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The garlic crop is made by planting bulbs and they can easily pass through many herbicides that are applied to the soil due to the vigor of the garlic emerging seedlings. However, some weeds, especially those with large seeds, can also pass through the superficial layer of herbicide so that they can cause great damage to the crop. These weed species, such as cocklebur (Xanthium sp.) or velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti) can be controlled in postemergence with Goal 4F herbicide. Other herbicides, as Lontrel (clopyralid) can be applied on garlic crop but it only controls a narrow spectrum of weeds families. This, first, includes Compositae family as well as leguminous family (pulses). Moreover, a high concentration of clopyralid herbicide active ingredient can cause harmfull effects (phytotoxicity) on garlic plants, consisting of bendings of the base of the plant and the slowing of growth. The effect of this herbicide consists on the burning of the green part of the weeds, including the apical bud. Nevertheless, being a contact herbicide, in high concentration it can affect young onion plants directly sown or garlic plants. That is why the purpose of the trial was to find a suitable concentration to destroy the weeds in the early stages of vegetation, cotyledons or the first true leaves but not to affect the crop plants. Onion and garlic have wax on the leaves and can support this herbicide on vegetation. Nevertheless, garlic has less wax and the concentration applied on onion destroys garlic plants. Our experiment has shown that on garlic can be applied a maximum of 10 ml of Goal 4F in 10 liters of water, while onion can withstand 15 ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oltenia Mining Basin extends, intermittently from west to east, from the Danube to the Luncavat Stream, Valcea County. It is located as a fan shape at the contact area between the Getic Plateau and the Mehedinti Plateau, to the west of the Motru River and the Subcarpathian Depression of Oltenia, to the east of the Motru River, with the mention that most mining objectives are to the south of the contact area or in the immediate vicinity nearby.The surface mining operations in the Oltenia basin have affected large areas of land, causing radical changes to the soil.Subsoil, geomorphology and landscape, coal deposits, waters, climate, vegetation, human communities, economic and social development have undergone substantial changes.All of this generates significant changes in the natural aspect of the area, resulting in anthropic relief inversion areas.Under the influence of the pedogenic factors acting in the Oltenia mining area, the following units were formed as initial soils: preluvosoil, luvosoil, albic luvosoil, eutricambosoil, vertosoil, regosoil, stagnosoil and aluvisoil.Through open cut mining, the impact on the soil was very tough, through the process of removing or overburden dumping, the soil disappeared either by inseparable mixing with the overburden or by being deposited separately.Instead of the disappeared initial soils, at present there are lithological materials very different from a physical and chemical point of view, of different ages that are heterogenously mixed and forming the technosolis. Technosoils were formed by depositing lithological materials in heaps over 50 cm without prior selection of excavated materials. From this point of view, we cannot talk about well-defined horizons, but only about sections of different thicknesses. The sections, irrespective of their number, show different colors and their unstructuredness is obvious. Each section of the technosol has different texture; the humus content is different on the depth of the section, in smaller percentages on the surface and the higher in depth. Most times, technosols provide enough edafic volume for the development of the root system of crop plants; instead they are devoid of life without the essential characteristic specific to an evolved soil, namely fertility. All these aspects explain the disturbance, the destruction of soils through open cut mining operations. It can be concluded that a natural organism, a living body, formed in time, with all its properties, primarily fertility, which provides a favorable environment for plant development dissapeared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is the world's fourth largest food crop, being cropped in 140 countries on an area of 19 million hectares, with a total annual production of 322 million tons and an average production of 40 tons per hectare. Perennial dicotyledonous weeds represent a real danger to potato culture because they cannot be controlled after the potato has emerged. Such weeds are: Canadian thistle (Cirsium arvense), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis ) and hoary cress (Cardaria draba). Herbicides that are applied upon the soil or in early preemergence do not control these weeds because they have vigorous underground organs that can pass through any applied herbicide on the soil. In order to control these weeds we have organized an experiment with several treatments of herbicides applied upon the soil and on vegetation, as follows: V1 - Stomp 330 CE 5 l/ha, V2 - Dual 960 CE 1.2 l/ha + Goal 4F 1l/ha + Roundup 4 l/ha as preemergent treatment against perennial broadleaves weeds spots + Killer Super 5 EC against grass weeds on post-emergence, V3 - Surdone 0,8 kg/ha, V4 – no herbicide. The best results have been given by V2 treatment, where perennial weeds were radically controlled on preemergence and post-emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]