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Enterocolitis syndrome induced by dietary proteins occupies a special place in the structure of allergic diseases in children of the first years of life. This is primarily due to the difficulties of diagnosing the syndrome, since there are currently no specific laboratory tests confirming the diagnosis, and the similarity of the clinical picture with the symptoms of other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Most often, the diagnosis is established according to the clinical picture and is confirmed by a positive provocative test with a suspected food trigger. The article briefly describes the enterocolitis syndrome induced by dietary proteins, and presents a clinical case of the syndrome in a child of 11 months. This syndrome was suspected at the first appointment of a nutritionist-allergist after analyzing the clinical picture of the disease and confirmed at a repeat appointment after 1 month. The significant role in the diagnosis by the provocative introduction of a causally significant product is shown, as well as the importance of prescribing an elimination diet to achieve remission of the disease.

Electronic nicotine dosing systems, commonly known as electronic cigarettes or vapes, have quickly become the most common tobacco products used by teenagers and young people, largely due to the marketing and advertising of the companies that produce them. The appearance of nicotine-free vapes is a new round in the production of electronic cigarettes. Due to the widespread opinion about the harmlessness of such vapes, they are increasingly being used by children and adolescents. The review describes the composition of vaping aerosols, provides data from scientific research on their impact on human health. The danger of smoking both nicotine and nicotine-free vapes is shown. However, given the relative short duration of the use of electronic cigarettes, there are many both purely medical and legal questions. All these issues require further research, which continues all over the world. The authors recommend being wary of this habit and the newfangled hobby of teenagers and young people, applying knowledge about the dangers of vaping in everyday practice, which will indirectly help children and adolescents avoid the path of nicotine addiction, protecting the health of the younger generation.

Vaccines against the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2) have been developed at an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Some of them have received permission for mass production already at the stage of clinical trials. COVID vaccines are now being used on a large scale over the world. In the review article describes the characteristics of used both abroad and in Russia COVID vaccines, differed in structure and mechanism of action. The data of clinical research on their efficiency and safety is presented. In modern conditions of a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection, vaccination was shown to be the most effective method of prevention, which can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality due to coronavirus. There are considered such nuances of coronavirus vaccination, as the need for a booster dose, vaccination of children and adolescents. Rare adverse events are described. However, given the relatively small experience and short duration of the use of coronavirus vaccines, there are many questions concerning vaccination of persons with disorders in the immune system, vaccination of infants, the impact of changes in coronavirus strains on the effectiveness of the vaccines used, and many others. All these issues require further research, which continues all over the world. The authors recommend applying the knowledge about COVID vaccines in daily practice, constantly updating them, which will indirectly help to ensure maximum vaccination coverage of the population against coronavirus, including children and adolescents.

Vaccination is one of the essential areas of preventive medicine for protecting the population from diseases and infections. They have helped reduce the incidence of severe childhood diseases and, in some cases, have even eradicated some of the world’s infectious diseases. However, since the first available vaccine against smallpox, antivaccine prophylaxis has always accompanied an antivaccine movement based on various myths. More recently, the development of this movement is connected for many reasons. First of all, it is associated with forgetting the world’s population of the severity of many infectious diseases, the consequences of epidemics, and the availability of any information on the Internet. Leading to myths, parents refuse to vaccinate their children, resulting in reduced vaccination coverage, reduced collective immunity and outbreaks of diseases that have already been considered conquered. The article reviews the literature on the results of anti-vaccination research conducted in the Russian Federation and abroad concerning the causes, main postulates of this movement, trends and directions. Scientific evidence is presented that disproves anti-vaccination myths, and the primary arguments for vaccination are presented. The article describes the anti-vaccination movement’s worldwide trend and the Russian features. The position of WHO is presented about overcoming barriers to the adoption and use of vaccines.

In current conditions, the most effective method of preventing pneumococcal infections (PI) is vaccination, which can significantly reduce the incidence and mortality from pneumococcus and reduce the level of antibiotic resistance. The use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines has reduced the incidence of invasive PIs in vaccinated children and unvaccinated populations. This is especially true for children with severe somatic pathology, including those with various forms of heart failure (HF). The data show that vaccination of sick HF children can be a clinically effective intervention to improve the treatment results of circulatory failure and improve patients’ quality of life. However, questions regarding the optimal timing of vaccination of sick children with heart failure, dose, frequency and strategies of vaccine introduction still need to be resolved. Data on the pathophysiology of cardioprotection provision during effective vaccination against PI, influenza and COVID-19 in cardiac pathology are summarized. The authors recommend providing conditions for effective vaccine prevention of PI in children with heart failure.

The risk of severe disease outcomes and complications of infectious diseases remains markedly increased in children and adolescents with chronic conditions. Specialized pediatric healthcare aims to improve quality of life in this high-risk group. One of the most important measures to achieve this goal is to improve immunization rates in this vulnerable population. This article aims to provide insight into models for the integration of infectious disease prevention into specialized healthcare for children with chronic conditions, by the example of the Department of Vaccines and Disease Prevention in Children with Chronic Conditions in Moscow, Russian Federation. The article highlights the importance of vaccine safety and effectiveness research in children with chronic conditions. Useful strategies for the optimization of vaccination rates in this population are presented, along with suggestions for the development of individual immunization schedules for different disease conditions.