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α-Tocopherol is reported to activate the differentiation and fusion of osteoclast, however, it is not clear whether the excessive intake of vitamin E is a risk for osteoporosis. To investigate the effects of vitamin E and the dietary conditions on the osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast differentiation was evaluated using the bone marrow cells collected from mice fed various dietary conditions. Not only α-tocopherol but also γ-tocotrienol activated osteoclast differentiation in mice fed normal diet. Formation of large multinucleated cells was significantly increased by stimulation of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in mice fed vitamin E deficient diet and was suppressed by the addition of α-tocopherol. Furthermore, there was no effect on bone density and no difference in osteoclast differentiation from the bone marrow cells collected from mice fed a high-fat diet with 0 or 1,000 mg/kg diet of α-tocopherol and tocotrienol, respectively. These results suggest that different type of diet affect the activation of osteoclast by α-tocopherol.

Fatty acid (FA) compositions in tissues are related to metabolic disorders, and consequently the appropriate management of underlying FA compositions in tissues is considered to be important. However, the relationship among the serum lipid profiles, the FA composition of the red blood cell (RBC) membranes and genetic variations in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes in Japanese men is unclear. In this study, the subjects recruited were 137 Japanese men, 40 to 60 y old, who had a regular health checkup. Their serum lipid profile and the relative FA composition of the RBC membranes were measured. They were genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs174553, rs174546, rs99780 and rs174583 in FADS gene. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to detect the relationship among hyperlipidemia, the FA composition of the RBC and the FADS genotypes. As a result, the homozygous genotype for the minor alleles in rs174553, rs174546, rs99780 were found to be associated with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and a lower LDL-C/total-cholesterol ratio. The homozygous genotype for the minor alleles reduced the risk of high LDL-C level (R2=0.50, β=-0.20, p=0.009), whereas, the arachidonic acid (AA) levels in the carriers of the homozygous genotype for the minor alleles tended to be lower compared with the carriers of the major alleles. However, no significant differences were observed in any FA level among the three genotypes for four SNPs. These results indicate that the appropriate management of serum LDL-C levels depending on genetic predisposition in FADS genotypes should be encouraged.

The components bringing the effects of fish oil on glucose and lipid metabolism are unclear. We used hydrogenated fish oil, which has saturated fatty acids with the same carbon chain lengths as the unsaturated fatty acids in fish oil, to clarify the functions of these unsaturated fatty acids on the improvements in lipid and glucose metabolism in mice. Mice divided into 3 groups were fed different diets: fish oil diet (FO), hydrogenated fish oil diet (HFO), and soybean oil diet (SBO) as a control. Body weight gain and white adipose tissue weight in the HFO and FO groups were significantly decreased compared with those in the SBO group. However, in the HFO group, the triglyceride (TG) levels in plasma were significantly decreased, while the lipids levels in the liver were remarkably increased compared with those in the FO group. Regarding the fatty acid composition in the liver and white adipose tissue in the HFO group, in parallel with the up-regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 mRNA, relative amounts of C16 : 1 and C18 : 1 were significantly increased. By contrast, blood glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test had not deteriorated in the HFO group. Our results indicate that unsaturated fatty acids in the FO diet decrease lipid levels in the liver and maintain the balance of lipid levels in plasma, liver and white adipose tissue; in addition, in the HFO group, C16 : 1 and C18 : 1 synthesized in the liver and white adipose tissue may improve glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism.

本学看護学科3年次生に実施している実習前の演習に対して,自己効力感を高めるような演習をした。その演習終了後と成人看護学実習1クール終了日の2回に質問紙による調査をした。対象は,本学看護学科3年次生45名である。その結果,以下のことが明らかになった。1)臨地実習前演習の自己効力感は,「臨地実習前演習の自己効力感尺度」の因子分析より【対象理解】【他者との関係性の構築】【基礎知識の理解の必要性】【看護過程の理解】の4因子を抽出した。この中で,【対象理解】【他者との関係性の構築】の平均値が高かった。2)臨地実習前演習の自己効力感に影響を及ぼす因子は,その因子分析より【看護に関する能力】【強い不安】【グループワークの課題達成】【課題達成への要素】の4因子を抽出した。この中で【課題達成への要素】が代理体験として自己効力感に影響を及ぼす重要な要因であった。3)【対象理解】には,【課題達成への要素】である代理体験が重要であった。4)効果的な臨地実習前演習のあり方は,学生は【対象理解】をするという看護の本質を代理体験として演習の中で教員や友人の言動をみて学ぶことや友人の学ぶ姿を体験することであった。それは,学生が主体的に演習内容を決定し,教員はそのことを支持しつつ,モデルを示すことであった。今回の調査より,演習・実習後を通して自己効力感を高めることに視点をあてた演習は有効であると言えた。今後,更なる実習効果を目指して教育的な関わりの継続的な検討が示唆された。, Pre-practical-training exercises were conducted on third year students of nursing by the Department of Nursing, Kagoshima Immaculate Heart University with the intention of increasing self-efficacy. Survey questionnaires were administered on two occasions : after the completion of the exercises and on the last day of "Adult Nursing Practical Training I ." The respondents were 45 3 year students of the Department of Nursing. Survey Results are listed below. 1. Using factor analysis and a "pre-clinical-training-exercises self-efficacy scale," we extracted four factors for the self-efficacy of pre-clinical-training exercises. These were : "object understanding," "building relationships with other people," "the importance of understanding basic knowledge," and "understanding the nursing program." Of these, mean values were high for "object understanding" and "building relationships with other people." 2. Looking for primary factors that influence the self-efficacy of pre-clinical-training exercises, we used factor analysis to extract four factors : "nursing ability," "strong anxiety," "collaborative problem solving," and "elements for problem solving." Of these, "elements for problem solving" was a primary factor that used vicarious experience to influence self efficacy. 3. The vicarious experiences from "elements for problem solving" were important for "object understanding." 4. An effective pre-clinical-training exercise was students vicariously learning "Object understanding," the principles of nursing, by observing the behavior of instructors and friends in the exercises and observing them learn. Here, students independently determined exercise contents and the instructors acted as role models and assisted them. This survey demonstrated the efficacy of having conducted practical training exercises by focusing attention on exercises to increase self-efficacy. It suggested a future need for continued examination of the educational relationships in order to improve the effects of practical training.

1.入院の動機は,最期をゆったり過ごしたい,自分で決めた治療方針を貫きたい,家族に迷惑をかけたくないことであった。2.ホスピス入院中の思いは,時間的経過の流れの中でみたとき,3名が共通であり,病気の進行に伴って「病気発症と積極的治療」「治療効果が得られず揺れ動く」「ホスピスへの入院を決定」「ホスピスでの満足した生活」という4段階のプロセスがあった。それは,治療への期待,疾病の悪化に伴い揺らぐ自分,そしてホスピスを選択し今満足しているという思いであった。3.納得のいく治療への模索,自己選択した治療の遂行,ホスピスへの入院について自己の価値観に基づいて自己決定したことが,現在のホスピスでの満足した思いにつながっていた。4.3名とも,がん治療の経過で納得できない医療・体制について不満・不安を表出した。それは,患者中心の医療を望んでいるが現実にはできておらず,その人らしく生きることへの医療者の支援への願望であった。, 1. The patients chose hospital admission because they wanted their final days to be peaceful ; they wanted treatment plans of their own choice ; and they did not want to impose upon their families. 2. We saw three patients and asked about their thoughts when they were in hospice care. As their illnesses progressed they shared a four-step progression : disease onset and aggressive treatment, ineffective treatment and feelings starting to waver, the decision to enter a hospice, and life as a hospice patient. They spoke of their anticipation for medical treatment, their unsettled state as the disease worsened, their choice to enter a hospice, and their present satisfaction. 3. The patients' current satisfaction with the hospice was linked to their search for treatment with which they could agree, implementation of treatment that they themselves had selected, and their own values that were the basis for their personal decision to enter the hospice. 4. The three patients all expressed unhyappiness and anxiety about the medical care and the medical system that they were not happy about during the stages of cancer treatment. That is to say that although they wanted patient-centered medical care, they weren't quite getting it. The patients want support from medical providers in order to lead lives worthy of human beings.

本学看護学科3年次生に開講されているターミナルケアの授業を通して学生の死生観の変化を明らかにし今後の教育の方向性を模索することを目的に授業前後で質問紙による調査をした。対象は,本学看護学科3年次生,50名であり,期間は平成18年4月,7月の2回である。その結果,以下のことが明らかになった。1)死別体験,葬儀参列の体験が8～9割があり体験率は高いと言えた。2)死に対する態度の尺度,死生観尺度,死のイメージ尺度(SD法)の授業前後の比較では授業後が有意に高かった。このことから,授業は学生の死生観が肯定的に変化することに大きな意義を持っていたと考えられた。3)死別体験・葬儀参列の体験・看取り体験と各尺度との関連は一部を除いて有意差はなかった。このことから看護学生の死生観を形成する上でこれらの体験は大きな影響を及ぼしていないと考えられた。4)授業は,専門の講師からの講義や学生が自ら死について考えられるような教材であったが,授業後においても死を否定的に考える学生もいるので今後の授業内容の検討が必要であると考えられた。今回の調査より,ターミナルケアの授業は,学生の肯定的な死生観育成に大きな影響を及ぼしていた。しかし,授業後においても死を否定的に捉える学生はいるので,授業のあり方の継続的な検討が示唆された。, This study was conducted to determine changes in students' view of death after they have completed the course on terminal care for third year nursing students, so as to help us decide on how the course should be taught in the future. Fifty students were surveyed before and after the course in April and July of 2006. The study revealed the followings. 1) As high as between 80 and 90% of the students have had death in their family or attended a funeral. 2) The semantic differential scales on attitude toward death, view of death, and image of death were significantly higher after students completed the course, suggesting the lectures played an important role in the positive change on students' view of life-and-death. 3) The relevance of the experience of bereavement, funeral attendance, or seeing someone die on these scales was largely insignificant, indicating these experiences do not have any great influence on how a nursing student developed his or her view on death. 4) The course consisted of lectures by instructors specialized in this field and discussions among students about their own thoughts on death. The fact that some students still thought about death negatively after completing the course suggests that the contents of the course work should be reevaluated. The surveys revealed that the course on terminal care had a great impact on helping the students to develop a positive view on death. Nevertheless, the fact that some students continued to think of death negatively suggested there is still a need to reevaluate how the course has been taught.

We investigated whether oral administration of palmitoleate ameliorates disorders of lipid metabolism to clarify the effects of one of the components of fish oil. Lipid levels in the liver and plasma were significantly decreased by palmitoleate and by EPA administration. These results suggest that palmitoleate, in addition to EPA, plays a role in the regulation of lipid metabolism by fish oil.

Scope Resveratrol reportedly improves fatty liver. This study purposed to elucidate the effect of resveratrol on fatty liver in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet, and to investigate the role of liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). Methods and results C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups, receiving either a control diet, HF diet (50% fat), or HF supplemented with 0.2% resveratrol (HF + res) diet, for 8 weeks. Compared with the HF group, the HF + res group exhibited markedly attenuated fatty liver, and reduced lipid droplets (LDs) in hepatocytes. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that the most downregulated protein in the livers of the HF + res group was adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP), which is a major constituent of LDs and reflects lipid accumulation in cells. The HF + res group exhibited greatly increased numbers of CD68(+) Kupffer cells with phagocytic activity. Immunohistochemistry showed that several CD68(+) Kupffer cells were colocalized with ADFP immunoreaction in the HF + res group. Additionally, the HF + res group demonstrated markedly decreased TNF-alpha production, which confirmed by both liver mononuclear cells stimulated by LPS in vitro and in situ hybridization analysis, compared with the HF group. Conclusion Resveratrol ameliorated fatty liver and increased CD68-positive Kupffer cells with downregulating ADFP expression.

Resveratrol (RSV), 3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene, is known to have many beneficial physiological activities. We have synthesized several stilbene analogues and have reported that the hydroxyl group in the 4' position of RSV exhibited strong radical scavenging action. Using stilbene analogs, we investigated the structure of RSV to explain its protective effect against obesity and type 2 diabetes. All six analogs used in this study inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3-Hydroxy-trans stilbene (3(OH)ST), and 3,4'-dihydroxy-trans stilbene (3,4'(OH)2ST) increased glucose uptake and induced adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in C2C12 myotubes independently of insulin. An in vivo study using mice fed high-fat diets indicated that 3(OH)ST was more effective than RSV in improving insulin resistance. In conclusion, RSV and its derivatives, particularly 3(OH)ST, inhibited adipocyte differentiation and enhanced glucose uptake in the myotubes, resulting in a reduction of obesity and an improvement in glucose tolerance in vivo.