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A Universidade Federal de Rondônia é referência importante relacionada à biodiversidade da Amazônia em razão de suas coleções biológicas, que apresentam significativo acervo com foco na região sul-ocidental do bioma. Essas coleções têm papel relevante para que a Universidade se destaque no tripé ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Este artigo tem como objetivos descrever e refletir sobre o processo de implantação e implementação do Programa de Visitação às Coleções Biológicas da Unir, frente aos desafios de socialização do conhecimento da biodiversidade do estado de Rondônia; e relacionar as possiblidades e desafios para intensificação das atividades de extensão. As coleções e suas ações na área de extensão foram estabelecidas na última década por meio do programa de visitas orientadas por roteiro interpretativo à coleção didática e acervos, e se intensificaram nos últimos anos (mil alunos/ visitantes/ano). Os desafios para os próximos períodos envolvem produção de materiais didáticos mais interativos (físicos e virtuais), elaboração e promoção de atividades virtuais e curso de formação de monitores. Os resultados demonstram a importância de a ciência ir além dos muros da academia, e que ela deve ser transferida para toda a sociedade com metodologias apropriadas, em espaços formais e não formais de educação. Conclui-se que o conhecimento da biodiversidade local é favorecido com a presença de coleções biológicas e museus que podem ser acessadas pela população.

Hunting is essential for securing access to energy and nutrients by rural and urban populations throughout the tropics. The hunting patterns of urban hunters are unknown, and we do not know how much they resemble or differ from rural hunters. On the other hand social factors that influence hunting choice of these hunters are still largely unclear. Here we analyzed the impact of socioeconomic and cultural factors on frequency and composition of species hunted by urban and rural Amazonian hunters. Within 10 municipalities in western Amazonia in Brazil, we interviewed 49 urban hunters and 57 rural hunters. A total of 44 species were cited as hunted. Our analyses showed that the probability of engaging in sport hunting (for recreation) was greater in urban hunters. Rural inhabitants, who had overall incomes lower than urban hunters, and were non-practicing Christians and Atheists hunted more frequently. Species hunted or preferred were similar independently of the livelihood or religion of the urban or rural hunters. However, we found that hunting frequency was influenced by the hunters’ socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds, which did not affect the composition of the harvest. This similarity between urban and rural hunters might be related to species distribution and availability and could potentially impact the most hunted species if hunting grounds overlap. Understanding hunting patterns, especially those of urban hunters can be used to manage hunting activities more effectively, improve law enforcement against illegal hunting as well as develop more effective conservation strategies.

The consumption of anurans is almost non-existent in the Brazilian Amazon, and the objective of this study was to describe the consumption of the white-lipped frog (Leptodactylus macrosternum) influenced by YouTubeTM videos in the Brazilian Amazon. The record of consumption was made in the rural community of Cujubim Grande, belonging to the municipality of Porto Velho, Rondônia state. The interviewee stated that she started consuming the white-lipped frog after watching videos on YouTubeTM. The closest family members do not consume the white-lipped frog due to aversion to the group and the availability of other animal protein sources. This demonstrates how videos on an online platform can contribute to changing the eating habits of rural populations in the Amazon.

Ecological niche models (ENMs) are widely used tools for predicting species geographic distribution as a function of environmental variables. The inclusion of biotic factors in the predictor suite can significantly increase the predictive power of such models, leading to a model closer to the realized niche for the species under investigation. In this study, we provide evidence of niche overlap between gray woolly monkeys (Lagothrix cana) and black-faced black spider monkeys (Ateles chamek) based on locality and ecological data covering their complete geographic range in the Amazon forests of Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. We also estimate the potential distribution of L. cana using environmental predictors, and the distribution of A. chamek as a biotic factor. Finally, we quantified current and future habitat loss and areas under legal protection. We found that only 39% of the L. cana area of occupancy is under legal protection and that the species could potentially lose up to 58% of habitat in the next 30 years. We also show that the use of a closely-related species that has a more robust dataset can improve ENMs of poorly studied, rare and/or cryptic species. The framework developed here can be applied to a wide range of sympatric species if they share similar ecological requirements. Since our focal species are the most frugivorous primates in our study region and especially vulnerable to habitat loss, the identification of highly suitable areas for both taxa can help to protect other forest-dwelling species, reducing the rate of overall biodiversity loss.

The Program for Biodiversity Research (PPBio) is an innovative program designed to integrate all biodiversity research stakeholders. Operating since 2004, it has installed long-term ecological research sites throughout Brazil and its logic has been applied in some other southern-hemisphere countries. The program supports all aspects of research necessary to understand biodiversity and the processes that affect it. There are presently 161 sampling sites (see some of them at Supplementary Appendix), most of which use a standardized methodology that allows comparisons across biomes and through time. To date, there are about 1200 publications associated with PPBio that cover topics ranging from natural history to genetics and species distributions. Most of the field data and metadata are available through PPBio web sites or DataONE. Metadata is available for researchers that intend to explore the different faces of Brazilian biodiversity spatio-temporal variation, as well as for managers intending to improve conservation strategies. The Program also fostered, directly and indirectly, local technical capacity building, and supported the training of hundreds of undergraduate and graduate students. The main challenge is maintaining the long-term funding necessary to understand biodiversity patterns and processes under pressure from global environmental changes. Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-03T12:00:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Program-for-Biodiversity-Research-2021.pdf: 4613827 bytes, checksum: 04b1875a6efdcba448fd73c1ecddf986 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Neste trabalho objetivou-se realizar a estimativa de riqueza, abundância relativa e composição da fauna de carnívoros de médio e grande porte ocorrentes na fazenda Manoa, Cujubim/RO, e correlacionar à fase de regeneração florestal em áreas exploradas pela atividade do manejo sustentável de baixo impacto. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado o método do armadilhamento fotográfico e o estudo ocorreu de setembro-dezembro de 2020 e de junho-setembro de 2021, em três áreas amostrais: Reserva Absoluta, considerada como área Controle; uma área explorada entre 2011-2012 (R10); e uma área explorada entre 2001-2003 (R20). Foi realizado um esforço de 2.606 armadilhas/dia, no qual foram obtidos 232 registros independentes e uma riqueza total de nove espécies de carnívoros de médio e grande porte distribuídas em quatro famílias. Do total de espécies registradas, seis dessas tiveram ocorrência compartilhada entre as três áreas amostrais do estudo, indicando uma alta similaridade na composição faunística. A abundância relativa total foi de 0,09 registros independentes/esforço amostral total e não diferiu significativamente entre as áreas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o manejo florestal sustentável empregado na área da fazenda, à primeira vista, não impacta negativamente a comunidade de carnívoros de médio e grande porte, visto que a composição de espécies e a abundância foi similar entre as áreas amostrais. Além disso, a detecção de espécies raras e/ou vulneráveis, como Atelocynus microtis, Leopardus wiedii, Panthera onca e Puma concolor constitui um bom indicador de qualidade ambiental.

Platyrrhine primate taxonomy is a rapidly evolving area of research. The recent description of the Parecis titi monkey, Plecturocebus parecis, has raised substantial questions regarding the taxonomy, distribution, and evolutionary history of titi taxa from south-central Amazonia. There is only a single documented record of P. parecis, which is the type locality, with uncertainty regarding species monophyly. Moreover, there are questions surrounding the distribution and pelage patterns of the poorly studied P. cinerascens and P. parecis, which further highlight the uncertainty regarding the taxonomic validity of this new species. Here, we investigate the taxonomy, distribution, and evolutionary history of these lineages through new field work and assessment of pelage pigmentation patterns from 25 localities, as well as maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions based on two mitochondrial and 11 nuclear loci for 19 and 10 specimens of Plecturocebus, respectively. Our mitochondrial results recover a paraphyletic arrangement for the four P. parecis type specimens that show three distinct haplotypes, with the holotype showing a close affinity to P. bernhardi. Our morphological analysis reveals a north–south clinal bleaching gradient through the Aripuana-Sucunduri/Juruena interfluve from an all-grayish morphotype associated with P. cinerascens, through intermediary morphotypes with increasingly whitish hairs on the beard, hands, feet, and tail, to the most whitish morphotype described as P. parecis. Based on these findings, we present hypotheses to explain the taxonomy, distribution, and evolutionary history of P. cinerascens and P. parecis and discuss the significance of introgression among titi taxa from southern Amazonia given the lack of study systems for natural hybridization in platyrrhine primates.

The consumption of anurans by subsistence hunters in the Brazilian Amazon is unrecorded. Given this scenario, the objective of this study is to present the first record of White-lipped Frog consumption by subsistence hunters in the Amazon region of Rondônia. The data were collected through interviews with two migrant hunters from the state of Espírito Santo, currently residing in the municipality of Itapuã do Oeste in Rondônia. The hunters used to consume white-lipped frog (possibly Leptodactylus latrans) in their state of origin, and after locating a similar species (Leptodactylus macrosternum) and confirming the possibility of consumption with the mother through WhatsApp, they started consuming the frog. This record demonstrates how certain habits related to the consumption of wild animals can be maintained in new locations and how instant messaging tools can collaborate with information exchange about game species. O registro do uso de anuros para autoconsumo alimentar na Amazônia brasileira é inexistente. Diante desse cenário, o objetivo desse estudo é apresentar o primeiro registro de uso alimentar de rã-manteiga na Amazônia rondoniense. Os dados foram levantados via entrevista com dois migrantes do estado do Espírito Santo, atualmente residentes no município de Itapuã do Oeste em Rondônia. Os entrevistados faziam o uso de uma rã-manteiga (possivelmente Leptodacylus latrans) em seu estado de origem, e após localizarem uma espécie similar (Leptodactylus macrosternum) e confirmarem a possibilidade de consumo com a mãe via WhatsApp, passaram a consumir a rã. Esse registro demonstra como certos costumes relacionados com o consumo de animais silvestres pode ser mantido em novas localidades e como as ferramentas de mensagens instantâneas podem colaborar com troca de informações sobre espécies de caça.

Plasmodium - Plasmodium brasilianum - P. malariae - P. malariae - P. falciparum - P. vivax - Plasmodium content: - "Non-human primates (NHPs) have been shown to be infected by parasites of the genus " - ", the etiological agent of malaria in humans, creating potential risks of zoonotic transmission. " - ", a parasite species similar to " - " of humans, have been described in NHPs from Central and South America, including Brazil. The merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), besides being a malaria vaccine candidate, is highly immunogenic. Due to such properties, we tested this protein for the diagnosis of parasite infection. We used recombinant proteins of " - " MSP1, as well as of " - " and " - ", for the detection of antibodies anti-MSP1 of these parasite species, in the sera of NHPs collected in different regions of Brazil. About 40% of the NHP sera were confirmed as reactive to the proteins of one or more parasite species. A relatively higher number of reactive sera was found in animals from the Atlantic Forest than those from the Amazon region, possibly reflecting the former more intense parasite circulation among NHPs due to their proximity to humans at a higher populational density. The presence of " - " positive NHPs in the surveyed areas, being therefore potential parasite reservoirs, needs to be considered in any malaria surveillance program."

Este trabalho consiste em correlacionar a estimativa de riqueza e abundância relativa da mastofauna de medio e grande porte diurna da area de Manejo Florestal da fazenda Manoa, localizada no municipio de Cujubim no estado de Rondonia, com os impactos da atividade florestal madeireira manejada. A area possui cerca de 70 mil hectares de floresta amazonica, dos quais 83% destinados ao manejo florestal, sendo a maior area privada sob sistema de manejo florestal sustentavel do estado. O levantamento de dados seguiu a metodologia de transeccao linear, o desenho amostral foi distribuido em duas trilhas de 6 km de extensao e outra de 5,35 km de extensao, no total foram percorridos 496,5 km e registradas 23 especies de mamiferos de medio e grande porte. A abundância relativa foi geral de 6,36 avistamentos/10km percorridos. Os resultados demonstram que a extracao de madeiras sob o modelo de manejo sustentavel empregado na Fazenda Manoa, nao causou grandes alteracoes na constituicao faunistica dos pontos estudados, uma vez que, a riqueza encontrada nos pontos amostrais foi semelhante. Os resultados sugerem que a mastofauna afugenta-se por um periodo da area explorada e apos a exploracao retornam. A presenca na area de estudo de predadores de topo como: Puma concolor e Panthera onca, especies consideradas vulneraveis e/ou ameacadas de extincao, e um bom indicador de qualidade ambiental, e ressalta a importância desta area para a conservacao da biodiversidade amazonica.

For arboreal primates, ground use may increase dispersal opportunities, tolerance to habitat change, access to ground-based resources, and resilience to human disturbances, and so has conservation implications. We collated published and unpublished data from 86 studies across 65 localities to assess titi monkey (Callicebinae) terrestriality. We examined whether the frequency of terrestrial activity correlated with study duration (a proxy for sampling effort), rainfall level (a proxy for food availability seasonality), and forest height (a proxy for vertical niche dimension). Terrestrial activity was recorded frequently for Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but rarely for Cheracebus spp. Terrestrial resting, anti-predator behavior, geophagy, and playing frequencies in Callicebus and Plecturocebus spp., but feeding and moving differed. Callicebus spp. often ate or searched for new leaves terrestrially. Plecturocebus spp. descended primarily to ingest terrestrial invertebrates and soil. Study duration correlated positively and rainfall level negatively with terrestrial activity. Though differences in sampling effort and methods limited comparisons and interpretation, overall, titi monkeys commonly engaged in a variety of terrestrial activities. Terrestrial behavior in Callicebus and Plecturocebus capacities may bolster resistance to habitat fragmentation. However, it is uncertain if the low frequency of terrestriality recorded for Cheracebus spp. is a genus-specific trait associated with a more basal phylogenetic position, or because studies of this genus occurred in pristine habitats. Observations of terrestrial behavior increased with increasing sampling effort and decreasing food availability. Overall, we found a high frequency of terrestrial behavior in titi monkeys, unlike that observed in other pitheciids.

Callicebus is a Neotropical primate genus of the family Pitheciidae, which\ud 27 currently comprises 34 recognized species. Based on their morphological traits\ud 28 and geographic distribution, these species are currently assigned to five\ud groups: the C. moloch, C. cupreus, C. donacophilus, C. torquatus, and C.\ud 30 personatus groups, although in the past, alternative arrangements have been\ud 31 proposed based on the analysis of morphological data. The principal\ud 32 disagreements among these arrangements are related to the composition of the\ud 33 C. moloch group. In the present study, we tested the different taxonomic\ud proposals for the C. moloch group, based on the molecular analysis of nuclear\ud 35 markers (Alu insertions and flanking regions) and three mitochondrial genes\ud 36 (16S, COI and Cyt b), with a total of approximately 7 kb of DNA sequence\ud 37 data. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on maximum likelihood and\ud Bayesian inference methods indicated that the species of the current C.\ud 39 cupreus group should be reintegrated into the C. moloch group. In addition,\ud 40 our results corroborated previous studies suggesting that the species of the\ud 41 current C. personatus group form a distinct species group. We also observed a\ud 42 relatively subtle level of divergence between C. dubius and C. caligatus.\ud While the known diversity of Callicebus is considerable, these findings\ud 44 indicate that the relationships among groups and species may still not be\ud 45 completely understood, highlighting the need for further research into the\ud 46 biological, geographic and genetic variability of these primates, which will be\ud fundamental to the effective conservation of the genus

The squirrel monkey, Saimiri, is a pan-Amazonian Pleistocene radiation. We use statistical phylogeographic methods to create a mitochondrial DNA-based timetree for 118 squirrel monkey samples across 68 localities spanning all Amazonian centers of endemism, with the aim of better understanding (1) the effects of rivers as barriers to dispersal and distribution; (2) the area of origin for modern Saimiri; (3) whether ancestral Saimiri was a lowland lake-affiliated or an upland forest taxa; and (4) the effects of Pleistocene climate fluctuation on speciation. We also use our topology to help resolve current controversies in Saimiri taxonomy and species relationships. The RondÔnia and Inambari centers in the southern Amazon were recovered as the most likely areas of origin for Saimiri. The Amazon River proved a strong barrier to dispersal, and squirrel monkey expansion and diversification was rapid, with all speciation events estimated to occur between 1.4 and 0.6. Ma, predating the last three glacial maxima and eliminating climate extremes as the main driver of squirrel monkey speciation. Saimiri expansion was concentrated first in central and western Amazonia, which according to the "Young Amazon" hypothesis was just becoming available as floodplain habitat with the draining of the Amazon Lake. Squirrel monkeys also expanded and diversified east, both north and south of the Amazon, coincident with the formation of new rivers. This evolutionary history is most consistent with a Young Amazon Flooded Forest Taxa model, suggesting Saimiri has always maintained a lowland wetlands niche and was able to greatly expand its range with the transition from a lacustrine to a riverine system in Amazonia. Saimiri vanzolinii was recovered as the sister group to one clade of Saimiri ustus, discordant with the traditional Gothic vs. Roman morphological division of squirrel monkeys. We also found paraphyly within each of the currently recognized species: S. sciureus, S. ustus, and S. macrodon. We discuss evidence for taxonomic revision within the genus Saimiri, and the need for future work using nuclear markers. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.

Background: Titi monkeys, Callicebus, comprise the most species-rich primate genus—34 species are currently recognised, five of them described since 2005. The lack of molecular data for titi monkeys has meant that little is known of their phylogenetic relationships and divergence times. To clarify their evolutionary history, we assembled a large molecular dataset by sequencing 20 nuclear and two mitochondrial loci for 15 species, including representatives from all recognised species groups. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using concatenated maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, allowing us to evaluate the current taxonomic hypothesis for the genus.\ud \ud \ud Results: Our results show four distinct Callicebus clades, for the most part concordant with the currently recognised morphological species-groups — the torquatus group, the personatus group, the donacophilus group, and the moloch group. The cupreus and moloch groups are not monophyletic, and all species of the formerly recognized cupreus group are reassigned to the moloch group. Two of the major divergence events are dated to the Miocene. The torquatus group, the oldest radiation, diverged c. 11 Ma; and the Atlantic forest personatus group split from the ancestor of all donacophilus and moloch species at 9–8 Ma. There is little molecular evidence for the separation of Callicebus caligatus and C. dubius, and we suggest that C. dubius should be considered a junior synonym of a polymorphic C. caligatus.\ud \ud \ud Conclusions: Considering molecular, morphological and biogeographic evidence, we propose a new genus level taxonomy for titi monkeys: Cheracebus n. gen. in the Orinoco, Negro and upper Amazon basins (torquatus group), Callicebus Thomas, 1903, in the Atlantic Forest (personatus group), and Plecturocebus n. gen. in the Amazon basin and Chaco region (donacophilus and moloch groups).

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and the Amazonian forest biomes. Two specimens of this species were collected at Porto Velho, Rondonia, in anthropized areas near Governador Jorge Teixeira de Oliveira International Airport (08°43'60'' S, 63°53'60'' W, LAC, 5 October 2008) and in the Santo Antonio Furnas hydroelectric power plant area (08°48'35'' S, 63°57'13'' W, MRM, 11 November 2008, Figure 2). Specimens were identified according to the diagnosis presented by Caramaschi (2006), and are deposited in the anuran collection of the

We record for the first time the presence of Hypsiboas microderma in the state of Rondônia, and a new record in the state of Acre, Brazil. This treefrog is found throughout western Amazon in Brazil and no information about its distribution in Rondônia was reported previously

deira basin, State of Rondonia, located in the Southwest ern Amazon Biome, Brazil . This includes the first registered sighting of Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris within the State of Rondonia. We adopt the taxonomic guidelines of Lon nberg (1940) and consider the Cebuella pygmaea specimen collected from Lago Ipixuna (on the southern banks of the Rio Solimoes) with a white chest, belly, inner surface of forelegs and hindlegs, as a subspecies ( C. p. niveiventris). Hershkovitz (1977), on the other hand, argues that the color of the underparts in this specimen is an individual characteristic and varies locally in the C. pygmaea popula tion, and so does not justify the status of subspecies. Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris was previously thought to occur in the following locations: in Eastern Peru south of the Rio Maranon and east of the Rio Huallaga, and in the Brazilian state of Amazonas, south of the Rio Solimoes and west of the Rio Purus. Its geographical distribution was later found to include the interfluvium Purus-Madeira to the southern limits of the Rio Ipixuna (or Paranapixuna) by Roosmalen and Roosmalen (1997). The presence of C. p. niveiventris in northern Bolivia reported by Heltne et al. (1976), Izawa (1979), Izawa and Bejarano (1981) and Brown and Rumiz (1986) suggests its occurrence in the upper Rio Madeira basin, as well as the eastern part of the State of Acre including the upper reaches of the Rio Abuna, a tributary of the Rio Madeira, as argued by Rylands et al. (1993). Ferrari (1993, 1996) also suggested that it was likely to occur along the upper reaches of the Rio Madeira basin, as local residents had reported its presence near to the Serra dos Tres Irmaos Ecological Station in northwest ern Rondonia. In addition, according to Messias (2002, 2004), a total of 18 out of 66 interviewees living between the Santo Antonio rapids and the convergence of the Rio Abuna with the Rio Madeira confirmed the presence of Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris when shown a selection of photos of various neotropical mammal species.

Background Simian malaria is still an open question concerning the species of Plasmodium parasites and species of New World monkeys susceptible to the parasites. In addition, the lingering question as to whether these animals are reservoirs for human malaria might become important especially in a scenario of eradication of the disease. To aid in the answers to these questions, monkeys were surveyed for malaria parasite natural infection in the Amazonian state of Rondônia, Brazil, a state with intense environmental alterations due to human activities, which facilitated sampling of the animals. Methods Parasites were detected and identified in DNA from blood of monkeys, by PCR with primers for the 18S rRNA, CSP and MSP1 genes and sequencing of the amplified fragments. Multiplex PCR primers for the 18S rRNA genes were designed for the parasite species Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae/Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium. Results An overall infection rate of 10.9% was observed or 20 out 184 monkey specimens surveyed, mostly by P. brasilianum. However, four specimens of monkeys were found infected with P. falciparum, two of them doubly infected with P. brasilianum and P. falciparum. In addition, a species of monkey of the family Aotidae, Aotus nigriceps, is firstly reported here naturally infected with P. brasilianum. None of the monkeys surveyed was found infected with P. simium/P. vivax. Conclusion The rate of natural Plasmodium infection in monkeys in the Brazilian state of Rondônia is in line with previous surveys of simian malaria in the Amazon region. The fact that a monkey species was found that had not previously been described to harbour malaria parasites indicates that the list of monkey species susceptible to Plasmodium infection is yet to be completed. Furthermore, finding monkeys in the region infected with P. falciparum clearly indicates parasite transfer from humans to the animals. Whether this parasite can be transferred back to humans and how persistent the parasite is in monkeys in the wild so to be efficient reservoirs of the disease, is yet to be evaluated. Finding different species of monkeys infected with this parasite species suggests indeed that these animals can act as reservoirs of human malaria.