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Identifying as a regular exerciser has been found to effectively alter stereotypes related to warmth and competence for adults with a physical disability; however, it remains unclear how sport participation can influence this trend. Therefore, this study aimed to examine warmth and competence perceptions of adults with a physical disability portrayed as elite and nonelite athletes relative to other athletic and nonathletic subgroups of adults with and without a physical disability in the context of the stereotype content model. Using survey data from able-bodied participants (N = 302), cluster analyses were applied to a behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes map for displaying the intersection of warmth and competence perceptions. The results demonstrated that adults with a physical disability who are described as elite athletes (i.e., Paralympians) are clustered with high warmth and high competence, similar to their able-bodied athletic counterparts (i.e., Olympians). The findings suggest that perceiving athletic and elite sport statuses for adults with a physical disability may counter the stereotypes commonly applied to this group.

Few individuals maintain their exercise levels post-cardiac rehabilitation. The objective of this study was to explore factors related to exercise maintenance post-cardiac rehabilitation. Participa...

Health information can be presented in different formats, such as a statistically-based or a story-based (e.g. narrative) format; however, there is no consensus on the ideal way to present screening information. This systematic review summarizes the literature pertaining to narrative interventions’ efficacy at changing screening behaviour and its determinants. Five psychology and public health databases were searched; 19 studies, 18 focused on cancer and 1 on sexual health, met eligibility criteria. There is consistent evidence supporting the efficacy of narratives, but mixed evidence supporting an advantage for narratives over statistical interventions for screening behaviour and its determinants. Further investigation is warranted.

Objective To test a model of Social Cognitive Theory variables for predicting participation in higher versus lower levels of parasport competition. Information on modifiable factors associated with parasport competition would help parasport coaches and organizations transition recreational and developmental-level athletes to more competitive streams of participation. Design Cross-sectional survey. Method Participants were 95 parasport athletes with physical disabilities that cause mobility impairment (74% male; mean age = 34.36 ± 12.41). Measures of Social Cognitive Theory constructs were assessed via online questionnaires. Path analysis was used to test the proposed model. Results The model explained 12% of the variance in level of sport participation. Peer support for sport was a significant predictor of self-regulatory efficacy (β = .22, p .05). Discussion Social Cognitive Theory provides a reasonable basis for formulating a model of psychosocial factors related to parasport competitive status. Other relevant factors should be taken into consideration in subsequent studies. Parasport coaches and organizations may benefit from leveraging peer support to help bolster athletes' self-regulatory efficacy to levels conducive to participation in higher competitive sport streams.

Background How people respond to the stories people tell matters. Past research demonstrates that there are varied responses to the narratives individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) use. Yet, no research has explored how peer athlete mentors with SCI respond to their mentees' stories about sport participation that are framed in different disability narratives. Purpose To explore how peer athlete mentors respond to four mentees' vignettes representing various attitudes towards adapted sport. Methods Thirteen peer athlete mentors discussed these vignettes in hour-long interviews; their responses were analysed using a dual narrative analysis. Results Peer athlete mentors tailored their responses to each individual vignette. Specifically, responses to the most open vignettes were tailored to the mentees' disability narratives and provided a variety of resources and sport information. This type of response to mentees' stories can support and validate these mentees' experiences and increase the likelihood that mentees will try sport. In contrast, peer athlete mentors' responses to the heavily resistant vignettes contained limited information about sport. These responses also challenged the mentees' disability narratives. These types of responses may be counter-productive as they invalidate the mentees' experiences with sport and SCI and may further deter sport participation. Conclusion While peer athlete mentors tailored the information they would provide to mentees who use different disability narratives, they expressed difficulties responding to the heavily resistant narrative. Future peer athlete mentor training should address this difficulty by providing practice around how to communicate with individuals expressing resistant narratives.

This chapter discusses three general issues that are important to consider when formulating physical activity communications for people with disabilities: benefits, barriers, and readiness to receive information. When communicating to people with disabilities, it may also be important to consider the person's readiness to receive physical activity information. However, people with disabilities are still largely overlooked and excluded from physical activity-promoting initiatives. Moreover, research that addresses how to communicate and implement the results of physical activity-promoting research into disability communities is lacking. The chapter discusses what is known about physical activity communication to people with disabilities by using a framework developed to translate health-related research findings into action. It uses principles of knowledge translation to organize and present what is currently known about physical activity communications for people with physical disabilities. Relatively little research has been conducted in this area.

Objective: Milk and milk products provide important nutrients and have been associated with numerous health benefits in addition to bone health, including a healthy weight and a reduction of risk for certain conditions such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. Nonetheless, consumption of milk and milk products has declined over the past two decades. A qualitative investigation of men’s and women’s outcome expectancies for, and facilitators and barriers to, consuming milk and milk products is an essential first step for the creation of theory-based messages for the consumption of milk and milk products. Design: Qualitative group interview study. Setting: Research was conducted at community centres in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. Method: We undertook eight in-depth qualitative group interviews. Separate groups were conducted for men ( n = 20, Mage = 42 ± 6) and women ( n = 20, Mage = 38 ± 7) and adequate (≥2 servings/day) and under-consumers (Results: Perception of contamination of milk and milk products was one of the most common barriers. Consuming milk and milk products as part of a routine and making plans to consume milk and combining milk and milk products with other foods emerged as common strategies from ensuring adequate consumption. Within these themes, gender differences were apparent. Conclusion: Messages promoting milk and milk product consumption should target consumers’ beliefs about the benefits of milk products and provide strategies for increasing their consumption.

Individuals with acquired physical disabilities report lower levels of athletic identity. The objective of this study was to further explore why athletic identity may be lost or (re)developed after acquiring a physical disability. Seven women and four men (range = 28–60 years) participated in approximately 1-hour-long semi-structured interviews; data were subjected to a narrative analysis. The structural analysis revealed three narrative types. The nonathlete narrative described physical changes in the body as reasons for diminished athletic identity. The athlete as a future self primarily focused on present sport behavior and performance goals such that behavior changes diminished athletic identity. The present self as athlete narrative type focused on the aspects of their present sport involvement, such as feedback from other athletes and skill development, which supported their athletic identity. Implications of these narrative types with respect to sport promotion among people with acquired physical disabilities are discussed.

Few individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) engage in the recommended amount of leisure time physical activity (LTPA). Yet little is known about how, and why, active individuals engage in specific types of LTPA. This study explored how a unique narrative environment and disability narratives motivated individuals with SCI to engage in LTPA.Fourteen individuals with SCI from a physical activity program participated in approximately hour-long interviews. Interviews were then subjected to a narrative analysis.Individuals who used a restitution narrative (n = 6) were motivated to engage in functional LTPA because of the desire to maintain the body and restore the past self. The individual who used the chaos narrative (n = 1) preferred solitary LTPA as exposure to others with SCI was a constant reminder of the lost, pre-injury self. Individuals who used a quest narrative (n = 7) explored LTPA options that fit with their interests; these individuals were open to new types of LTPA, such as sport and outdoor recreation.The plot of three disability narratives can all motivate the pursuit of LTPA; however, not all types of LTPA are seen as equal. LTPA interventions can be enhanced through the lessons learned from this unique type of environment.Despite individuals' views about their disability, they can still be motivated to engage in routine LTPA. Different theoretical determinants, such as health or social benefits, hold different relevance for LTPA among individuals with differing disability narratives. The environment provided by practitioners can therefore elicit some stories of SCI while stifling others. Open narrative environment will attract individuals to listen and maintain involvement in LTPA.

The purpose of this study was to examine the preferred sources and methods for acquiring physical activity information of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) using the Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking. A secondary objective was to explore the barriers and facilitators to physical activity information seeking.Twenty-one participants diagnosed with MS participated in focus groups or telephone interviews.A direct content analysis of the transcripts revealed that individuals appeared to generally prefer receiving physical activity information during period of relapse and remission. Participants also had positive beliefs toward physical activity and a clear preference for a time when physical activity messages would be relevant. Receiving physical activity information from credible sources such as the MS Society of Canada, healthcare professionals and peers with MS was also deemed important. The Internet was a preferred source to receive information due to its accessibility, but it often was considered to lack credibility. The lack of physical activity information specific to MS is the greatest barrier for individuals with MS to learn about physical activity.Healthcare professionals, National MS Societies, and peers should work together to deliver specific and relevant physical activity messages the MS population.People with MS want more physical activity information from credible sources. Multiple vehicles of physical activity information delivery (i.e. healthcare providers, peers, MS Society) should be utilized. Physical activity information should be tailored to the individual with MS.

Transcription is central to qualitative research in sport and exercise psychology; voice recognition software offers one way to enhance the process. The objective of this paper is to critically discuss its use within narrative analysis and disability studies research in sport and exercise psychology. The way in which one transcribes with the software enables a deeper understanding of the data and allows the user to more readily make memos during transcription. Furthermore, the software can speed transcription and make the process less physically taxing. Additional technical advantages and disadvantages are also presented.

The objective of this review was to summarize the literature supporting narrative interventions that target health-promoting behaviours. Eligible articles were English-language peer-reviewed studies that quantitatively reported the results of a narrative intervention targeting health-promoting behaviours or theoretical determinants of behaviour. Five public health and psychology databases were searched. A total of 52 studies met inclusion criteria. In all, 14 studies found positive changes in health-promoting behaviours after exposure to a narrative intervention. The results for the changes in theoretical determinants were mixed. While narrative appears to be a promising intervention strategy, more research is needed to determine how and when to use these interventions.

Objective The study had two objectives 1) to test the fit of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model for sport participation among individuals with acquired physical disabilities and 2) to estimate the extent to which athletic identity predicts intentions to engage in sport within the context of HAPA. Design Prospective cohort of 82 women and 19 men with acquired permanent disabilities ( M age = 44.0; M years post-injury = 16.2; % in sport = 61.7%). Method All HAPA indicators and athletic identity were assessed at baseline and sport participation was assessed using the Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Spinal Cord Injury two weeks later. Structural equation modelling was used to test the HAPA model. Results The HAPA constructs explained 15% of the variance in sport participation and 18% of the variance when athletic identity was added to the model. Instrumental ( β = .21), affective ( β = .15), and negative outcome expectancies ( β = −.20) were significant predictors of intentions to participate in sport, as was athletic identity ( β = .25). Intentions to participate in sport significantly predicted planning ( β = .54) yet there was no direct relationship between planning and sport participation ( β = −.008; p > .05). When the relationship between planning and maintenance self-efficacy was reversed, planning had a significant indirect effect on sport participation through maintenance self-efficacy ( β = .33). Conclusion The HAPA model is a good predictive model for sport participation among those with acquired physical disabilities; furthermore, athletic identity accounts for additional variance in sport participation. These constructs can be valuable components of sport promotion programs for this population.

Secondary cross-sectional analyses of a cohort. To examine seasonal variation in total moderate-to-vigorous leisure-time physical activity (MV-LTPA), exercise and sport participation in a cohort of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Community (Ontario, Canada). Participants with SCI (n=695) completed telephone interviews regarding their involvement in MV-LTPA along with social cognitive predictors of MV-LTPA. Logistic regression was used to predict the impact of season on participation in MV-LTPA, exercise and sport. Hierarchical linear regression was used to examine seasonal variation in min per day of MV-LTPA in the active sub-cohort (n=342) with a specific focus on exercise (for example, wheeling), and sport (for example, sledge hockey). Logistic regressions revealed that season did not predict whether participants engaged in MV-LTPA, exercise or sport. Linear regressions revealed that individuals in the active sub-cohort who completed the questionnaire during the winter reported engaging in less MV-LTPA than those who were interviewed in summer (βsummer=0.14, P

In this paper, we tell the story of how our research programme – primarily focused on using quantitative research methods to promote physical activity among people with spinal cord injury – has been shaped by our foray into qualitative research. Telling our story is meant to foster discussion about the value of integrating qualitative approaches into a predominantly quantitative research programme and to highlight areas where we, quantitative behavioural scientists, need to know more about qualitative research traditions.

RÉSUMÉL’activité physique a des répercussions positives sur la santé des ainés. Toutefois, notre compréhension des facteurs qui influencent l’activité physique pour les résidents en soins de longue durée est limitée. Des résidents, des personnes significatives et des employés de neuf établissements de longue durée ont participé à des groupes de discussion (focus group). L’analyse de ces groupes de discussion révèle trois thèmes majeurs reflétant des facteurs qui semblent mitiger l’activité physique : 1) appui inadéquat pour l’activité physique; 2) routines institutionnelles omniprésentes; et 3) l’environnement physique. Tous les participants considèrent que l’activité physique est un facteur important pour préserver la santé. Des facteurs individuels, structuraux et environnementaux ont un impact sur la quantité et la qualité de l’activité physique accessible aux résidents. Ces résultats confirment le besoin de développer des stratégies pratiques et des moyens pour modifier les barrières et ancrer l’activité physique dans les soins de longue durée.

Driving is a key factor in maintaining autonomy and participation in life. Occupational therapists (OTs) are expected to assess individuals who want to resume driving post stroke and to provide retraining where appropriate. Research from the 1980s and 1990s indicated that patients were, for the most part, not being assessed and retrained. However, little is known about current practice management. Thus, this study examined clinicians' management of driving-related issues when treating clients with stroke.We performed a Canadawide telephone survey of 480 OTs providing stroke rehabilitation in both inpatient rehabilitation and community-based settings. Clinicians reported on problems they noted and assessments and interventions they would provide for a "typical patient" described in a vignette that matched their work setting.20% and 34% of clinicians responding to the inpatient rehabilitation and community-based vignettes, respectively, identified return to driving as a problem. Clinician and work environment variables significantly associated (P.01) with identifying driving as a potential problem included being male, involvement in university teaching, research conducted in setting, and hosting student placements. The use of driving-specific assessments was under 12%. Less than 6% of clinicians offered driving retraining, and their desired use of retraining was low.Few clinicians identified driving as a problem post stoke, raising concern that patients attempt to drive on their own or never resume driving because of a lack of attention to driving during their rehabilitation. Poststroke driver assessment and retraining is a critical component of poststroke community reintegration that requires greater awareness by clinicians.

Perrier M-J, Korner-Bitensky N, Mayo NE. Patient factors associated with return to driving poststroke: findings from a multicenter cohort study. Objective To estimate the extent to which body structure, function, activity, and context explain driving resumption at 1 year. Design Cohort study with relationships modeled in a path analysis. Setting Three urban Canadian communities. Participants Patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke who had driven before their stroke (n=290) who participated in a longitudinal study of stroke outcomes. Main Outcome Measures Driving resumption 1 year after the initial stroke diagnosis. Results One hundred seventy-seven patients (61%) returned to driving after 1 year. Direct relationships were found between measures of strength and motor activity (Stroke Impact Scale), cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination), type of stroke (hemorrhagic vs ischemic), and driving resumption at 1 year. The effects of stroke severity, fatigue, and sex on driving resumption were mediated through strength and motor activity shown by a model that had excellent fit (comparative fit index=.985, Tucker-Lewis Index=.952, root mean square error of approximation=.046). Conclusions There are multiple direct and indirect influences on driving resumption at 1 year, from the type of stroke, physical strength and motor activity, cognition, sex, and fatigue measured at 3 months. The paths outlined by this model highlight how stroke sequelae influence community mobility, as well as factors related to driving resumption that are amenable to intervention.

Despite the high international prevalence of impairment, the increasing popularity of disability sport events (e.g., Paralympics), disabled people being largely inactive, and organizations such as the Applied Association of Sport Psychology (AASP) and the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) aiming to promote diversity and social responsibility in research, until recently, people with a disability have largely been neglected within sport psychology. In this chapter, we offer a partial review of disability sport research. Some thoughts about research directions scholars might travel in the future are also offered.

To identify psychosocial factors which explain lower levels of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) who are ambulatory relative to those who use manual wheelchairs.For the quantitative study component, 347 adults with SCI (78% male; M age = 47.7) completed baseline measures of LTPA attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions. Six months later, LTPA was assessed. The qualitative component involved semi-structured interviews with six ambulant adults with SCI (five male, M age = 52.8) addressing LTPA experiences with an emphasis on barriers and facilitators.Ambulatory individuals had poorer attitudes towards LTPA than chair users (p = 0.004). Their attitudes had significant indirect effects on LTPA, through intentions. Perceived behavioural control was a significant negative predictor of LTPA. Qualitative analysis revealed three themes: an underestimated disability, low wheelchair skill self-efficacy and experiencing chronic pain.Poorer attitudes towards LTPA may partially explain why ambulatory individuals are less active. The qualitative and quantitative data suggest ambulators are an often-overlooked subgroup in need of targeted resources to enhance their attitudes, wheelchair skill self-efficacy and awareness of LTPA opportunities. Implications for Rehabilitation Rehabilitation practitioners must be sensitive to the unique needs of spinal cord injured individuals who are ambulatory, and tailor physical activity promotional strategies to suit the needs of this distinct group. Lack of wheelchair skills is a participation barrier for ambulators; ambulators should be introduced to activities that do not require wheelchair use, such as swimming, hand-cycling and adapted forms of circuit training. Strategies that encourage wheelchair skill development in non-wheelchair using ambulators, may increase physical activity opportunities for this segment of the spinal injured population.

There is a growing amount of sport psychological research that examines disability and sport. It is, however, extremely rare that this work explicitly adopts and promotes a critical approach. This chapter addresses this absence by first connecting sport psychology with Critical disability studies (CDS) and, second, by highlighting the potential of the Social Relational Model (SRM) for developing a critical study of the Psychology of Disability, sport, and physical activity. The chapter concludes with a series of future directions for continued critical work on the topic of disability, sport, and physical activity. Sport psychological research on disability, either knowingly or unknowingly, has often been framed by a medical model understanding of disabled people. The chapter encourages the sport psychologists not just to think more critically about and with disability, but also to cross into other fields and consider, with a critical reflexive attitude, connecting with various ideas that can expand how people understand disability sport.

Despite numerous physical, social, and mental health benefits of engaging in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activities (e.g., sport), few individuals with acquired physical disabilities currently participate in adapted sport. Theory-based sport promotion interventions are one possible way to increase the amount of individuals who engage in sport.The primary objective of this study was to examine the profiles of three different sport participation groups with respect to demographic, injury, and Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) constructs.ANOVAs and Chi-square tests were used to determine group differences on demographic and disability-related constructs. A MANCOVA was conducted to determine differences between three sport participation groups (non-intenders, intenders, and actors) with age, years post-injury, mode of mobility, and sex included as covariates.A cohort of 201 individuals was recruited; 56 (27.9%) were non-intenders, 21 (10.4%) were intenders, and 124 (61.7%) were actors. The MANCOVA revealed significant differences between groups on the HAPA constructs, F(22,370) = 9.02, p.0001, Pillai's trace = .70, demonstrating that individuals with acquired physical disabilities will rate important health behavior constructs differently based on their sport intentions.These results provide an important framework that adapted sport organizations can use to tailor their sport promotion programs.

Background: Stroke impacts the domains known to be important for driving and is a primary condition for driving evaluation referrals. Given the high prevalence of stroke, the objective was to summarize the evidence regarding risk of crashes and traffic citations post stroke.Methods: A structured review of six databases was conducted to retrieve studies that included stroke as a separate exposure from other disorders and measured crashes or traffic citations as an outcome.Results: Four cohort and three case-control studies met the inclusion criteria. Five of the seven studies found increased odds or risk ratios ranging from 1.9 to 7.7, while two found an association of 0.8. Only one result was statistically significant (RR = 2.7). One study examined the outcome traffic citations and found no significant association.Conclusion: There is cause for concern regarding increased risk of crashes post stroke. Future studies that examine the impact of stroke severity and sequelae will help health professionals, families, and those with stroke make informed decisions regarding driving post stroke. This review indicates that drivers with stroke have an increased risk of crashing compared to their counterparts without stroke, as demonstrated by increased risk estimates in five out of the seven studies that have examined this issue. This review also points to an urgent need for rigorous studies investigating the risk of crashes according to specific stroke sequelae: an understanding of crash risk based on stroke severity, impairments, and function will assist clinicians in making informed decisions regarding the need for comprehensive driving evaluation and the potential for driver retraining for specific subgroups. Language: en

Background: Few validated guidelines exist for developing messages in health promotion practice. In clinical practice, the Appraisal of Guidelines, Research, and Evaluation II (AGREE II) Instrument is the international gold standard for guideline assessment, development, and reporting. In a case study format, this paper describes the application of the AGREE II principles to guide the development of health promotion guidelines for constructing messages to supplement the new Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines (CPAG) released in 2011. Methods: The AGREE II items were modified to suit the objectives of developing messages that (1) clarify key components of the new CPAG and (2) motivate Canadians to meet the CPAG. The adapted AGREE II Instrument was used as a systematic guide for the recommendation development process. Over a two-day meeting, five workgroups (one for each CPAG – child, youth, adult, older adult – and one overarching group) of five to six experts (including behavior change, messaging, and exercise physiology researchers, key stakeholders, and end users) reviewed and discussed evidence for creating and targeting messages to supplement the new CPAG. Recommendations were summarized and reviewed by workgroup experts. The recommendations were pilot tested among end users and then finalized by the workgroup. Results: The AGREE II was a useful tool in guiding the development of evidence-based specific recommendations for constructing and disseminating messages that supplement and increase awareness of the new CPAG (child, youth, adults, and older adults). The process also led to the development of sample messages and provision of a rationale alongside the recommendations. Conclusions: To our knowledge, these are the first set of evidence-informed recommendations for constructing and disseminating messages supplementing physical activity guidelines. This project also represents the first application of international standards for guideline development (i.e., AGREE II) to the creation of practical recommendations specifically aimed to inform health promotion and public health practice. The messaging recommendations have the potential to increase the public health impact of evidence-based guidelines.