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Objective – To explore Croatian primipara mothers’ attitudes toward strict-authoritarian parenting style and to analyze if there are any maternal factors, more specifically age, education and place of residence that could be linked to mothers’ attitudes toward different statements reflecting abusive behavior toward children and statements reflecting safety behavior toward children. Materials and Methods – A cross-sectional study was carried out at the maternity ward of the Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Clinic for Women’s Diseases and Obstetrics in Zagreb, Croatia. A specially designed anonymous questionnaire served as a research tool for this study that included 284 Croatian primipara mothers. Results – This study showed that younger age, lower level of education and residence of mothers in less urbanized areas are related to more positive attitudes toward authoritarian parenting style and abusive behavior. Conclusion − The aforementioned group of mothers is one of the priority groups for conducting primary intervention for preventing child abuse. In this sense, primary prevention should be carried out with future parents before they have their own children so that they can understand the problem, gain the necessary knowledge, accept attitudes that disapprove of child abuse and behave in this way in their lives. The economic, social and moral support of the whole society is a significant factor in this matter.

The aim of the study is to determine patients’ knowledge and attitudes toward dental implants as a therapeutic option after tooth extraction and to examine the sources of information about dental implants and determine the most common barriers in deciding for this type of therapy. The cross-sectional study included 130 patients. An anonymous survey questionnaire was used to conduct the research. The survey questionnaire consists of a total of 17 multiple-choice questions. Respondents showed good knowledge of dental implants except for knowledge of dental implant duration where subjects mostly stated that a dental implant lasts a lifetime. For most respondents, the dentist is the main source of information related to dental implants. The cost of the procedure for most respondents is a major barrier in decision to install a dental implant, but most of them want to know more about dental implants. Statistically significant differences were observed in patients ‘knowledge in relation to age and level of education and patients’ attitudes in relation to gender, age, and level of education.

This study aimed to investigate factors associated with the symptoms of mental disorders following a road traffic crash (RTC). A prospective cohort of 200 people was followed for 6 months after experiencing an RTC. The cohort was comprised of uninjured survivors and injured victims with all levels of road traffic injury (RTI) severity. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between the symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety one and six months after the RTC, along with sociodemographic factors, health status before and after the RTC, factors related to the RTI and factors related to the RTC. The results showed associations of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with sociodemographic factors, factors related to the health status before and after the RTC and factors related to the RTC. Factors related to the RTI showed associations only with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Identifying factors associated with mental disorders following an RTC is essential for establishing screening of vulnerable individuals at risk of poor mental health outcomes after an RTC. All RTC survivors, regardless of their RTI status, should be screened for factors associated with mental disorders in order to successfully prevent them.

After tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge undergoes dimensional changes. Different bone regeneration biomaterials are used to reduce bone loss. The aim of this article was to systematically review the literature on the effect of injectable synthetic biomaterials and their advantages and disadvantages for new bone formation in the maxilla and mandible in animals and humans. A literature search was conducted in November 2020 via MEDLINE PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase. Of the 501 records screened, abstract analysis was performed on 49 articles, resulting in 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Animal studies have shown heterogeneity in terms of animal models, follow-up time, composition of the injectable biomaterial, and different outcome variables such as bone–implant contact, newly formed bone, and peri-implant bone density. Heterogeneity has also been demonstrated by human studies. The following outcomes were observed: newly formed bone, connective tissue, residual injectable bone graft substitute, radiographic density, residual bone height, and different follow-up periods. Further studies, especially in humans, based on the histological and biomechanical properties of the injectable delivery form, are needed to draw more concrete conclusions that will contribute to a better understanding of the benefits of this type of biomaterials and their role in bone regeneration.

Background and objective: Injectable synthetic bone grafts (ISBG) are widely used biomaterials for regeneration purposes. The aim of this case report was to examine the efficacy of ISBG in the management of buccal fenestration in the case of a 25-year-old female. Case report: After a traumatic tooth extraction, the defect was filled with ISBG and covered with a resorbable membrane. The ISBG showed easy handling and the patient had no complications during healing. Six months after augmentation, a bone biopsy was taken during implant bed preparation. The histological results showed good integration of ISBG into the newly formed bone and no signs of tissue inflammation. Additionally, a CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) analysis was performed to support the histological results. Conclusion: The use of the examined ISBG led to successful treatment of the buccal fenestration defect.

Background: Following tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge undergoes dimensional changes. Various biomaterials are used to reduce alveolar ridge volume loss following tooth extraction by stimulating new bone formation. Maxresorb® inject (Botiss Biomaterials GmbH, Germany) is a biphasic material composed of a water‐based gel with 60% HA and 40% β‐TCP. BioOss® (Geistlich Pharma AG, Switzerland) is a porous bone mineral matrix which is produced by removing all organic components from bovine bone. Aim/Hypothesis: This study aimed to examine the regenerative potential of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) (Maxresorb® inject), by assessing histological results of bone biopsy collected from healing sockets and comparing them to inorganic bovine bone (BioOss®), after a healing period of 6 months. Materials and Methods: The study is designed as a randomized controlled, two ‐ phase study. In the first phase, 30 patients that qualified for participation in the research were divided randomly into 2 groups of 15 individuals. The bone substitute materials were implanted in extraction sockets after teeth removal. The first group underwent tooth extractions and socket augmentation with Maxresorb® inject. In the other group socket preservation was performed using BioOss®. In both groups, the sockets were covered by native collagen membrane. After 6 months of healing, biopsy was harvested prior to implant placement for histological analysis. Histological sections were examined under the light microscope. Results: Preliminary results ‐ The preliminary histological analysis revealed remaining BCP particles in intimate contact with the newly formed bone in the case of Maxresorb® inject. Histological specimens of BioOss® observed under light microscope also showed incorporation of the hydroxyapatite particles into the newly mineralized bone. In both materials, there were no histological signs of tissue inflammation. Furthermore, both materials exhibited easy handling and patients had no complications during healing period. Conclusions and Clinical Implications: Although a small number of patients were treated, along with the preliminary nature of this study, histological findings indicate osteoconductive properties of both materials included in this study. However, additional research is required to obtain histological and clinical features of Maxresorb® inject and BioOss® regarding their osteoconductive properties.

The intima-media thickness (IMT) of carotid arteries is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis associated with risk factors for atherosclerosis and a predictor of vascular disease. The aim of the research was to determine the correlation of IMT and age, and above normal IMT values in healthy adults in Slavonia (eastern Croatia). The study included 275 subjects of both sexes, aged between 20 and 79, who had no clinical manifestations of vascular disease or presence of major risk factors for atherosclerosis (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking). Ultrasonic measurement of IMT in the B-mode was performed on far walls of the carotid arteries on both sides at three locations (common and internal carotid artery, carotid bifurcation). At all three sites of measurement a high correlation between the IMT values and age was found in both sexes, including the maximum for IMT of carotid bifurcation (men r=0.92, women 0.91). Upper normal values (75th percentile) IMT of common carotid arteries were determined for the ten year age groups. It is the same for both men and women in age groups both 20-29 and 30-39 (0.41, 0.46 mm). On the other hand, in age groups 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and 70-79 upper normal values for men are 0.57, 0.62, 0.77 and 0.96 mm, and for women 0.50, 0.57, 0.71 and 0.81 mm. Our study in healthy adults in Slavonia (eastern Croatia) established a clear con- nection between carotid IMT and age, which implies a need for taking the age as an essential factor into account when conducting researches that involve the IMT.

Purpose It is believed that a large number of factors influence feelings of stigma, but their relative contribution is not yet entirely clear. Most studies to date were conducted using the Epilepsy Stigma Scale (ESS); only one used a revised version of the ESS (rESS). The following study aims to determine factors contributing to epilepsy stigma in outpatients with chronic epilepsy in Croatia, and to analyze some psychometric properties of the Croatian translation of the rESS. Methods Alongside standard testing for validity of the scale, a simulation model of the original ESS (smESS) was created. This model, which does not include a grading Likert 0–3 scale, was compared with the rESS. Results In total, 159 out of 298 subjects (53%) reported feeling stigmatised, with 136 (45%) mild to moderately and 23 (8%) highly. Internal consistency of the Croatian translation of the rESS was 0.887. Feelings of stigma were significantly associated with age ≤50 years, younger age of epilepsy onset, more than 50 seizures to date, generalized tonic–clonic seizures, and a shorter seizure-free period. Multiple stepwise regression showed number of seizures to date as a significant variable (Beta=0.246). By adapting data into the smESS significant associations with younger age and age of epilepsy onset were lost. Internal consistency of the smESS was 0.849. Conclusions The Croatian translation of the rESS has been proved to be a suitable instrument for diagnosing epilepsy stigma. The results of our model point to the possibility that the rESS might be more sensitive than the original ESS.

Emotional disturbances in stroke patients may unfavorably affect the process of rehabilitation and longterm outcome of the disease. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of emotional disturbances and their characteristics in our stroke patients, according to hemispheric lateralization of cerebral lesion (as recorded by CT), patient sex and grade of neurological handicap (as assessed by Rankin scale). The study included 50 patients (29 men and 21 women, mean age 65.52 &plusmn ; ; 7.07 and 64.62 &plusmn ; ; 11.83 years, respectively) who had suffered ischemic stroke 3 weeks to 6 months before the study. The Crown-Crisp experience index which consists of six scales: scales of anxiety, phobia, obsession, somatization, depression and hysteria, were used for detection of emotional disturbances. Results showed a high prevalence of emotional disturbances in the study group. Depression was most common (36 of study patients), followed by generalized anxiety (n=29) and phobic disturbances (n=33). According to hemispheric lateralization of the cerebral lesion, a more intense emotional response was found in case of right hemispheric lesions, however, the difference was statistically significant only on the scale of somaticized anxiety (p

Bol je vrlo slo`en subjektivni do`ivljaj koji u sebi uklju~uje kognitivnu, emocionalnu i pona{ajnu sastavnicu. Na{a studija analizira iskustvo boli u posebnim okolnostima, u slu~ajevima ratnih ozljeda perifernoga `iv~anog sustava, zadobivenih u Domovinskom ratu. Sve su ozljede potvr|ene elektroneuromiografskim pretragama (EMNG). Ispitivali smo do`ivljaj boli nakon ranjavanja te ponovno desetak godina kasnije, nakon medicinskih zahvata i rehabilitacijskih programa. U drugom ispitivanju uklju~ili smo i procjenu funkcionalnoga stanja zdravlja. Studija uklju~uje 109 pacijenata prosje~ne dobi 41,85 godina (99 mu{karaca i 10 `ena). Za procjenu boli upotrijebili smo skra}enu formu McGillova upitnika (SF-MPQ) i broj~ano dopunjenu vizualno-analognu skalu (VAS), a za procjenu funkcionalnoga stanja zdravlja Coop/Wonca tablice. Rezultati pokazuju visoke ocjene ja~ine bolnoga do`ivljaja u oba ispitivanja, me|utim – o~ekivano – statisti~ki zna~ajno ja~om (p, Scientists as well as people in general agree that pain is a very complex experience which includes cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. In our study we have analyzed pain experience in the case of patients with injuries of the peripheral nervous system which occurred during the war in Croatia. All lesions were verified by EMNG diagnostics. We assessed pain experience shortly after the trauma and about ten years later after medical treatment and rehabilitation, when we also assessed the state of functional health. The study included 109 patients (99 men and 10 women), mean age 41.85 years. For the assessment of pain experience we used the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) and visual analogue scale (VAS). For functional health assessment we used Coop-Wonca charts. The results show a high intensity of pain experience in both examinations, but a significantly higher one (p < 0.01) in the first situation (after the trauma) than about ten years later. Results of the Coop-Wonca charts show moderate to severe difficulties in the physical, daily and social activities, and emotions. The patients' general health has mostly been assessed as severely damaged, and the pain as moderately high. Most of the patients have registered no changes in their health situation lately. Our study emphasizes again the importance of the psychological component in pain experience and the efforts for assessing pain in the process of rehabilitation., Schmerz ist ein ausnehmend komplexes subjektives Erlebnis, das aus einem kognitiven, einem emotionalen und einem verhaltensmäßigen Bestandteil aufgebaut ist. Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Erfahrung körperlichen Schmerzes unter besonderen Umständen, und zwar in Fällen von Verletzungen des peripheren Nervensystems, die sich die untersuchten Patienten im Verlauf des Kriegsgeschehens in Kroatien (1991–95) zugezogen haben. Alle Verletzungen wurden mittels EMNG-Untersuchungen nachgewiesen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurde das Schmerzempfinden erstmals unmittelbar nach der Verletzung sowie erneut zehn Jahre später, nach einer entsprechenden medizinischen Behandlung und der Teilnahme an einem RH-Programm geprüft. Die erneute Untersuchung umfasste auch eine Beurteilung der Funktionalität des Gesundheitszustandes. An der Untersuchung nahmen 109 Patienten (99 Männer und 10 weibliche Personen) im Durchschnittsalter von 41,85 und 9,06 Jahren teil. Zur Beurteilung des Schmerzempfindens wurden der McGill-Fragebogen in verkürzter Form (SF-MPQ) und eine zahlenmäßig erweiterte und visuell analoge Skala (VAS) angewandt, zur Beurteilung des Gesundheitszustandes die Tabellen nach Coop/Wonca. Die Ergebnisse beider Untersuchungen (unmittelbar nach der Verletzung und erneut zehn Jahre später) zeigen hohe Werte der Schmerzempfindung. Wie erwartet, wurde der Schmerz das erste Mal in allen seinen untersuchten Eigenschaften als weitaus stärker bewertet (p

Thirty-two male patients, mean age 34.1±7.1, Croatian soldiers from 1991-1992 war, suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosed on the basis of psychiatric examination and use of graduation scales DSM III and LASC-01, were included in the study. In order to identify possible organic disorders, the patients were submitted to neuropsychological testing, laboratory testing, and hemodynamic testing of cerebral hemodynamics by the method of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD), and analysis of risk factors for cerebrovascular disease related to an unhealthy lifestyle. Neuropsychological examination showed mental deterioration which surpassed the allowable level in 21, impaired memory in 19, and significant mnestic control disorders in 30 and confabulation in 15 patients, while other tests pointed to an organic basis of the mental abnormalities observed (attention, visuomotor co-ordination). Laboratory analysis pointed to the following disturbances: elevated blood glucose in 3, cholesterol in 7 and triglycerides in 10 patients; decreased HDL in 10 and increased LDL in 6 patients; increased white blood cell count in 16 and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate in 5 patients. TCD analysis revealed functional impairments of cerebral circulation in 16 patients, i.e. vasospasm in 11 and hypoperfusion in 5 patients. A significant presence of unhealthy lifestyle indicators was recorded, i.e. smoking in 30, alcoholism in 15, and physical inactivity and overweight in 10 patients each. Study results confirmed the correlation of mental and physical mechanisms in the occurrence of PTSD as well as the presence of organic indicators of the nervous system lesions, and psychosomatic and organic damage to other body systems. This small, uncontrolled pilot study suggested the need of a complex approach to patients with PTSD., Studijom su bila obuhvaćena 32 bolesnika, hrvatski branitelji iz Domovinskog rata 1991./1992., s dijagnozom posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja (PTSP) postavljenom psihijatrijskim pregledom i primjenom ocjenskih ljestvica DSM III. i LASC-01. Svu su ispitanici bili muškog spola, srednje dobi 34,1±7.1 godina. Radi otkrivanja mogućih organskih poremećaja ispitanici su podvrgnuti neuropsihologijskim i laboratorijskim pretragama, hemodinamskom ispitivanju moždanog krvotoka metodom transkranijske doplerske sonografije (TCD) te analizi čimbenika rizika za cerebrovaskularnu bolest, koji se odnose na nezdrav način života. Neuropsihologijskim ispitivanjem nađena je mentalna deterioracija koja je prelazila dozvoljenu razinu u čak 21 bolesnika, oštećenje pamćenja u 19, značajne smetnje mnestičke kontrole u 30 te sklonost konfabuliranju u 15 bolesnika. Ostale su pretrage ukazivale na organsku podlogu zabilježenih mentalnih abnormalnosti (pozornost, vizuomotorna koordinacija). Laboratorijske pretrage ukazale su na sljedeće poremećaje: povišenu glukozu u krvi u 3, povišen kolesterol u 7, povišene trigliceride u 10, snižen HDL u 10, povišen LDL u 6, povišene leukocite u 16 i povišenu sedimentaciju eritrocita u 5 bolesnika. Analiza TCD pokazala je funkcionalne promjene moždane cirkulacije u 16 bolesnika (vazospazam u 11, a hipoperfuziju u 5 bolesnika). Zabilježen je značajan udjel pokazatelja nezdravog načina života: pušenje u 30, prekomjerne uporabe alkohola u 15, smanjene tjelesne aktivnosti u 10 te prekomjerne tjelesne težine u 10 bolesnika. Ispitivanje je potvrdilo povezanost psihičkih i tjelesnih mehanizama u nastanku sindroma PTSP-a, ali i prisutnost organskih pokazatelja oštećenja živčanog sustava te psihosomatskih i organskih oštećenja drugih tjelesnih sustava. Ova mala, nekontrolirana pokusna studija ukazala je na potrebu stalnog praćenja navedenih parametara, kao i multidisciplinarnog pristupa bolesniku s PTSP-om.

Provedeno je ispitivanje 75 bolesnika liječenih na Klinici za neurologiju i Odjelu za neurokirurgiju Kliničke bolnice Osijek kod kojih je CT pregledom potvrđena sumnja na cerebralnu hemoragiju. U kliničkoj slici 42 bolesnika imala su pri prijamu očevidan blaži neurološki ispad (parezu), a 31 bolesnik teški ispad (plegiju). Stanje poremećene svijesti bilo je kod 41 bolesnika. CT pregled učinjen je prosječno nakon 3,1 dana liječenja. Prosječno liječenje na Klinici za neurologiju trajalo je 19 dana. Ishod liječenja u 40 (53%) bolesnika bio je pozitivan u smislu preživljavanja, a u 22 (30%) letalan. Od 13 (17,3%) bolesnika liječenih na Odjelu neurokirurgiju 8 (10,6%) je preživjelo, a 5 (6,6%) je preminulo., There were 75 patients with the CT finding of cerebral hemorrhage, treated at the Clinic of Neurology and at the Department of Neurosurgery, Osijek Clinical Hospital. The clinical examination upon their admittance to the Hospital showed that 42 patients had a minor neurological disorder (paresis) whereas 31 patients had a major disorder (plegia). In 41 patients the state of consciousness was altered. CT evaluation of the patients was performed on the third day upon admission to the hospital. The average duration of hospitalization of those patients at the Clinic of Neurology was 19 days. Out of 62 patients treated at the Clinic of Neurology, 40 (53.3%) survived, and 22 (29.3%) died. Out of 13 patients treated at the Department of Neurosurgery, 8 (10.7%) survived and 5 (6.7%) died.

Autori su u svom radu izučili trogodišnji materijal, tj. bolesnice i bolesnike liječene u vremenskom razdoblju od 1991. do 1993. godine na Odjelu za neurologiju Kliničke bolnice Osijek. Obrađivana je selekcionirana skupina od 91 bolesnika sa primarnim ili metastatskim tumorima SŽS. Izdvojeno je 11 (12%) bolesnika sa tumorom mozga, koji su pokazivali kliničke karakteristike cerebrovaskularnog udara. Naime, radilo se o bolesnicima koji su razvili promptnu simptomatologiju CVI (razvoj žarišnih simptoma unutar 24 sata)., The paper presents the cases treated at the Department of Neurology of the Osijek Clinical Hospital in the three-tear period between 1991 and 1993. A selected group of 91 patients with primary or metastatic CNS tumours have been analyzed. Eleven patients (12%) with brain tumour, showing clinical signs of cerebrovascular accident have been singled out, i.e. the patients who developed prompt stroke symptomatology (occurrence of the focal symptoms within 24 hours).