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International audience; Current demand for more environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable farming practices requires multicriteria assessment of innovative agricultural systems to help enhance cropping systems. We assessed the sustainability of 11 systems intended to substantially reduce inputs, especially pesticides, to viticulture systems. Pesticide use was reduced using three methods: (i) technical (e.g., essential oils instead of some copper use, 100 % soil covering applied); (ii) organizational (e.g., new spraying decision rules, decision aid tools); and (iii) redesign of the entire system (e.g., resistant grape varieties planted). Sustainable performance of the new lowinput vine systems (NLIVS) was assessed over 6 years (2013-2018) based on 25 indicators. They covered all aspects of system sustainability: environmental, agronomic, economic, and social. This included the evaluation of human capital and the quality of the wines produced. The results showed that it is possible to combine good environmental performance, such as reducing treatment frequency by up to 89 %, with good agronomic and wine quality performances. The socioeconomic performance of these NLIVS was more moderate. Nonetheless, the results demonstrated that the NLIVS are sustainable according to many diversified indicators. NLIVS are also resilient, as shown by the consistent sustainability results over six consecutive years. They are a realistic tool enabling winegrowers to consider reducing viticulture inputs.

International audience; AbstractThere is a growing demand for moving towards sustainable agri-food systems which per nature covers a complex network of activities and domains; such systems will benefit from multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods. Although some reviews on MCDA in agri-food research have been published, none of them covered the whole value chain. In this article, a corpus of 954 articles published by INRA scientists from 2007 to 2017 was used to study the diversity and potentiality of MCDA techniques. For the first time, experts from more than 10 agri-food domains worked altogether to annotate the articles, carry out a multivariate analysis, and finally interpret the statistical results to identify the specificities of certain domains and the complementarities between domains and to suggest avenues for future agri-food research. One-third of the studies were based only on a list of indicators, even when their purpose was to choose, sort, or rank options. Regardless of the scientific discipline in the agri-food sector, MCDA studies rarely considered temporal dynamics, spatial scale changes, or stakeholder contributions. As the agri-food system becomes increasingly sustainable in the near future, the use of MCDA methods will accelerate. To become more effective, they will have to include ecosystem services, even outside the scope of ecological studies. Similarly, MCDA studies will need to include participatory science to involve stakeholders (i.e., public authorities, governmental agencies) and end-users (i.e., farmers, producers, industrials, consumers) in the construction of the multi-criteria evaluation but also in the resulting decisions.

International audience; Viticulture is a perennial agricultural system that is rooted in tradition but must also adapt to change (e.g. climate change, authorized rate of pesticide uses in the European Union). Viticulture includes a variety of practices whose objective is to produce wine grapes. To help viticulture systems adapt to changes, both field viticulture practices and value chain activities within winegrower networks must be considered. Here, we used socioeconomic and technical surveys to investigate these potential influences on winegrowers’ decision-making in regard to adapting to changes, so as to develop a typology of winegrowers in the Loire Valley, France. The surveys were conducted in 2010 with 37 winegrowers managing 56 fields. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use this method to quantify viticulture networks. Our results showed that winegrowers within the same networks share similar behavioural patterns, with non-harvest viticulture practices (e.g. vine density planting, number of buds) characterizing winegrower profiles. Further, our typology reveals viable options for changing practices in a manner that aligns with the sociocultural characteristics of each profile. Agricultural extension services can especially make use of this typology as a starting point to help winegrowers adapt to changes in a more personalized and successful way.

Contexte : La viticulture est très exigeante en intrants. La viticulture biologique est souvent considérée comme un système durable, mais elle a des impacts environnementaux. L’analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) permet de discriminer les itinéraires viticoles. Objectif : Notre article présente et discute l’intérêt de l’ACV pour évaluer, comparer et améliorer les itinéraires viticoles biologiques par une comparaison (i) des inventaires des pratiques, (ii) des inventaires du cycle de vie (ICV) et (iii) des ACV. Matériel et méthodes : Huit cas ont été étudiés dans trois régions viticoles françaises et deux années. L’ICV et l’ACV ont été calculés, cinq impacts ont été sélectionnés par corrélations (changement climatique, eutrophisation de l’eau douce, écotoxicité terrestre, acidification terrestre, eutrophisation marine). Résultats et discussion : des différences importantes entre les cas pour les pratiques et les quantités d’intrants ont été observées et l’étude des impacts sur le changement climatique a révélé la hiérarchie d’importance des opérations notamment mécaniques et un classement différent pour des impacts au kg de raisin et à l’ha de vigne. Les défis de l’ACV sont de mieux prendre en compte le soufre et le cuivre ; enrichir les bases de données sur les engrais organiques ; et construire des indicateurs de biodiversité. Conclusion : L’ACV est meilleure que les inventaires des pratiques pour évaluer la viticulture biologique., Background: Viticulture is very demanding in inputs. Organic viticulture is often seen as a sustainable system but has also environmental impacts. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is able to discriminate vineyard managements. Aims: Our study explores the interest of LCA to assess, compare and improve organic vineyard management routes through a comparison of information given by practices inventories, Life Cycle Inventories (LCIs) and LCA. LCA methodological challenges are also discussed. Material and methods: Eight cases were studied in three French wine regions and two years. LCI and Life Cycle Impact Assessments (LCIAs) were calculated, five impacts were selected by correlation (climate change, fresh water eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, terrestrial acidification, marine eutrophication). Results and discussion: Practices and quantity of inputs were contrasted among the cases. The study of impacts on climate change revealed the hierarchy of importance of operations and a different ranking of cases for the functional units Ha and Kg. The LCIAs showed major differences between cases for some impacts and their drivers. LCIA and LCI permitted to account for the life cycle dimension of the impacts and for the toxicity and persistence of pesticides. The challenges of organic vineyard LCA are to (i) better consider sulphur and copper, (ii) enrich databases on organic fertilizer, and (iii) build an LCA indicator of biodiversity impact. Conclusion: LCA is better than practices inventories and LCI to assess organic viticulture.

International audience; Purpose : Improving the environmental performances of viticulture practices is particularly complicated during unfavorable climatic conditions because of the need for fungal and other pest pressure and the variability of phytosanitary control methods available for winegrowers. However, winegrowers wish to improve the environmental performances of their practices regardless of climatic conditions. The objective of the study was to quantify the variability in environmental impacts due to climatic variations, and changes in viticulture practices induced by climatic variability. Methods : Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate the environmental impacts of viticulture technical management routes (TMR) implemented on five plots in the Loire Valley for the Chenin Blanc grape variety. These TMRs are representative of the range of practices used in the region, including intensive conventional practices to moderate organic practices. The study covered two different years of production (2011 and 2013) under contrasting climatic conditions. The first year (2011) was hot and dry, which are favorable conditions for viticulture, while the second year (2013) was cold and humid, which are unfavorable conditions. Results and discussion : During the unfavorable year, the number of phytosanitary treatments and soil maintenance interventions increased for most of the studied TMRs. This meant that the inter-annual variability in environmental impact was significant, depending on the type of TMR, with differences in impacts ranging from 19% to more than 40% between 2011 and 2013. Managing environmental impacts was found to be more difficult for the organic systems when climatic conditions are unfavorable (in 2013). The non-organic TMRs showed less variation in environmental impacts than the organic TMRs between the 2 years studied. Conclusions : This study shows the importance of taking into account inter-annual variability in environmental assessments of viticulture systems. Indeed, winegrowers do not respond the same way to climate variability mainly with regard to plant protection and soil maintenance. Viticulture is very sensitive to inter-annual climate variations due to the parasitic pressure variability. The different production systems do not give to winegrowers the same possibilities for adapting practices to limit their impact on the environment.

International audience; Consumer demand and state incentives in certain EU countries are driving the rapid development of organic viticulture. However, compared with conventional viticulture, it has shown higher interannual variability in its environmental impacts. Improved understanding of this variability would help organic winegrowers better address their environmental impacts.This two-part study examined interannual variability of environmental impacts of four vineyards with contrasting pedoclimatic and technical production conditions. First, life cycle assessments were performed on each of these four vineyards for two contrasted years in terms of both climate and pest and disease pressure. Next, for one of these vineyards located in Mediterranean conditions, life cycle assessments were completed on a chronosequence of six consecutive years. Life cycle assessments of organic wine grapes were calculated based on detailed inventories of data from the eight real vineyard situations. Interannual variations were considered to be the deviation between the impact results of two production years. In all the vineyards, diesel combustion was the main impact contributor. For the four vineyards, the impacts that varied most were generally freshwater ecotoxicity, soil ecotoxicity, marine eutrophication, freshwater eutrophication and metal depletion. The intensity/range of interannual variations differed between plots. The main agricultural operations contributing to impact variations were from disease management of climate-related disease pressures. The 6-year chronosequence analysis showed that certain years were very similar in terms of impact results. The impact that varied most was surprisingly terrestrial acidification. The chronosequence analysis brought to light that the choice of active ingredient could be a greater source of impact variations than interannual climatic conditions and disease pressure. This study provides an overview of the hotspots and variability of organic viticulture environmental impacts in contrasted climate years and a climatic chronosequence. The main pathways for environmental performance improvements are (i) reducing fuel consumption by either limiting the number of operations, using more fuel-efficient machines or different energy sources or/and adjusting tractor speed; (ii) reducing the doses and emissions of copper products and choosing the less impacting types of copper; and (iii) limiting nitrogen and heavy metal emissions through the choice of fertiliser type and management.

This article describes the environmental, agronomical, economical and social indicators characterization of eleven new low input vine systems to explore their multicriteria performances. These data also describe the reproducibility of all the indicators over six harvest years (2013-2018) over eleven selected winegrower plots. The environmental characterizations are total treatment frequency index, fungicide treatment frequency index, I-Phy indicator from Indigo® method, copper rate, soil compaction, bacterial activity in soil, bacterial molecular biomass, potential nitrogen mineralization rate, amont of avalaible nitrogen in soil at veraison, total specific floristic richness, and relative pollination value. The agronomical characterizations are vine phenology, vine vigour, plot yield, powdery mildew intensity on bunches at harvest, grey rot intensity on bunches at harvest, juice sugar rate (total soluble solids) and juice total acidity rate (titrable acidity) at harvest, wine characteristics after microvinification. The economical characterizations are brut semi-margin at the plot and at the farm scale. The sociological characterizations are human capital, penibility, hardouness work and pesticide risk.

XII Congreso Internacional Terroir. Zaragoza, España, 18-22 de junio, 2018; International audience; Farm dependency to inputs is an issue concerning both farms and society. Viticulture is an input-intensive sector of agriculture. Some innovations in agriculture have been designed to reduce the use of inputs, such as fungi-resistant vine varieties. As the diffusion of innovation is uneven, we will compare the characteristics of innovations in both sides of the upper Rhine River. In this way we will interview farmers and analyze the geographical context. We will also comare the farms characteristics and their contexts at various scales. We expect to get a typology of innovations, wtih characteristics such as the impact on various scales (e.g. cropping system, farming system) and the radicalness of the changes. We also expect to get some information about the eventual levers and incentives to innovations' diffusion, adoption or abandonment. And finally, French and German innovations will be compared to others vineyards innovations. It is possible to sharply describe several innovations reducing vineyard inputs, located on both sides of Upper Rhine River.

L'intensification de la gestion des cultures a conduit à un appauvrissement de la diversité biologique, entraînant la perte de services écosystémiques. En viticulture, la flore pourrait jouer un rôle intéressant car elle permet de compenser les impacts négatifs de la monoculture de la vigne. La biodiversité de la flore favorise la biodiversité de la faune, soutenant en particulier la présence d'insectes pollinisateurs dans les rangs de la vigne plantés d'herbe ou de légumineuses et autour des parcelles de vigne. Ces aspects ont été mal étudiés jusqu'à présent. Une expérience de vigne en Alsace à l'INRA Colmar dans le cadre du projet DEPHY-EXPE PEPSVI a été utilisée pour répondre à ces questions. Entre 2014 et 2016, une étude floristique a été réalisée sur 4 sites, sur une superficie de 500 m 2dans chaque parcelle. Sur ces sites, différents systèmes de vigne basés sur une production intégrée, biologique ou biodynamique ont été testés. La méthode «présence / absence» mise en œuvre pour caractériser la composition et la richesse de la flore sur la rangée de vigne, l'inter-rang semé d'herbe et l'inter-rang labouré. Les résultats ont montré que les Asteraceae, Fabaceae et Poaceae étaient les familles de flore les plus représentées. Les astéracées et les Fabacées peuvent fournir des services écosystémiques de pollinisation si elles sont bien gérées et autorisées à fleurir. De plus, la famille des Fabaceae augmente la fertilité du sol par fixation symbiotique. Le rôle des facteurs environnementaux, c.-à-d. La zone semi-naturelle comme la haie ou la lisière de la forêt près de la vigne, et les facteurs anthropiques, c.-à-d. La gestion de la couverture du sol, ont également été caractérisés et montrés comme influencés par la composition et la richesse de la flore sous les rangées de vigne et entre les rangs. La caractérisation de la flore se poursuivra en 2017 et 2018 afin de valider les résultats actuels et d'évaluer l'évolution de la composition et de la richesse de la flore dans différentes conditions climatiques., The intensification of crop management have led to an impoverishment of the biological diversity, resulting in the loss of ecosystem services. In viticulture, flora could play an interesting role because it can compensate the negative impacts of vine monoculture. The flora biodiversity favours fauna biodiversity, sustaining especially the presence of pollinating insects in the grapevine inter row sown with grass or legumes and area around grapevine plots. These aspects have been poorly studied until now. A grapevine experiment set in Alsace at INRA Colmar in the frame of the DEPHY-EXPE PEPSVI project was used to address these questions. Between 2014 and 2016, floristic survey was carried out on 4 sites, within an area of 500 m2 within each plot. On those sites, different grapevine systems based on integrated, biological, or biodynamic production were tested. The “presence/absence” method implemented to characterize flora composition and richness on the grapevine row, the inter-row sown with grass, and the tilled inter-row. Results showed that Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae were the most represented flora families. Asteraceae and Fabaceae may provide pollination ecosystem services if they are well managed and allowed to flower. Moreover, Fabaceae family increases soil fertility by symbiotic fixation. The role of environmental factors, i.e., semi-natural area like hedge or forest edge close to vineyard, and anthropic factors, i.e., soil cover management, were also characterized and shown as impacted on flora composition and richness under grapevine rows and between inter- rows. Flora characterization will continue in 2017 and 2018 to validate the present results and to assess the evolution of flora composition and richness in different climatic conditions.

Conception de systèmes viticoles innovants à bas intrants phytosanitaires pour répondre aux attentes du plan Ecophyto : synthèse des premiers résultats et perspectives

International audience; Research on the concept and assessment of sustainability has developed considerably in recent years. If we found a lot of evaluation methods, majority do not treat or more succinctly the social impacts. Then we developed a method of socio-economic evaluation for wine-producing farms in order to know the impact of practices on profitability (gross margin) but also on human capital (painfulness, pesticides risks, safety) and social capital (landscape, dissemination of acquired knowledge). Whether for more sustainability or to cope with new constraints such as climate change, reduced inputs or agronomic dead ends (limited number of active substances allowed), it is necessary to change the systems of wine production . These so-called innovative systems generally aim to reduce the impact on the environment. But here too it is necessary to evaluate their effects on the other domains of sustainability: the social and economic domains to ensure their adoption by winegrowers. Our method thus has a specific module that makes it possible to carry out this comparison between classical and innovative systems within the same vineyard. In this paper we describe the construction of our method and the feasibility test on four Alsatian viticulture farms.

Reducing pesticide use is a major challenge in agriculture, and farmers are encouraged to develop integrated practices. The aim of this study was to describe, analyse and assess the current contribution of various options to pest, disease and weed management on the reduction of fungicides, herbicides and insecticides by quantifying both their use and their effect on pesticide use intensity, within the context of different wine-growing regions. We conducted a statistical analysis of pesticide use and crop management over two seasons (2006 and 2010) for 11 French wine-growing regions (10,000 data). We used the Treatment Frequency Index (TFI) indicator to characterise the intensity of pesticide use. We analysed three crop management options: timing of first fungicide spray, type of soil cover cropping, and type of weed control. For each management option, we compared alternative or low-input practices to normal chemical-based practices, e.g., mechanical weed control (alternative option) vs. herbicide (normal chemical option). To strengthen the results, two quantitative variables completed the analysis: fungicide mean sprayed dose in the field and number of fungicides sprayed in the field. Results showed that each alternative or low input practice had an impact on TFI, but that this impact differed between wine-growing regions and between the management options under consideration. Regarding fungicides, our results showed that late timing of first fungicide spray (compared to regional reference) contributed to a reduction up to 50% of the part of the TFI due to fungicides, as compared to fields sprayed at median or early timing. Regarding herbicides, results of low-input/alternative practices were more homogeneous in terms of their relative impact on TFI reduction. The differences in use and impact of crop protection practices were more important between regions than between the two studied years. Our results may help policy makers to target methods for decreasing pesticide use, based on particularities of wine-growing regions and locally realistic practices.

Quality wines are typically the product of soil, climate, and wine production practices. Sensory attributes are increasingly used to distinguish among Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) wines. Since 2010, the International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) is now taking all such parameters into account in the official ‘terroir’ definition. However, links between production practices and sensory attributes in geographically circumscribed PDO areas have not yet been investigated. This paper assesses production practices and sensory attributes of distinct PDO wines, within the same area. The study also identifies relationships between production practices and sensory attributes of these PDO wines. A survey was conducted to characterize production practices of thirty-three commercially produced PDO wines from the Loire Valley, France. Vineyard training systems, viticulture, harvest timing, winemaking and aging practices were studied. Descriptive sensory analysis was conducted to characterize the significant sensory attributes of these same wines. PDO wines were separated from one another by classical statistical analyses. About 25 percent of the analyzed production practices and less than fifty percent of the analyzed sensory attributes could differentiate PDO wines produced in the same area: respectively, percentage of Cabernet franc, time of leaf removal, harvest date, yield, duration of fermentation, duration of aging and use of oak, color intensity, viscosity, cloudiness, blackcurrant, prune, spicy, moldy, animal, bitterness and astringency. The study also identified links between some production practices and sensory attributes. The results of the study demonstrate that, under similar climatic conditions and soil characteristics, production practices and sensory attributes can distinguish PDO wines in well-defined geographic areas.

Effects of environmental factors and vineyard practices on wine flora dynamic. XI International Terroir Congress Linfield college

70 pages; Action majeure du plan Ecophyto, le dispositif DEPHY s’inscrit dans le projet agroécologique pour l’agriculture française. Il a pour finalité d'éprouver, valoriser et déployer les techniques et systèmes agricoles réduisant l’usage des produits phytosanitaires tout en promouvant des techniques économiquement, environnementalement et socialement performantes.Le dispositif repose sur un réseau national couvrant l'ensemble des filières de production et mobilisant toutes les parties prenantes de la recherche, du développement et du transfert en agriculture. Plus de 250 organisations professionnelles sont ainsi partenaires, soit du réseau FERME, soit du réseau EXPE, soit de l’ensemble du dispositif DEPHY.

International audience; From the wine producers' viewpoint, the conceptual image of a wine has consequences in technical terms. We postulate that to understand the link between wine style and terroir system, the concept of typicality must be highlighted and related to sensory perception. Producer surveys made it possible to characterise conceptual typicality and its relations to terroir dimensions. Perceptual typicality was characterised through conventional sensory profiling (expert panel), Just About Right profile, and typicality assessment (professional panel). Finally, sensory attributes and technical practises were classified according to typicality acceptability through penalty analysis and PLS regression. This study reveals the gap between conceptual typicality and perceptual typicality on the basis of terroir dimensions and sensory attributes. For the wine producers, the conceptual image of a wine, resulting from the terroir, was related to environmental factors, and practises were perceived as less important. Conceptual typicality was related to sensory attributes such as colour intensity, red fruits, and soft tannins. Sensory profiles highlighted visual descriptors but not red fruits and soft tannins. While the influence of soil was not highlighted, technical factors (oenological factors) were prevalent.

National audience

International audience; Environmental assessment methods are needed by agronomists working on the enhancement of cropping systems to meet the demand for more sustainable farming practices. A growing number of operational methods based on a set of indicators have been designed, more for arable crops and livestock than for perennial crops like viticulture. Among them, the INDIGO(R) method, originally developed for arable crops, offers a compromise between feasibility and predictive quality. Here we present a modified and expanded version of INDIGO(R) for viticulture. The development of new indicators specific to viticulture and the adaptation of existing ones followed a five step approach: (i) preliminary definition of the objectives and identification of the end-users, (ii) construction of the indicator, (iii) selection of a reference value, (iv) sensitivity analysis and (v) validation. Stakeholders from professional institutions and winegrower organizations were closely associated with step (i) to define the framework and step (ii) to supply technical databases. We designed INDIGO(R) indicators with all available scientific and expert knowledge which was aggregated into expert systems associating fuzzy subsets or, when possible, quantitative equations. Four indicators; pesticides, nitrogen, energy and soil organic matter, were directly adapted from the initial INDIGO(R) method, whereas soil cover and frost protection management were new indicators. Potentialities of their use are highlighted by examples of implementation on different scales and for various purposes.

Les viticulteurs disposent de plusieurs moyens de mesure de la qualite de leurs raisins lorsqu'ils sont arrives a maturite pour la vendange. La prediction de la qualite du raisin, vise a formaliser le savoir-faire des experts (viticulteurs et conseillers) pour developper un modele mathematique qui definira les relations entre la qualite du raisin et les facteurs (pratiques, sol, climat) ayant permis d'aboutir a cette qualite. La presente etude a pour objet de developper une premiere etude exploratoire permettant d'investiguer chaque parametre de donnees et chaque facteur precedent la construction effective d'un modele explicatif, voire predictif de la qualite du raisin obtenu a la vendange a partir de pratiques culturales et des donnees du milieu. Le jeu de donnees utilise pour construire le modele provient de parcelles produisant du raisin en AOP (Appellation d'Origine Protegee) a partir du cepage Chenin situe en moyenne Vallee de la Loire (France), destine a produire un vin blanc sec pendant lors des millesimes 2010 a 2013. Les pratiques, le milieu et la qualite du raisin ont ete analyses pour chacune de ces parcelles et constituent la base de donnees du modele. Ce dernier s'appuiera par la suite sur une analyse statistique nommee Regression PLS (Partial Least Square).

Supervised learning is done using imperfect data, knowledge and databases.A selection procedure based on the k-means algorithm is used to select consistent data.Fuzzy inference systems are built using automatic learning.Procedure allows to identify relationships and interaction between variables. Vine vigor, a key agronomic parameter, depends on environmental factors but also on agricultural practices. The goal of this paper is to model vine vigor level according to the most influential variables.The approach was based upon a collected dataset in a French vineyard in the middle Loire valley and the available expert knowledge. The input features were related to soil, rootstock and inter-crop management, the output was an expert assessment of vine plot vigor. The approach included a data selection step, which was needed because of data imperfection and incompleteness. Usually implicit in the literature, data selection was carried out with explicit criteria. Then a fuzzy model was designed from the selected data. Owing to the fuzzy model interpretability, its structure and behavior were analyzed.Results showed that, despite the data imperfection, the approach was able to select data that yielded an informative model. Well-known relationships were identified, and some elements of new or controversial knowledge were discussed.This is an important step towards the design of a decision support tool aiming to adapt the agricultural practices to the environment in order to get a given vigor level.

Climate change, new regulations for preservation of the environment and demands of the markets for specific products, make it increasingly necessary to optimize the choice of cropping practices. The winegrowers take into account the combined influences of environmental factors, plant material and practices, to improve grapes and wine. However, this combined influence has been little studied. A general formalization of these multiple influences at the scale of viticultural terroirs is necessary to better characterize the growth of the vine and its impact on the yearly characteristics of grape and wine. In this article, following a global system approach we review current knowledge about the relationships between environmental factors, plant material, agricultural practices, the growth of the vine and the characteristics of grapes and wine. We propose a conceptual model formalizing the relationships between the systemic variables. The system can be represented as the new concept of ‘the vine functioning pathway’, which we define as the logical and ordered combination of the effects of environmental factors, plant material and agricultural practices on the levels of vigor and earliness of the vine and the final characteristics of the product. The resulting product of the system model is the grape and then the wine. This conceptual model is less accurate than a functional mathematical model but is the first which takes into account the whole complexity of the vine system. The conceptual model built and implemented by a computer can be used as a support tool for decisions aiding in the optimization of cropping practices based on environmental factors and specific products goals.

Aims : The evolution of the economical and environmental context (low-input management practices, increase of energetic cost and climate change) requires adaptation and/or optimization of winegrower’s practices in order to elaborate competitive and qualitative wines. To adapt and sustain their practices at the plot scale e.g. rootstock selection or plantation density, winegrowers and extension officers need indicators to predict vine development according to immutable environmental factors (soil, parent rock and landscape). The aim of this work is to develop operational and useful indicators with a scientific justification. Methods and results: This paper proposes a new approach based on a computer model, composed of a cascade of fuzzy expert systems to estimate the two variables that best characterize vine development: vigor and precocity. It combines expertise of pedologists and data analysis. Based on a literature survey, in particular a previous expert system using analytical equations, the new approach allows a continuous estimation of vine vigor and precocity imparted by soil, parent rock and landscape. It avoids the drawbacks of the previous expert system, due to the use of traditional crisp partitions for continuous input variables. Model parameters setting by combination of expert knowledge and data mining - making the most of them - is another novel aspect. The method is tuned and validated on two different databases. Conclusion: Vine vigor and precocity imparted by environmental factors can be now evaluated with a method more efficient than the former ones, as shown by the validation procedures. Post-evaluation correction by experts is not necessary which saves time. The new method allows having a continuous estimation. Each step can be controlled and analyzed during the design. The method is generic, reasoning rules corresponding to the relations between variables have a range of validity that exceeds a given area. It is quite easy to customize and to transfer to new areas by adjusting the parameters using local knowledge and data. Significance and impact of the study: This work gives an answer to the significant problem of vigor and precocity assessment according to environmental factors, which is a prerequisite in order to best adapt long-term cultural practices, Objectifs : L’évolution du contexte économique et environnemental (réduction des intrants, augmentation des coûts énergétiques et changement climatique) nécessite une adaptation et/ou une optimisation des pratiques des viticulteurs pour continuer à élaborer des vins de qualité tout en restant compétitif. Pour adapter leurs pratiques et plus particulièrement celles qui sont pérennes à l’échelle de la parcelle, les viticulteurs et les conseillers viticoles ont besoin d’indicateurs pour prédire le développement de la vigne en fonction des facteurs environnementaux permanents (sol, roche-mère et environnement paysager). De tels indicateurs sont actuellement absents ou trop simplistes dans leur mode de construction. L'objectif de ce travail est de développer des indicateurs opérationnels et utiles avec une justification scientifique bien construite. Méthodes et résultats : Cet article propose une nouvelle approche basée sur un modèle informatique composés de plusieurs systèmes experts flous. Il combine l’expertise et l’analyse de données pour estimer les deux variables qui caractérisent le mieux le développement de la vigne : la vigueur et la précocité. Grâce à une analyse bibliographique et en particulier à partir d'un précédent système expert basé sur une équation analytique, la nouvelle méthode permet d’obtenir une estimation continue de la vigueur et de la précocité conférées par les facteurs du sol, de la roche-mère et du paysage. Elle élimine les inconvénients du précédent système expert dus à un découpage traditionnel en classes des variables continues. Un autre aspect nouveau concerne l'obtention des paramètres du modèle en combinant efficacement la connaissance experte et l’analyse de données. La méthode est mise au point et validée à partir de deux bases de données. Conclusion : La vigueur et la précocité conférées par les facteurs environnementaux peuvent désormais être évaluées par deux indicateurs qui fonctionnent mieux que ceux construits précédemment, évitant une correction a posteriori des valeurs des indicateurs par les experts. La nouvelle méthode permet une estimation continue de ces variables. Chaque étape peut être contrôlée et analysée lors de l'agrégation des variables. La méthode est générique car le raisonnement lié aux relations entre les variables n'est pas spécifique à une région. Elle peut facilement être transférée à de nouvelles zones en adaptant les valeurs des paramètres à partir de la connaissance experte et des données du nouveau terrain d'étude. Signification et impact de l’étude : Ce travail apporte une réponse au problème de l’estimation de la vigueur et de la précocité conférées par les facteurs environnementaux permanents, qui est un pré-requis pour pouvoir mieux adapter les pratiques culturales pérennes.

National audience

Conception et évaluation des systèmes viticoles innovants "bas intrants". 18. International Symposium GIESCO