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Introduction Escherichia coli is present in the normal intestinal flora but some strains can cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases, and research on its presence in food of animal origin is in the interests of public health. This study was designed to characterise E. coli strains according to their origin, their carriage of virulence genes specific for certain pathogroups, and phylogenetic group affiliation. Material and Methods The study was carried out on 100 E. coli strains isolated from food samples of various animal origin as well as pig and cattle carcass swabs. Isolation of the strains was performed using two methods. One method included colony count and the other an overnight enrichment of the samples. Isolation was followed by DNA extraction and detection of virulence genes and phylogenetic group with conventional and multiplex PCRs. Results In this study, the most prevalent gene was EAST1 (20%) and strains which carried it were identified as enteroadherent E. coli. Other pathogroups were represented in lower incidences. Phylogenetic group analysis revealed the prevalence of the A and B1 groups, with B1 mainly present in game and cattle strains, while the majority of pig and poultry strains were assigned to group A. Conclusion This study provides an overview of the presence of potentially pathogenic strains and E. coli phylogenetic groups in Croatia, for which the data are limited. Further microbiological and molecular research is required to examine the epidemiological situation in the country.

Gulls, as migratory wild birds are known that can spread different pathogens over long distances. Aim of this study was to access prevalence of different Listeria species in their population fed at the Zagreb landfill site. Altogether, 390 gulls of three species were sampled: Yellow-legged Gull, Larus michahellis; Black-headed Gull, L. ridibundus and Common Gull, L. canus. Most prevalent species was L. innocua (14.4%), while L. monocytogenes was found in 11.3 % of tested samples. The presence of other species was found in a smaller percentage, namely L. welshimeri (1.3%), L. ivanovii (0.5%) and L. seeligeri (0.3%). Serotyping of L. monocytogenes isolates was performed using both molecular and conventional methods, and most isolates belonged to serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first results of research on the presence of L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in wild birds in Croatia.

Introduction: Escherichia coli is present in the normal intestinal flora but some strains can cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases, and research on its presence in food of animal origin is in the interests of public health. This study was designed to characterise E. coli strains according to their origin, their carriage of virulence genes specific for certain pathogroups, and phylogenetic group affiliation. Material and methods: The study was carried out on 100 E. coli strains isolated from food samples of various animal origin as well as pig and cattle carcass swabs. Isolation of the strains was performed using two methods. One method included colony count and the other an overnight enrichment of the samples. Isolation was followed by DNA extraction and detection of virulence genes and phylogenetic group with conventional and multiplex PCRs. Results: In this study, the most prevalent gene was EAST1 (20%) and strains which carried it were identified as enteroadherent E. coli. Other pathogroups were represented in lower incidences. Phylogenetic group analysis revealed the prevalence of the A and B1 groups, with B1 mainly present in game and cattle strains, while the majority of pig and poultry strains were assigned to group A. Conclusion: This study provides an overview of the presence of potentially pathogenic strains and E. coli phylogenetic groups in Croatia, for which the data are limited. Further microbiological and molecular research is required to examine the epidemiological situation in the country.

Salmoneloza je jedna od najučestalijijh zoonoza koja se prenosi hranom, a najčešći izvor zaraze za ljude je kontaminirano meso i prerađevine od mesa peradi. Tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja od 2016. do 2020. godine provedeno je istraživanje tijekom kojeg je na Salmonellu spp., pretraženo 2457 uzoraka pilećeg mesa koje je uzorkovano u klaonicama i mesnicama na području Međimurske, Varaždinske, Koprivničko- križevačke, Bjelovarsko-bilogorske i Zagrebačke županije. Salmonella spp. je izdvojena iz 136 (5,5 %) obrađenih uzoraka. Godine 2016. ustvrđena je u 5 (6 %) pretraženih uzoraka, 2017. godine u 41 (4,7 %) uzorku, 2018. godine u 33 (6,1 %) uzorka, 2019. godine u 26 (6,6 %) uzoraka i u 2020. godini u 31 (5,4 %) uzoraka. Serološkom tipizacijom S. Infantis je identificirana u 86 (63,2 %) izdvojenih izolata; S. Typhimurium u 8 (5,9 %) izolata; a S. Enteritidis je tipizirana u 3 (2,2 %) izdvojena izolata. Tipizirani su i slijedeći serovarovi salmonela: S. Corvallis - 5 izolata (3,7 %), S. Isaszeg - 5 izolata (3,7 %), S. Derby- 3 izolata (2,2 %), S. Give - 2 izolata (2,2 %), S. Indiana - 2 izolata (2,2 %), i po 1 izolat 7 (5,1 %) serovara (S. Schwarzengrund, S. Goldcoast, S. Chester, S. Bredeney, S. Mbandaka, S.Newport, S. Saintpaul). U 15 (11 %) izolata tipizacija nije izvršena. S. Infantis je tijekom svih godina bila najčešće potvrđeni serovar. Salmoneloza predstavlja znatan gospodarski problem zbog šteta u intenzivnoj proizvodnji, ali i kao zoonoza koja se mesom i mesnim prouzvodima od mesa peradi širi na ljude. Provedbom odgovarajućih higijenskih mjera i dobre higijenske prakse od peradarskih farmi i klaonica do prodajnih mjesta moglo bi se doprinijeti manjoj kontaminaciji pilećeg mesa različitim serovarovima Salmonella spp., Salmonellosis is one of the most important food-borne zoonoses, and the main sources of infection for humans are contaminated meat and poultry meat products. During the five- year period from 2016 to 2020, 2457 samples of poultry meat were tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. Samples were obtained from slaughterhouses and butcher shops in five counties: Međimurje, Varaždin, Koprivnica- Križevci, Bjelovar-Bilogora and Zagreb. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 136 (5.5%) pro- cessed samples during the study. In 2016, it was isolated in 5 (6%) of the tested samples, in 2017 in 41 (4.7%) samples, in 2018 in 33 (6.1%) samples, in 2019 in 26 (6.6%) samples, and in 2020 in 31 (5.4%) samples. The most common identified serovar was S. Infantis in 86 (63.2%) isolates, followed by S. Typhimurium in 8 (5.9%) isolates, and S. Enteritidis in 3 (2.2%) isolates. The following salmonella serovars were also identified: S. Corvallis - 5 isolates (3.7%), S. Isaszeg - 5 isolates (3.7%), S. Derby 3 isolates (2.2%), S. Give - 2 isolates (2.2%), S. Indiana - 2 isolates (2.2%), and 1 isolate each of 7 (5.1%) serovars (S. Schwarzengrud, S. Goldcoast, S. Chester, S. Bredeney, S. Mbandaka, S. Newport, S. Saintpaul). No identification was confirmed in 15 (11%) isolates. S. Infantis was the most common serovar during the study period. Salmonellosis is a significant economic problem due to damages in intensive produc- tion, but also as a zoonosis that can spread to humans through meat and poultry meat prod- ucts. In identified isolates of Salmonella spp., the serovar S. Infantis dominated in chicken meat, which has been confirmed in earlierresearch in Croatia and other EU countries. Implementing appropriate hygiene measures and good hygiene practices from poultry farms and slaughterhouses to shops could contribute to lower contamination of chicken meat with different serovars of Salmonella spp.

Kampilobakterioza je zoonoza koja se na ljude prenosi sa životinja i proizvoda životinjskog podrijetla, a prouzroči ju bakterija iz roda Campylobacter. Kampilobakteri su sveprisutni mikroorganizmi te ih možemo naći u svim vrstama mesa i proizvodima od mesa, sirovom mlijeku i mliječnim prerađevinama, rjeđe u jajima te u kontaminiranoj vodi. Kampilobakterioza je učestalija ljeti jer više temperature pogoduju rastu uzročnika ove bolesti. Tijekom ljetnog razdoblja (lipanj, srpanj, kolovoz) 2020. godine u tri klaonice sakupljeno je 60 uzoraka kože vratova tovnih pilića koji su pretraživani na bakterije iz roda Campylobacter. Od ukupnog broja pretraženih uzoraka, 28 (46,67 %) uzoraka bilo je iznad granične vrijednosti (1000 cfu/g) prema Uredbi (EU) 2017/1495, u 21,67 % određen je broj Campylobacter spp., ispod granične vrijednosti, a u 19 uzoraka je rezultat bio, Campylobacteriosis is a zoonosis transmitted to man from animals and products of animal origin, caused by bacteria of the genus Campylobacter. Campylobacters are ubiquitous microorganisms that can be found in all types of meat and meat products, raw milk and dairy products, less frequently in eggs, and in contaminated water. Campylobacteriosis is more frequent in summer since the higher temperatures stimulate the growth of the causative agent of this disease. During summer 2020 (June, July, August), 60 samples of the skins of broiler necks were collected in three slaughterhouses and tested for Campylobacter bacteria. Of the total number of samples tested, 28 (46.67%) were inconsistent (> 1000 CFU/g), Campylobacter spp. was proven in 21.67% of samples, though at lower concentrations < 1000 CFU/g, and 19 samples did not contain Campylobacter spp. All samples were processed according to the standard method for detecting the presence and determining the number of Campylobacter spp. Considering the pathogenicity of bacteria belonging to the genus Campylobacter, thermal treatment of food, water disinfection, prevention of cross contamination, and hygiene of food preparation areas are of paramount importance to ensure food safety. Implementation of biosecurity measures and monitoring for the prevalence of campylobacters are necessary in slaughter houses to reduce the frequency of occurrence of this zoonosis.

Campylobacteriosis is the most common gastrointestinal bacterial disease in the European Union (EU). Wild birds are one of the natural reservoirs of these pathogens. In this study we tested cloacal swabs of 643 gulls captured on rubbish tip in Zagreb, Croatia for the presence of Campylobacter spp. and found 168 Campylobacter positive samples. We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to genotype 62 random C. jejuni isolates from gulls, 24 isolates from broiler caeca, 27 isolates from broiler neck skins and 23 human isolates. Altogether, we identified 44 different STs, from which 19 were newly described. Most of the new STs (14) originate from gulls. Although humans and broilers share the majority of STs and isolates from gulls are separated from these, there was one ST present in all three hosts: 45. Additionally antimicrobial susceptibility to six antimicrobials was performed on 123 C. jejuni strains isolated from broiler caeca (n = 22), neck skins of broilers (n = 20), gulls cloacal swabs (n = 50) and human faeces (n = 31) by the broth microdilution method. Results show lower resistance of gull isolates to NAL and CIP, while resistance to TET was as high as in human and broiler isolates.

Unutar roda Mycobacterium (M.) identificirano je više od 170različitih vrsta mikobakterija. U odnosu prema čovjeku podijeljene su u tri skupine.M. tuberculosis kompleks u koji spada deset vrsta koje uzrokuju tuberkulozu usisavaca. Vrsta M. tuberculosis, unutar M. tuberculosis kompleksa i dalje ostaje glavniuzročnik tuberkuloze u ljudi u svijetu. Osim već do sada dugo poznatih vrsta (M.bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. canetti, M. caprae), u novije vrijeme otkriveni sui novi pripadnici te skupine. M. pinnipedii u tuljana, M. munghi u mungosa, M. orygisu arapske oriks antilope i M. suricattae u merkata. Isti uzročnici dokazani su u ljudikoji žive u njihovoj blizini. M. leprae je uzročnik lepre u ljudi. Bolest je dokazana uoklopnika (aramadila) (Dasypus novemcinctus), koji predstavljaju prirodni rezervoarM. leprae. Najveći broj mikobakterija (više od 160 vrsta) pripada netuberkuloznimmikobakterijama. Nalaze se u okolišu, vrlo su otporne i prilagođene rastu i razvoju,a njima su često izloženi ljudi i životinje. Neke su važne potencijalno patogene vrstei ponekad uzrokuju teške patološke procese u ljudi i životinja.

Within the genus Mycobacterium (M.) more than 170 different types ofmycobacteria have been identified. In relation to humans, they are divided into threegroups. M. tuberculosis complex, which includes ten species that cause tuberculosisin mammals. The type of M. tuberculosis within M. tuberculosis complex remainsthe major cause of tuberculosis in humans in the world. Except for a long time knownspecies (M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. canetti, M. caprae), new membersof the group have recently been discovered. M. pinnipedii in seals, M. munghi inmongoose, M. orygis in arabian oryx and M. suricattae in the meerkat. The samecauses have been proven in people living nearby. M. leprae is the cause of theleprosy in humans. The disease has been proven in nine banded armadillos (Dasypusnovemcinctus) and represents the natural reservoir of M. leprae. The largest numberof mycobacteria (more than 160 species) belongs to nontuberculous mycobacteria.They are found in the environment, they are very resistant and adapted to growthand development, and to humans and animals are often exposed to them. Someare important potentially pathogenic species and they sometimes cause severepathological processes in humans and animals.

Patogene mikobakterije imaju svoje domaćine, a većina njih i prirodne rezervoare u prirodi. Tuberkuloza prouzročena vrstom M. tuberculosis i dalje ostaje glavni uzročnik tuberkuloze u svijetu. M. bovis ima najrašireniji raspon prirodnih rezervoara od svih poznatih patogena. Različite vrste divljih životinja predstavljaju trajan rezervoar infekcije vrstom M. bovis za domaće životinje i ljude. U novije vrijeme otkrivene su i nove vrste mikobakterija (M. caprae, M. pinnipedii, M. mungi, M. orygis i M. suricattae) koje po svojim karakteristikama pripadaju u kompleks M. tuberculosis. Sve navedene vrste mikobakterija imaju svoje rezervoare u prirodi i kao zoonoze predstavljaju stalnu prijetnju za infekciju ljudi. M. leprae prouzroči lepru u ljudi. Dugo vremena se mislilo da je samo čovjek domaćin i rezervoar uzročnika. Danas je poznato da su prirodni rezervoari lepre devetopojasni pasanci (Dasypus novemcinctus) u SAD i Južnoj Americi, crvene vjeverice (Sciurus vulgaris) u Velikoj Britaniji i različite vrste majmuna u Africi i Aziji., Pathogenic micobacteria have their hosts and most also have natural reservoirs. Tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis remains the main cause of tuberculosis in the world. M. bovis has the widest natural reservoir range of all known pathogens. Different wildlife species represent a permanent reservoir of M. bovis infection for domestic animals and humans. New species of mycobacteria have recently been discovered (M. caprae, M. pinnipedii, M. mungi, M. orygis and M. suricattae) which by their characteristics belong to the M. tuberculosis complex. Each of these mycobacteria species have their own reservoirs in nature, and as zoonoses, present a constant threat to humans. M. leprae causes leprosy in humans. It was previously thought that only men were the host and reservoir of the causative agent. Today, it is well-known that natural reservoirs are nine banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the United States and South America, red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in the United Kingdom and various types of monkeys in Africa and Asia.

Brucellosis in swine was surveyed from 2011 to 2015 in 13 counties in Croatia. A total of 3230 breeding males were tested serologically, and positive reactions were confirmed in 42 (1.3%) males from 17 farms. A total of 641 sows with abortion or reproductive problems were tested, and positive reactions were confirmed in 34 (5.3%). Organs from 68 swine were tested for bacteria, and Brucella spp. was isolated from 47 (69.1%). B. suis was identified in 45 isolates from domestic swine and 2 isolates from wild boar in six counties in Croatia, and all isolates were found to be B. suis biovar 2 based on Bru-up/Bru-low, Bruce-ladder, Suis-ladder and RFLP-based PCR assays. These results indicate that brucellosis is difficult to eradicate in free-range and semi-free-range swine farming, particularly in areas where contact with wild boar is possible. Further disease control measures are required. Key words: Brucella suis biovar 2; swine; abortion; prevalence; Croatia BRUCELOZA PRAA IAŒEV, POVZROAŒENA Z BAKTERIJO Brucella suis BIOVAR 2 NA HRVAA KEM Brucelozo pri praAiiAih smo spremljali od leta 2011 do leta 2015 v 13 hrvaAikih obAinah. S seroloAiko analizo smo preverili prisotnost bruceloze pri 3230 samcih v razplodu. Pozitivne reakcije smo ugotovili pri skupno 42 merjascih s 17 farm, kar predstavlja 1,3 % A¾ivali. S seroloAikimi testi smo preverili prisotnost protiteles proti bruceli tudi pri 641 plemenskih svinjah, ki so zvrgle ali imele teA¾ave z zabrejitvijo. Pozitivna reakcija je bila ugotovljena pri 34 svinjah, kar predstavlja 5,3 % vseh testiranih A¾ivali. Notranje organe 68 svinj iz Aiestih obAin smo uporabili za osamitev bakterij Brucella spp. Bakterije smo ugotovili pri 47 vzorcih (69,1 %). Bakterijo Brucella suis smo odkrili v vseh 47 vzorcih, izmed katerih jih je bilo 45 od domaAih plemenskih svinj, dva vzorca pa sta bila od divjih svinj. Vse izolirane bakterije so pripadale sevu B. suis biovar 2, kot so pokazale dodatne analize z uporabo metod Bruup/Bru-low, Bruce-ladder, Suis-ladder in RFLP. Ti rezultati kaA¾ejo, da je popolno izkoreninjenje bruceloze teA¾avno, Aie posebej v prostih rejah praAiiAev, kjer obstajajo moA¾nosti stika z divjimi praAiiAi. Zato bi bilo v prihodnje potrebno razmisliti o dodatnih naAinih nadzora nad to nevarno boleznijo praAiiAev. KljuAne besede: Brucella suis biovar 2; praAiiAi; zvrg; pojavnost; HrvaAika

U radu je opisana pojavnost bakterija roda Salmonella koje ne stvaraju sumporovodik izdvojenih iz navlaka za obuću i fecesa tovnih pilića te kože vratova i svježeg mesa peradi. U 2016. godini u laboratorijima Hrvatskoga veterinarskog instituta izdvojeno je ukupno 25 ovakvih izolata za koje je dokazana pripadnost serovarovima koji uobičajeno posjeduju sposobnost tvorbe sumporovodika: 24 izolata serovara Infantis te 1 izolat serovara Typhimurium. Prema dostupnim literaturnim podacima, ovo je prvi opisani slučaj izdvajanja bakterija roda Salmonella koje ne proizvode sumporovodik izoliranih iz peradi izvan Azije, a pripadaju serovarovima koji ga uobičajeno tvore.

Bakterije mikroorganizmi koji za svoj rast u okolišu, kao i u laboratorijskim uvjetima trebaju mikroaerofilne uvjete. Za rutinsku analitiku klasičnim metodama primjerena je primjena priznatih standardiziranih protokola i propisanih visoko selektivnih tekućih i/ili krutih hranjivih podloga. Nakon porasta karakterističnih kolonija radi određivanja vrste kampilobaktera primjenjuju se mikroskopski, fenotipski, biokemijski, imunozimski testovi, rezistotipizacija i/ili metoda masene spektrometrije. Za razlikovanje sojeva kampilobaktera postoje dvije klasične metode serotipizacije. Do sada je razvijen znatan broj PCR protokola usmjerenih prema otkrivanju Campylobacter roda, vrste ili podvrste, bilo iz uzoraka hrane, okoliša ili izmeta. Glavne prednosti PCR metoda su u njihovoj brzini, osjetljivosti i specifičnosti, a nedostatak PCR metodologije je u tome što ne razlikuje žive od mrtvih stanica, zbog čega se razvijaju novi protokoli bazirani na RT-PCR, NASBA i QRT- PCR molekularnim metodama., Bacteria of the genus Campylobacter require microaerophilic conditions for growth. Use of recognized standardized protocols and prescribed highly selective liquid and/ or solid media is appropriate for routine analysis with classical methods. After the growth of characteristic colonies, microscopic, phenotype and biochemical methods, immunoenzyme tests, resistotypization and/ or mass spectrometry are applied to determine the Campylobacter species. Two classical serotyping methods are used to differentiate Campylobacter strains. There are various PCR protocols intended for the detection of Campylobacter genus, species or subspecies from food samples, environment or faeces. The main advantages of PCR methods are their speed, sensitivity and specificity. The deficiency of this method is that it does not differentiate viable from dead cells, therefore new protocols based on RT-PCR, NASBA and QRT-PRC molecular methods are under development.

In order to detect thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., 241 samples of fresh chicken meat, at retail in Croatia, were analysed according to a standard method, followed by biochemical test and molecular polymerase chain reaction/restriction enzyme analysis method for exact species determination. Campylobacter spp. prevalence was 73.86 %. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were isolated from 53.53 and 15.35 % of the samples, respectively. In 4.98 % of isolates final species of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp were not determined. The multilocus sequence typing method was used to evaluate genetic diversity of eight Campylobacter jejuni and four Campylobacter coli isolates. To our knowledge, these results of genotyping provided the first data on the presence of sequence types (STs) and clonal complexes (CCs) of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates in Croatia. By applying the multilocus sequence typing, a new allele of tkt gene locus was discovered and marked as tkt508. The C. jejuni ST 6182 and C. coli ST 6183 genotypes were described for the first time, and all other identified genotypes were clustered in the previously described sequence types and clonal complexes. These findings provide useful information on the prevalence and epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Croatia.

Following our report on reproductive failure in gilts and sows caused by drinking over-chlorinated water at a pig-breeding farm, the present study investigated the impact of water over-chlorination on the differ - ent pig production categories on the farm. Pigs were given over-chlorinated water with a free chlorine residual concentration of 2.11 mg/l for seven days, from the onset of mechanical failure of the chlorinator dispenser con- nected to the water supplying system until its detection. Data analysis revealed that the adverse effect of over- chlorinated drinking water manifested as an increase in the percentage of death losses in suckling, nursery and fattening pigs (all P < 0.01).

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of sow skin disinfection in commercial breeding conditions on Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli counts. The study included 30 sows from a pig-breeding farm. The ventral part of the sow trunk with mammary glands was disinfected before placing the piglets under the sow. Skin swabs were obtained by use of cellulose sponge and quantitatively analyzed according to the ISO 21528-2:2004 and ISO 16649-2:2001 standard methods. The mean Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli counts were significantly lower after disinfection (P, Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti utjecaj dezinfekcije kože krmača držanih u komercijalnim uzgojnim uvjetima na broj bakterija porodice Enterobacteriaceae i vrste Escherichia coli. Istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno 30 krmača na svinjogojskoj farmi. Ventralni dio trupa krmača, s mliječnim žlijezdama, dezinficiran je neposredno prije stavljanja prasadi pod krmače. Obrisci površine kože dobiveni su korištenjem celuloznih spužvica i kvantitativno analizirani prema standardnim metodama ISO 21528-2:2004 i ISO 16649-2:2001. Prosječni broj enterobakterija i bakterija Escherichia coli bio je značajno manji nakon dezinfekcije (p

Svježi sir pripada rizičnoj skupini namirnica zbog sadržaja vitamina, mineralnih tvari, lako razgradivih ugljikohidrata, masti i proteina, koji ga čine idealnim supstratom za rast i razmnožavanje brojnih mikroorganizama. Pored navedenog, neupitna je i činjenica da je svježi sir svakodnevno, zdravo, dijetalno i tradicionalno jelo, što pridonosi važnosti s obzirom na udovoljavanje kriterija koji se odnose na prisutnost, ali i brojnost bakterijske vrste L. monocytogenes. U radu su prikazani rezultati pretraživanja 30 nasumično izabranih uzoraka svježeg kravljeg sira sa zagrebačkih tržnica, za koje su korištene standardizirane metode određivanja prisutnosti i brojnosti vrste Listeria monocytogenes. Dobiveni rezultati su uspoređeni s obzirom na korištenu metodu te s obzirom na kriterije navedene u važećoj zakonskoj regulativi Republike Hrvatske. Pretraživanjem svježeg sira, prisutnost bakterije Listeria monocytogenes je dokazana u jednom uzorku (3, 3%) dok je u njih tri (10%) ustanovljena prisutnost vrste L. innocua. Značajnost utjecaja kojeg listerioza ima u području javnog zdravstva nije uvijek prepoznata, osobito iz razloga jer je njezina pojavnost relativno rijetka u usporedbi s drugim bolestima koje se prenose putem hrane. Pored toga, razlog slabe zabilježenosti ove bolesti u ljudi je i u statusu neobaveznog prijavljivanja, kao i nepostojanja odgovarajućih programa nadzora. Zbog toga je za osiguranje zdravstvene ispravnosti sirovog mlijeka i proizvoda od sirovog mlijeka neophodno provođenje dobre higijenske i proizvođačke prakse, odnosno načela sustava kontrole sigurnosti u svim fazama procesa proizvodnje i distribucije u cilju pravovremenog i učinkovitog smanjenja potencijalnih opasnosti odnosno prevencije mikrobiološke kontaminacije.