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The study and literature on the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications in agriculture for smart farming are increasing worldwide. However, the knowledge mapping trends related to IoT applications in plant disease, pest management, and control are still unclear and rarely reported. The primary aim of the present study is to identify the current trends and explore hot topics of IoT in plant disease and insect pest research for future research direction. Peer review articles published from Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection (2010-2021) were identified using keywords, and extracted database was analysed scientifically via Microsoft Excel 2019, VOSviewer and R programming software. A total of 231 documents with 5321 cited references authored by 878 scholars showed that the knowledge on the studied area has been growing positively and rapidly for the past ten years. India and China are the most productive countries, comprising more than half (52%) of the total access database on the subject area in WoS. IoT application has been integrated with other knowledge domains, such as machine learning, deep learning, image processing, and artificial intelligence, to produce excellent crop and pest disease monitoring research. This study contributes to the current knowledge of the research topic and suggests possible hot topics for future direction.

Mangroves play a significant ecological role as a physical habitat and nursery grounds for a wide variety of aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates include molluscs. This study focuses on assessing the diversity and characteristics of mollusc species in disturbed and undisturbed mangrove ecosystem areas in Delta Tumpat, Kelantan. In each site, molluscs were collected using dredging method during high tide and gleaning technique during low tide. Physical characteristics and diversity index (H’) were calculated for both sites. A total of 14 mollusc species were found in the study area including five species from Bivalvia and nine species from Gastropoda class. More species were found in the undisturbed area which had produced a high species diversity (H’=1.99) compared to the disturbed area. The biggest species found at both areas was Telescopium telescopium with 7.62cm in size. Meanwhile, Cerithedia aurisfelis was the smallest species found with the size of 0.87cm. The difference in the growth of molluscs species in mangrove ecosystems depends on the quality and quantity of available food resources.

Land use change pattern in Jeli is been given a focus as part of tool for land planning anddevelopment. An increasing of population in Jeli make this study is relevant to aid an understandingon land use changes in this area due to the demanded for development and rapid land utilisation.Land use change pattern can be obtained via geospatial technique by Geographical InformationSystem (GIS) together with satellite imagery analysis. In this study, land use maps produced fromsupervised classification using maximum likelihood algorithm give a high accuracy of 92.05%.From classified land use images, urban expansion index (SI) were then calculated from year 1984to 2012. Pearson’s correlation analysis discovered a strong negative correlation between forest andagricultural areas which reflected that with increased of agriculture area, forest reserve was founddepleted. The SI of Jeli showed a low to rapid growth in 1994 and 1997 to 2012 respectively. Thestudy reflected the progressive development in Jeli promotes sustainable usage of forest area wheneffort of reforestation was carried out forming a co-existence land use category between forest andagriculture.

Flooding is one of the major natural hazards in the UK. Accurate flood estimation at ungauged catchment is an important component to understand and mitigate flood hazards, but still a difficult issue. This study therefore attempts to explore and improve an index flood estimation model, known as the FEH-QMED model, popular in the UK. It was developed under the assumption that the index flood of QMED, i.e., the median of the set of annual maximum (AMAX) flood data, standing for a flooding level of 2-year return period, can be explained by catchment descriptors. In this study, two fundamentals are empirically explored, including assessing reliability of the nonlinear functional impacts of the catchment descriptors on the logarithmic transformation of QMED, specified by the FEH-QMED model, and the potential to improve the model for more accurate index flood estimation, based on the flooding data of 586 gauged stations across the UK. Through a spatial additive regression analysis, we empirically find that the nonlinear impacts of the catchment descriptors in an updated FEH-QMED model appear reliable. However, spatial correlation tests including Moran’s I and Lagrange multiplier tests show that strong spatial dependence exists in the residuals of, but was not fully taken into account by, the QMED type models. We have therefore empirically established new spatial index flood estimation models by proposing spatial autoregressive models to model the impacts of the neighboring sites. Cross-validation assessments demonstrate that the suggested spatial error-based index flood model outperforms the updated FEH-QMED model with a significant improvement, which is robust in the sense of different error measures, say by a reduction of 13.8% of the mean squared error of prediction, for the UK index flood estimation.

The importance of mangrove forests in protecting shorelines and mangrove ecosystems is very crucial. Due to industrialization and monetary demands, mangrove forests are at risk of losing their function and integrity over time. The commitment and awareness of the community are critical factors in the success of the mangrove conservation in Tumpat. With a quantitative approach, we collected demographic information from 116 (male 58.6%, female 41.4%) respondents to evaluate their knowledge and perception of mangrove conservation efforts in Tumpat, Kelantan. This study revealed that respondents’ level of knowledge and perception is significantly influenced by gender, age, level of education, occupation, income, and locality of residency which was analyzed using the Chi-square test (p

Kuala Krai is one of the districts in Kelantan that affected by flooding almost every year. The recent worse case is during Kelantan big yellow flood event in 2014. The main objective of this paper is to descriptively interpret the relationship between rainfall event and flooding in Kuala Krai, Kelantan using pass data of rainfall intensity and water level. Those data have been verified using ground data collection of flood level six month right after Kelantan big yellow flood event in 2014. Other related primary data also have been collected among the 2014 flood victims in Kuala Krai using survey questionnaire. The observed flood level data and other related primary data have been delineated and spatially analysed using ArcGIS to visualize the flood extent maps of each study area in Kuala Krai based on extreme flooding data on 2014. It can be concluded that urban area gave high percentage of flood extent compared to rural area of Kuala Krai.

Kelantan is one of the states that experience flood events annually including the Kuala Krai district. Flooding has a severe impact on roads, villages, farms, and people’s livelihoods. Early detection of flood-prone areas is essential in detecting the specific area. This study aimed to map a flood-prone area based on evaluation of terrain characteristics include elevation, aspect, slope, contour and hill shade of the Kuala Krai area. The raster data of DEM with 50 m resolution and hydrological data were evaluated to create a potential flood map. A flood-prone map is created by overlaying terrain features with flood criteria of a gentle slope with contour < 250 m and degree of slope less than 10, flat surface in aspect and consideration of hill shade factors. The map was also supported by vector data of rivers network that cross the Kuala Krai area. 56% of the Kuala Krai area facing a moderate risk of flood occurrence, while 41 % of the areas are in a dangerous state and are predicted to be at a high risk of flood. This can be concluded that the areas with low elevation, adjacent to rivers, are the places where actions need to be taken by the experts to overcome the disaster in the future.

This paper interpreted spatio-temporally the relationship between event of weather activities and flooding in Kuala Krai Kelantan. During the Kelantan big yellow flood event in December 2014, Kuala Krai was one of the worst affected area with the rarity of the return period approximately 1 in 1000 years. Many say this is due to the unusual occurrence of extreme rainfall. Therefore, this research work on spatio-temporal analysis of the time series rainfall data in Kuala Krai Kelantan, to describe and determine the behaviour and pattern of the data. The data on the monthly amount of rainfall between (2013-2019), were collected from Department Irrigation and Drainage (DID). The main aim of this study is to statistically determine whether it is true the flooding in Kuala Krai Kelantan on 2014 is because of heavy rainfall. The collected rainfall data had been spatially analysed using ArcGIS to compare the distribution of rainfall from year 2013 to 2019. Then, the trend pattern of the data had been determined using Mann Kendall Test and Sen’s slope Test. From those analysis it can be concluded that the huge amount of rainfall intensity is the major factor that contribute the extreme flood event in Kuala Krai Kelantan on December 2014.

The multi-storey forest management project (MFMP) intended to identify the best silvicultural practices for tropical forest tree species as well as producing high-quality timber and seeds in a multi-storey forest. Plots were established to examine the transition of existing forest plantations and secondary forest to multi-storey forest type. The study aims to evaluate the current performance of the growth rate and productivity of selected local species through a multi-storey forest management approach. Based on the growth performance and productivity obtained, it was found that the method of planting under shading is a practical approach compared to the open planting method. Acacia mangium is planted 3-4 years earlier which acts as shade trees. Five study designs implemented using crop strip at a distance of 3.0 x 3.7m alternating between three different local species and shade trees with a ratio of A (1: 1), B (2: 2), C (4: 4), D (8: 8) and E (16:16). From this study, we found that Malaysia’s local timber species can grow under the shade at the beginning of establishment and it can grow well on narrow crop lines such as crop design A and B. On the other hand, these local species need sufficient levels of sunlight as well as other environmental requirements such as humidity, soil and weather changes over time as they grow. For that reason, these three local species namely Shorea leprosula, Shorea parvifolia and Neobalanocarpus heimii showed good performance in crop design C, D and E. This multi-storey forest management concept can be practised for the establishment of forest plantations and silvicultural treatment in degraded areas with high-quality local timber species.

This paper interpreted statistically the relationship between event of weather activities and flooding in the affected area of Kelantan State in Malaysia during the Big Yellow flood event in December 2014. This is an extreme flood event in Kelantan since 1927 with the return period approximately 1 in 1000 years. The rainfall intensity and river discharge dataset from Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia in four selected study areas were descriptively analysed and interpreted using hyetograph and hydrograph. Furthermore, this descriptive results have been validated inferentially using Chi-Square statistical test that are applied into the primary data gathered from observation and distribution of a questionnaire to flood victim during a field visit at the same selected study area used in analyzing secondary data from DID. The results from descriptive analysis using hyetograph and hydrograph showed two phases of extreme rainfall in the Kelantan river basin. The first phase from 15 to 19 December 2020 pointed out that the heavy rainfalls contribute to the increase of water levels in Galas, Lebir, and Kelantan rivers. Areas of affected flooded are Kota Bharu, Tualang, Kursial, and Kuala Krai from 17 to 19 December 2014. The second phase from 20 to 24 December shows higher intensities of rainfall, especially at the upstream of the River basin in Gunung Gagau and the flooded situation become more severe due to the full capacity of soils, river, and drainage. This study also shows that the flood depth that occurred in the flood-prone area has a significant association with rainfall intensity but not with the distance of the area from the river. The findings can significantly conclude that the Kelantan big yellow flood 2014 is totally influenced by heavy rainfall.

Forest in Kelantan contributes a significant commitment to economy earnings through the wood-based industry sector. Desktop and field survey was carried out to investigate the current status of the wood-based industry in this state. Surveys and secondary data analysis was done in term of the number of licenced wood-based factories that actively operated in the study area. There are 136 wood factories involved in wood-based industry production that distributed throughout ten main districts in Kelantan. Kuala Krai is the utmost and active area for wood-based sector. The wood-based industry includes sawmills, plywood and veneer mills. The sawmills cover of 45.1% from the overall wood-based factories in Kelantan which commonly produce a product from sawn timber for heavy-duty purposes as well as light application decking, step boards and door frames. The wood-based industry in Kelantan had offered vast job opportunities and increase Malaysia’s export earnings. Therefore, strategic management aims to conserve and sustain the natural resources are required to ensure the adequate source for future production.

Flooding is a yearly phenomenon which is mostly reflected in the Kelantan River basin during the northeast monsoon season due to the heavy rainfall. The December 2014 flood in Kelantan known as ‘Kelantan big yellow flood’ was unprecedented and the largest recorded flooding event in the century. Flood mitigation, especially in massive floods, should focus on minimizing the risk of severe flooding in one area. A reliable flood extent map is essential to plan proper flood mitigation measures by authorities prior to the extreme flood event (say 1 in 1000 years event). This study is an attempt to resolve the issue of severe flooding in a given area by preparing a map of zones prone to flooding. This was achieved mainly by site visits to the flood-prone area and gathering primary data from face to face interview with local people who were the victims of this flooding. This primary data is also crucial in determining flood vulnerability with respect to economic and social impacts. The integration of primary data with secondary data from several related agencies has resulted in preparing a reliable flood extent map which is slightly different from other such maps developed by Government, NGOs and active researchers in this field. The empirical findings using frequency analysis also helped in preparing a flood vulnerability index based on primary data gathered from the local people who were the flood victims.

A long term monitoring data of the dynamics changes on tree growth in Ulu Sat Forest Reserve, Kelantan was analysed. The growth plot was established in 1997 with status of poor forest. Permanent growth plot area was established to monitor the forest stands. Trees in the growth plot were measured every two years with various parameters include girth increment and tree height. Within sixteen years of observation, mean annual increment of trees in Ulu Sat Forest Reserve was at 0.33 cm/year. In general, mean DBH and tree height in this area was at 31.0 cm and 12.9 m respectively. Forest stands with DBH between 20-30 cm are majorly found in the area with 73 trees/ha. The non-dipterocarp species showed a significant decrease in terms of individual tree number when the diameter of the tree increases. Tree volume of non-dipterocarp species recorded at Ulu Sat Forest Reserve is 40 percent higher than dipterocarp species. Meanwhile, total basal area and tree volume contributed by dipterocarp species was 12.1 m2/ha and 227.0 m3/ha, respectively. Based on the enumeration and data analysis, this long term forest monitoring study is imperative to ensure each forest encompasses with adequate quantity of trees for future production, healthy in condition and could support the sustainability of forest ecosystem.

Five sites were selected representing the studied sites of the coastal water in Kelantan, Malaysia during 1996 until May 2012. These selected sites are the popular beaches in Kelantan which are Sri Tujuh Beach (STB) located in Tumpat region, Cahaya Bulan Beach (PCB) and Sabak Beach (SB) in Kota Bharu region, Irama Beach (PI) in Bachok region and Bisikan Bayu Beach (PBB) in Pasir Putih region. In other to identify the quality of coastal water in this five popular coasts along Kelantan, study of heavy metals contamination in coastal water has been done. Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in Kelantan coastal water has doing by combine the data from Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia and the data was got from this research. There are four types of heavy metal concentration has evaluated in this research; Cadmium (Cd), Cupper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr). From this evaluation, we can see the fluctuation of concentration the four type heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr) from 1996 until May 2012. Most of the year, the concentration of heavy metal is between the range of Malaysia marine quality standard except for Lead. Lead was proven to be the highest concentration pollutant in the five beaches in certain time and also exceed the Malaysia marine standard.