, Martin, and Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro

Subjects
Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Immunology and Microbiology (all), Plant-Communities, Species distribution, Biodiversity, 2510.04 Botánica Marina, Neuroscience (all), Biochemistry, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all), 01 natural sciences, Biotic Interactions, Local Adaptation, Biology (General), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, 2401.19 Zoología Marina, Ocean Acidification, General Neuroscience, 2417.13 Ecología Vegetal, Environmental resource management, Adaptation, Physiological, Refugium, Psychological resilience, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Holothuria-Scabra, QH301-705.5, Climate Change, media_common.quotation_subject, Climate change, Biology, Physical Stress, 010603 evolutionary biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Conservation science, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Range Shifts, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (all), General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Ecosystem Engineers, fungi, 15. Life on land, Future climate, Physical stress, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, Sea-Cucumbers, Facilitation Research, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business
Abstract

Habitat-forming species sustain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in harsh environments through the amelioration of physical stress. Nonetheless, their role in shaping patterns of species distribution under future climate scenarios is generally overlooked. Focusing on coastal systems, we assess how habitat-forming species can influence the ability of stress-sensitive species to exhibit plastic responses, adapt to novel environmental conditions, or track suitable climates. Here, we argue that habitat-former populations could be managed as a nature-based solution against climate-driven loss of biodiversity. Drawing from different ecological and biological disciplines, we identify a series of actions to sustain the resilience of marine habitat-forming species to climate change, as well as their effectiveness and reliability in rescuing stress-sensitive species from increasingly adverse environmental conditions. EuroMarine - European Marine Research Network

Published
2018
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47. Isolation of Plastid Fractions from the Diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Author

Alexander F. Schober, Serena Flori, Carolina Río Bártulos, Peter G. Kroth, Giovanni Finazzi, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, The Laboratory (Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom), Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA), Physiologie cellulaire et végétale (LPCV), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Marechal Eric, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, biology, Endosymbiosis, Chemistry, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Complex plastid fractionation, biology.organism_classification, Photosynthesis, 01 natural sciences, Chloroplast, Thylakoids, Diatom organelles, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Diatom, Biochemistry, Algae, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Plastid, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; The so-called "complex" plastids from diatoms possessing four envelope membranes are a typical feature of algae that arose from secondary endosymbiosis. Studying isolated plastids from these algae may allow answering a number of fundamental questions regarding diatom photosynthesis and plastid functionality. Due to their complex architecture and their integration into the cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) system, their isolation though is still challenging. In this work, we report a reliable isolation technique that is applicable for the two model diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. The resulting plastid-enriched fractions are of homogenous quality, almost free from cellular contaminants, and feature structurally intact thylakoids that are capable to perform oxygenic photosynthesis, though in most cases they seem to lack most of the stromal components as well as plastid envelopes.

Published
2018
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48. Contrasting global genetic patterns in two biologically similar, widespread and invasive Ciona species (Tunicata, Ascidiacea)

Author

Sarah Bouchemousse, John D. D. Bishop, Frédérique Viard, DIVersité et COnnectivité dans le paysage marin côtier (DIVCO), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plymouth University, Marine Biological Association (MBA UK), and Marine Biological Association

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Allopatric speciation, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, DNA, Mitochondrial, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetic variation, Animals, Ciona intestinalis, Genetic diversity, Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, Genetic Variation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, South America, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Europe, Ciona, Phylogeography, [SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics, 030104 developmental biology, Sympatric speciation, North America, Biological dispersal, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

Human-mediated dispersal interplays with natural processes and complicates understanding of the biogeographical history of species. This is exemplified by two invasive tunicates, Ciona robusta (formerly Ciona intestinalis type A) and C. intestinalis (formerly Ciona intestinalis type B), globally distributed and sympatric in Europe. By gathering new mitochondrial sequences that were merged with published datasets, we analysed genetic patterns in different regions, with a focus on 1) their sympatric range and 2) allopatric populations in N and S America and southern Europe. In the sympatric range, the two species display contrasting genetic diversity patterns, with low polymorphism in C. robusta supporting the prevalent view of its recent introduction. In the E Pacific, several genetic traits support the non-native status of C. robusta. However, in the NE Pacific, this appraisal requires a complex scenario of introduction and should be further examined supported by extensive sampling efforts in the NW Pacific (putative native range). For C. intestinalis, Bayesian analysis suggested a natural amphi-North Atlantic distribution, casting doubt on its non-native status in the NW Atlantic. This study shows that both natural and human-mediated dispersal have influenced genetic patterns at broad scales; this interaction lessens our ability to confidently ascertain native vs. non-native status of populations, particularly of those species that are globally distributed.

Published
2016
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49. Key Questions in Marine Megafauna Movement Ecology

Author

Helene Marsh, David W. Sims, Michelle R. Heupel, Daniel P. Costa, Colin A. Simpfendorfer, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Carlos M. Duarte, Ana M. M. Sequeira, Martin Wikelski, Gregory B. Skomal, Akinori Takahashi, Peter T. Madsen, Fred Bailleul, Michael R. Heithaus, David Righton, Graeme C. Hays, Sabrina Fossette, Nick Gales, Helen Bailey, Katsufumi Sato, Adrian C. Gleiss, Michele Thums, Philip N. Trathan, Markus Horning, Jamie N. Womble, Ian D. Jonsen, Robert Harcourt, Víctor M. Eguíluz, W. Don Bowen, Scott A. Shaffer, Mark G. Meekan, Gerald L. Kooyman, Kim N. Holland, Luciana C. Ferreira, Richard A. Phillips, Elliott L. Hazen, M. Julian Caley, John Gunn, Christopher G. Lowe, Ari S. Friedlaender, University of Western Australia, UWA Oceans Institute, Australian Institute of Marine Science, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, The UWA Oceans Institute, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Center for Ocean Health, University of California, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Graduate school of Mathematics, Kyoto-Kyoyo University, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, The Laboratory (Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom), Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Centre for Biological Sciences (University of Southampton), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Marine biology, Mammals, Ecology, Range (biology), Movement (music), 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecology (disciplines), Reptiles, Marine Biology, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Birds, Megafauna, ddc:570, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, %22">Fish , Animals, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Invertebrate, Apex predator
Abstract

Hays, Graeme C. et al., It is a golden age for animal movement studies and so an opportune time to assess priorities for future work. We assembled 40 experts to identify key questions in this field, focussing on marine megafauna, which include a broad range of birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish. Research on these taxa has both underpinned many of the recent technical developments and led to fundamental discoveries in the field. We show that the questions have broad applicability to other taxa, including terrestrial animals, flying insects, and swimming invertebrates, and, as such, this exercise provides a useful roadmap for targeted deployments and data syntheses that should advance the field of movement ecology., Workshop funding was granted to M.T., A.M.M.S., and C.M.D. by the UWA Oceans Institute, the Australian Institute of Marine Science, and the Office of Sponsored Research at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).

Published
2016
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50. Co-designing marine science beyond good intentions: support stakeholders’ empowerment in transformative pathways

Author

Cosma Cazé, Camille Mazé, Anatole Danto, Hanieh Saeedi, Dan Lear, Saara Suominen, Joape Ginigini, Gilianne Brodie, Isoa Korovulavula, Isabel Sousa Pinto, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Géographie (UP1 UFR08), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Centre de Recherches sur l'Action Politique en Europe (ARENES), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Rennes-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum [Frankfurt], Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA), Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS), University of the South Pacific (USP), Dpt of Biology [Porto], Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, MESRI, and TEMERAIR

Subjects
Governance, Ecology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [SHS.SCIPO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science, Transformation, History of sciences, [SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences, Marine science, Stakeholders, Sustainability, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, Co-design, Coastal communities, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Calls for science to innovate by including stakeholders' in the creation of marine knowledge have been rising, to create impact beyond laboratories and to contribute to the empowerment of local communities when interacting with marine and coastal ecosystems. As a transdisciplinary group of scientists working on co-designing research projects, this paper draws upon our experiences to further define the concept and seek to improve the process of co-design. We highlight the key barriers for co-design processes to contribute to increasing stakeholders' capacity to produce intended effects on marine policy. We suggest that stakeholder engagement requires overcoming the resistance to non-scientific knowledge sources and considering power asymmetries in the governance and management of the ocean. We argue that power and politics must be placed at the very heart of the production of a co-designed marine science and must be an aspect of the facilitation itself. In this paper, we aim to provide insights to navigate throughout the journey of stakeholder engagement, with the critical perspective necessary to make this process socially and environmentally effective.

Published
2022
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