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1. Complex Tissue-Specific Epigenotypes in Russell-Silver Syndrome Associated with 11p15 ICR1 Hypomethylation

Author

Marilyne Le Jule, Cécile Brachet, Cristina Das Neves, Frédéric Brioude, Claudine Heinrichs, Walid Abi Habib, Virginie Steunou, Irène Netchine, Salah Azzi, Madeleine D. Harbison, Annick Blaise, Yves Le Bouc, Nathalie Thibaud, Sylvie Rossignol, and Jennifer Salem

Subjects
Adult, Cell type, Gene Expression, Russell-Silver Syndrome, Biology, Epithelium, Genomic Imprinting, chemistry.chemical_compound, Insulin-Like Growth Factor II, Clinical heterogeneity, Leukocytes, Genetics, Humans, Tissue specific, Imprinting (psychology), Child, Genetics (clinical), Skin, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11, Postnatal growth retardation, Infant, Newborn, Mouth Mucosa, Methylation, DNA Methylation, Fibroblasts, Molecular biology, Silver-Russell Syndrome, chemistry, Organ Specificity, Child, Preschool, DNA
Abstract

Russell-Silver Syndrome (RSS) is a prenatal and postnatal growth retardation syndrome caused mainly by 11p15 ICR1 hypomethylation. Clinical presentation is heterogeneous in RSS patients with 11p15 ICR1 hypomethylation. We previously identified a subset of RSS patients with 11p15 ICR1 and multilocus hypomethylation. Here, we examine the relationships between IGF2 expression, 11p15 ICR1 methylation, and multilocus imprinting defects in various cell types from 39 RSS patients with 11p15 ICR1 hypomethylation in leukocyte DNA. 11p15 ICR1 hypomethylation was more pronounced in leukocytes than in buccal mucosa cells. Skin fibroblast IGF2 expression was correlated with the degree of ICR1 hypomethylation. Different tissue-specific multilocus methylation defects coexisted in 38% of cases, with some loci hypomethylated and others hypermethylated within the same cell type in some cases. Our new results suggest that tissue-specific epigenotypes may lead to clinical heterogeneity in RSS.

Published
2014
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2. Extensive investigation of the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region reveals novel OCT4/SOX2 binding site defects associated with specific methylation patterns in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Author

Virginie Steunou, Boris Keren, Massimiliano Rossi, Frédéric Brioude, Caroline Michot, Marilyne Le Jule, Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud, Sylvie Rossignol, Nathalie Thibaud, Yves Le Bouc, Laurent Pasquier, Stanislas Lyonnet, Walid Abi Habib, Christine Gicquel, Salah Azzi, Cristina Das Neves, and Irène Netchine

Subjects
Male, Heterozygote, Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, Genetic counseling, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Biology, Genetic analysis, Genomic Imprinting, Gene Frequency, Insulin-Like Growth Factor II, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Nucleotide Motifs, Molecular Biology, Allele frequency, Genetics (clinical), Sequence Deletion, Binding Sites, Base Sequence, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11, SOXB1 Transcription Factors, Point mutation, General Medicine, Methylation, DNA Methylation, medicine.disease, Pedigree, Phenotype, Case-Control Studies, Mutation, embryonic structures, DNA methylation, Female, RNA, Long Noncoding, Genomic imprinting, Octamer Transcription Factor-3
Abstract

Isolated gain of methylation (GOM) at the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region 1 (ICR1) accounts for about 10% of patients with BWS. A subset of these patients have genetic defects within ICR1, but the frequency of these defects has not yet been established in a large cohort of BWS patients with isolated ICR1 GOM. Here, we carried out a genetic analysis in a large cohort of 57 BWS patients with isolated ICR1 GOM and analyzed the methylation status of the entire domain. We found a new point mutation in two unrelated families and a 21 bp deletion in another unrelated child, both of which were maternally inherited and affected the OCT4/SOX2 binding site in the A2 repeat of ICR1. Based on data from this and previous studies, we estimate that cis genetic defects account for about 20% of BWS patients with isolated ICR1 GOM. Methylation analysis at eight loci of the IGF2/H19 domain revealed that sites surrounding OCT4/SOX2 binding site mutations were fully methylated and methylation indexes declined as a function of distance from these sites. This was not the case in BWS patients without genetic defects identified. Thus, GOM does not spread uniformly across the IGF2/H19 domain, suggesting that OCT4/SOX2 protects against methylation at local sites. These findings add new insights to the mechanism of the regulation of the ICR1 domain. Our data show that mutations and deletions within ICR1 are relatively common. Systematic identification is therefore necessary to establish appropriate genetic counseling for BWS patients with isolated ICR1 GOM.

Published
2014
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3. Mutations of the Imprinted CDKN1C Gene as a Cause of the Overgrowth Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome: Clinical Spectrum and Functional Characterization

Author

Isabelle Coupier, Patrick Edery, Valérie Cormier-Daire, Séverine Audebert-Bellanger, Claire Calmel, Marilyne Le Jule, Fabienne Giuliano, Stanislas Lyonnet, Sophie Blesson, Bérénice Doray, Frédéric Brioude, Clarisse Baumann, Odile Boute, Martin Catala, Jean-Luc Alessandri, Sabine Sigaudy, Fanny Laffargue, Sylvie Odent, Alain Verloes, Lydie Burglen, Didier Lacombe, James Lespinasse, Françoise Praz, Michel Polak, Irène Netchine, Sylvie Rossignol, Bruno Leheup, Géraldine Viot, Yves Le Bouc, Bertrand Isidor, Patricia Blanchet, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (UMRS893), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Service de génétique médicale, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux]-Groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (LBD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Service de génétique médicale - Unité de génétique clinique [Nantes], Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle (GMGF), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Médecine Infantile III et Génétique Clinique [CHRU Nancy], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Nutrition-Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux (NGERE), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Service de Pédiatrie et de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Morvan [Brest]-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Hôpital l'Archet, CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Service de Génétique Médicale [CHU Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Estaing [Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de génétique médicale [Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Unité d'Oncogénétique, CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque, Département de Génétique Chromosomique, Bâtiment Hôtel Dieu - Centre Hospitalier de Chambéry, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve [CHRU Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Service de Génétique clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre [Lille]-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Département de Génétique Médicale, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Robert Debré, Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Service de Génétique, Hôpital de Hautepierre [Strasbourg], Physiopathologie et neuroprotection des atteintes du cerveau en développement, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Département de génétique, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Robert Debré-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Service de Génétique [Cochin], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), BM1208, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine ( CR Saint-Antoine ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux]-Groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon ( CRNL ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] ( UJM ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement ( LBD ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ), Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes ( IGDR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Université de Nantes ( UN ) -Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes ( CHU Nantes ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Génétique Médicale et Génomique Fonctionnelle ( GMGF ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille ( APHM ) - Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] ( TIMONE ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy ( CHRU Nancy ), Nutrition-Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux ( NGERE ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest ( CHRU Brest ) -Hôpital Morvan [Brest], Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicale, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-CHU Trousseau [APHP], Service de neuropédiatrie et pathologie du développement, Service de Génétique Médical, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] ( CHRU Montpellier ) -Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] ( CHRU Montpellier ), Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre [Lille]-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] ( CHRU Lille ), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-Hôpital Robert Debré, Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-Hôpital Robert Debré-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-CHU Cochin [AP-HP], Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest)-Hôpital Morvan [Brest], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CR Saint-Antoine), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpital Robert Debré-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Cochin [AP-HP]

Subjects
Male, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, Genotype, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Molecular Sequence Data, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Beckwith–Wiedemann, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Genomic Imprinting, Genetics, medicine, Macroglossia, Missense mutation, Humans, Epigenetics, Amino Acid Sequence, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57, Genetics (clinical), Alleles, Genetic Association Studies, 030304 developmental biology, Ganglioneuroblastoma, 0303 health sciences, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], 030305 genetics & heredity, Cell Cycle, medicine.disease, Phenotype, 3. Good health, Pedigree, CDKN1C, Amino Acid Substitution, Overgrowth syndrome, Mutation, Female, medicine.symptom, imprinting, Sequence Alignment, overgrowth syndrome, Visceromegaly
Abstract

International audience; Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disorder associating macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, visceromegaly, and a high risk of childhood tumor. Molecular anomalies are mostly epigenetic; however, mutations of CDKN1C are implicated in 8% of cases, including both sporadic and familial forms. We aimed to describe the phenotype of BWS patients with CDKN1C mutations and develop a functional test for CDKN1C mutations. For each propositus, we sequenced the three exons and intron–exon boundaries of CDKN1C in patients presenting a BWS phenotype, including abdominal wall defects, without 11p15 methylation defects. We developed a functional test based on flow cytometry. We identified 37 mutations in 38 pedigrees (50 patients and seven fetuses). Analysis of parental samples when available showed that all mutations tested but one was inherited from the mother. The four missense mutations led to a less severe phenotype (lower frequency of exomphalos) than the other 33 mutations. The following four tumors occurred: one neuroblastoma, one ganglioneuroblastoma, one melanoma, and one acute lymphoid leukemia. Cases of BWS caused by CDKN1C mutations are not rare. CDKN1C sequencing should be performed for BWS patients presenting with abdominal wall defects or cleft palate without 11p15 methylation defects or body asymmetry, or in familial cases of BWS

Published
2015
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4. Exhaustive methylation analysis revealed uneven profiles of methylation at IGF2/ICR1/H19 11p15 loci in Russell Silver syndrome

Author

Florence Busato, Walid Abi Habib, Jörg Tost, Sylvie Rossignol, Annick Blaise, Virginie Steunou, Nathalie Thibaud, Cristina Das Neves, Yves Le Bouc, Yves Akoli Koudou, Marilyne Le Jule, Irène Netchine, and Salah Azzi

Subjects
Paris, Population, Molecular Sequence Data, Locus (genetics), Russell-Silver Syndrome, Biology, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Insulin-Like Growth Factor II, Genetics, Humans, Sulfites, Imprinting (psychology), education, Gene, Genetics (clinical), education.field_of_study, Principal Component Analysis, Base Sequence, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11, Methylation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA Methylation, Molecular biology, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, Silver-Russell Syndrome, Differentially methylated regions, Gene Expression Regulation, CTCF, embryonic structures, RNA, Long Noncoding
Abstract

Background The structural organisation of the human IGF2/ ICR1 /H19 11p15 domain is very complex, and the mechanisms underlying its regulation are poorly understood. The Imprinted Center Region 1 (ICR1) contains seven binding sites for the zinc-finger protein CTCF (CBS: CTCF Binding Sites); three additional differentially methylated regions (DMR) are located at the H19 promoter ( H19 DMR) and two in the IGF2 gene (DMR0 and DMR2), respectively. Loss of imprinting at the IGF2/ ICR1 /H19 domain results in two growth disorders with opposite phenotypes: Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome and Russell Silver syndrome (RSS). Despite the IGF2/ ICR1 /H19 locus being widely studied, the extent of hypomethylation across the domain remains not yet addressed in patients with RSS. Methods We assessed a detailed investigation of the methylation status of the 11p15 ICR1 CBS1-7, IGF2 DMR0 and H19 DMR ( H19 promoter) in a population of controls (n=50) and RSS carrying (n=104) or not (n=65) carrying a hypomethylation at the 11p15 ICR1 region. Results The methylation indexes (MI) were balanced at all regions in the control population and patients with RSS without any as yet identified molecular anomaly. Interestingly, patients with RSS with ICR1 hypomethylation showed uneven profiles of methylation among the CBSs and DMRs. Furthermore, normal MIs at CBS1 and CBS7 were identified in 9% of patients. Conclusions The hypomethylation does not spread equally throughout the IGF2/ ICR1 /H19 locus, and some loci could have normal MI, which may lead to underdiagnosis of patients with RSS with ICR1 hypomethylation. The uneven pattern of methylation suggests that some CBSs may play different roles in the tridimensional chromosomal looping regulation of this locus.

Published
2014

5. ALLELE-SPECIFIC METHYLATED MULTIPLEX REAL TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR (ASMM RTQ-PCR), A POWERFUL METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING LOSS OF IMPRINTING OF THE 11p15 REGION IN RUSSELL SILVER AND BECKWITH WIEDEMANN SYNDROMES

Author

Marilyne Le Jule, Salah Azzi, Sylvie Rossignol, Christine Gicquel, Yves Le Bouc, Alexandra Rousseau, Fabienne Danton, Nathalie Thibaud, Virginie Steunou, Irène Netchine, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (UMRS893), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Trousseau [APHP], Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Service de pharmacologie - Dosage de médicaments [CHU Saint-Antoine], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Service d'explorations fonctionnelles [CHU Trousseau], and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Trousseau [APHP]

Subjects
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome, Locus (genetics), Biology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sensitivity and Specificity, Genomic Imprinting, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Humans, Multiplex, Imprinting (psychology), Genetics (clinical), 030304 developmental biology, Southern blot, Beckwith wiedemann, 0303 health sciences, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11, 030305 genetics & heredity, Reproducibility of Results, Life Sciences, DNA Methylation, Molecular biology, 3. Good health, Silver-Russell Syndrome, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, DNA methylation, Genomic imprinting
Abstract

International audience; Many human syndromes involve a loss of imprinting (LOI) due to a loss (LOM) or a gain of methylation (GOM). Most LOI occur as mosaics and can therefore be difficult to detect with conventional methods. The human imprinted 11p15 region is crucial for the control of fetal growth and LOI at this locus is associated with two clinical disorders with opposite phenotypes: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), characterized by fetal overgrowth and a high risk of tumors, and Russell-Silver syndrome (RSS) characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction. Until recently, we have been using Southern blotting for the diagnosis of RSS and BWS. We describe here a powerful quantitative technique, allele-specific methylated multiplex real-time quantitative PCR (ASMM RTQ-PCR), for the diagnosis of these two complex disorders. We first checked the specificity of the probes and primers used for ASMM RTQ-PCR. We then carried out statistical validation for this method, on both retrospective and prospective populations of patients. This analysis demonstrated that ASMM RTQ-PCR is more sensitive than Southern blotting for detecting low degree of LOI. Moreover, ASMM RTQ-PCR is a very rapid, reliable, simple, safe and cost effective method.

Published
2011
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6. P-17 Heterogeneous clinical presentation in patients with yet-unreported type 1 IGF receptor molecular defects

Author

P-F. Souchon, Fabienne Danton, J-M. Ricort, Y. Le Bouc, Régis Coutant, Marilyne Le Jule, Nathalie Thibaud, Salah Azzi, Sylvie Rossignol, Virginie Steunou, Irène Netchine, Graziella Pinto, M. Jesuran, and L Perin

Subjects
IGF Receptor, Endocrinology, business.industry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cancer research, Medicine, In patient, Presentation (obstetrics), business
Published
2008
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