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Abstract The African buffalo, Syncerus caffer, is a key species in African ecosystems. Like other large herbivores, it plays a fundamental role in its habitat acting as an ecosystem engineer. Over the last few centuries, African buffalo populations have declined because of range contraction and demographic decline caused by direct or indirect human activities. In Mozambique, historically home to large buffalo herds, the combined effect of colonialism and subsequent civil wars has created a critical situation that urgently needs to be addressed. In this study, we focused on the analysis of genetic diversity of Syncerus caffer caffer populations from six areas of Mozambique. Using genome-wide SNPs obtained from ddRAD sequencing, we examined the population structure across the country, estimated gene flow between areas under conservation management, including national reserves, and assessed the inbreeding coefficients. Our results indicate that all studied populations of Syncerus caffer caffer are genetically depauperate, with a high level of inbreeding. Moreover, buffaloes in Mozambique present a significant population differentiation between southern and central areas. We found an unexpected genotype in the Gorongosa National Park, where buffaloes experienced a dramatic population size reduction, that shares a common ancestry with southern populations of Catuane and Namaacha. This could suggest the past occurrence of a connection between southern and central Mozambique and that the observed population structuring could reflect recent events of anthropogenic origin. All the populations analysed showed high levels of homozygosity, likely due to extensive inbreeding over the last few decades, which could have increased the frequency of recessive deleterious alleles. Improving the resilience of Syncerus caffer caffer in Mozambique is essential for preserving the ecosystem integrity. The most viable approach appears to be facilitating translocations and re-establishing connectivity between isolated herds. However, our results also highlight the importance of assessing intraspecific genetic diversity when considering interventions aimed at enhancing population viability such as selecting suitable source populations.

Abstract Background The presence of goats in the Canary Islands dates back to the late 1st millennium BC, which coincides with the colonization by the Amazigh settlers. However, the exact geographic origin of Canarian goats is uncertain since the Amazigh peoples were distributed over a wide spatial range. Nowadays, three Canarian breeds (Palmera, Majorera and Tinerfeña) are officially recognized, along with two distinct South and North Tinerfeña ecotypes, with the South Tinerfeña and Majorera goats thriving in arid and dry semi-desertic environments and the Palmera and North Tinerfeña goats are adapted to humid and temperate areas that are influenced by trade winds. Genotypes for 224 Canarian goats were generated using the Illumina Goat single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)50 BeadChip. By merging these data with the genotypes from 1007 individuals of African and Southern European ancestry, our aim was to ascertain the geographic origin of the Canarian goats and identify genes associated with adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Results The diversity indices of the Canarian breeds align with most of those of the analyzed local breeds from Africa and Europe, except for the Palmera goats that showed lower levels of genetic variation. The Canarian breeds demonstrate a significant genetic differentiation compared to other populations, which indicates a history of prolonged geographic isolation. Moreover, the phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that the ancestry of the Canarian goats is fundamentally North African rather than West African. The ADMIXTURE and the TreeMix analyses showed no evidence of gene flow between Canarian goats and other continental breeds. The analysis of runs of homozygosity (ROH) identified 13 ROH islands while the window-based FST method detected 25 genomic regions under selection. Major signals of selection were found on Capra hircus (CHI) chromosomes 6, 7, and 10 using various comparisons and methods. Conclusions This genome-wide analysis sheds new light on the evolutionary history of the four breeds that inhabit the Canary Islands. Our findings suggest a North African origin of the Canarian goats. In addition, within the genomic regions highlighted by the ROH and FST approaches, several genes related to body size and heat tolerance were identified.

ABSTRACT: Among Italian dairy cattle, the Holstein is the most reared breed for the production of Parmigiano Reggiano protected designation of origin cheese, which represents one of the most renowned products in the entire Italian dairy industry. In this work, we used a medium-density genome-wide data set consisting of 79,464 imputed SNPs to study the genetic structure of Italian Holstein breed, including the population reared in the area of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese production, and assessing its distinctiveness from the North American population. Multidimensional scaling and ADMIXTURE approaches were used to explore the genetic structure among populations. We also investigated putative genomic regions under selection among these 3 populations by combining 4 different statistical methods based either on allele frequencies (single marker and window-based) or extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH; standardized log-ratio of integrated EHH and cross-population EHH). The genetic structure results allowed us to clearly distinguish the 3 Holstein populations; however, the most remarkable difference was observed between Italian and North American stock. Selection signature analyses identified several significant SNPs falling within or closer to genes with known roles in several traits such as milk quality, resistance to disease, and fertility. In particular, a total of 22 genes related to milk production have been identified using the 2 allele frequency approaches. Among these, a convergent signal has been found in the VPS8 gene which resulted to be involved in milk traits, whereas other genes (CYP7B1, KSR2, C4A, LIPE, DCDC1, GPR20, and ST3GAL1) resulted to be associated with quantitative trait loci related to milk yield and composition in terms of fat and protein percentage. In contrast, a total of 7 genomic regions were identified combining the results of standardized log-ratio of integrated EHH and cross-population EHH. In these regions candidate genes for milk traits were also identified. Moreover, this was also confirmed by the enrichment analyses in which we found that the majority of the significantly enriched quantitative trait loci were linked to milk traits, whereas the gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis pointed to molecular functions and biological processes involved in AA transmembrane transport and methane metabolism pathway. This study provides information on the genetic structure of the examined populations, showing that they are distinguishable from each other. Furthermore, the selection signature analyses can be considered as a starting point for future studies in the identification of causal mutations and consequent implementation of more practical application.

Livestock European diffusion followed different human migration waves from the Fertile Crescent. In sheep, at least two diffusion waves have shaped the current breeds' biodiversity generating a complex genetic pattern composed by either primitive or fine-wool selected breeds. Among primitive breeds, aside from sharing common ancestral genomic components, they also show several traits such as the policeraty, large horns in the ram, short tail, and a moulting fleece, considered as ancestral. Although most of the primitive breeds characterized by these traits are confined on the very edge of Northern Europe, several residual populations are also scattered in the Mediterranean region. In fact, although in Italy a large number of local breeds are already extinct, others are listed as critically endangered, and among these there is the Quadricorna breed which is a four-horned sheep characterized by several ancestral traits. In this context we genotyped 47 individuals belonging to the Quadricorna sheep breed, a relict and endangered breed, from Central and Southern Italy. In doing so we used the Illumina OvineSNP50K array in order to explore its genetic diversity and to compare it with other 33 primitive traits-related, Mediterranean and Middle-East breeds, with the specific aim to reconstruct its origin. After retaining 35,680 SNPs following data filtering, the overall genomic architecture has been explored by using genetic diversity indices, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and admixture analysis, while the genetic relationships and migration events have been inferred using a neighbor-joining tree based on Reynolds' distances and by the maximum likelihood tree as implemented in treemix. Multiple convergent evidence from all our population genetics analyses, indicated that the two Quadricorna populations differ from all the other Italian breeds, while they resulted to be very close to the Middle Eastern and primitive European breeds. In addition, the genetic diversity indices highlighted values comparable with those of most of the other analyzed breeds, despite the two populations exhibit slightly different genetic indices suggesting different levels of genomic inbreeding and drift (FIS and FROH). The admixture analysis does not suggest any signal of recent gene exchange with other Italian local breeds, highlighting a rather ancestral purity of the two populations, while on the other hand the treemix analysis seems to suggest an ancient admixture with other primitive European breeds. Finally, all these evidences seem to trace back the residual Quadricorna sheep to an early Neolithic spread, probably following a Mediterranean route and that urgent conservation actions are needed in order to keep the breed and all related cultural products alive.