22 results on '"Marie Louise Jørkov"'
Search Results
2. Using SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS to Explore Evidence of Treatment and Physiological Responses to Leprosy in Medieval Denmark
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Anastasia Brozou, Marcello A. Mannino, Stijn J. M. Van Malderen, Jan Garrevoet, Eric Pubert, Benjamin T. Fuller, M. Christopher Dean, Thomas Colard, Frédéric Santos, Niels Lynnerup, Jesper L. Boldsen, Marie Louise Jørkov, Andrei Dorian Soficaru, Laszlo Vincze, and Adeline Le Cabec
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dental tissues ,mineral imbalances ,zinc ,calcium ,leprosy treatment ,lead ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Leprosy can lead to blood depletion in Zn, Ca, Mg, and Fe and blood enrichment in Cu. In late medieval Europe, minerals were used to treat leprosy. Here, physiological responses to leprosy and possible evidence of treatment are investigated in enamel, dentine, and cementum of leprosy sufferers from medieval Denmark (n = 12) and early 20th century Romania (n = 2). Using SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS, 12 elements were mapped in 15 tooth thin sections, and the statistical covariation of paired elements was computed to assess their biological relevance. The results show marked covariations in the Zn, Ca, and Mg distributions, which are compatible with clinical studies but cannot be directly attributed to leprosy. Minerals used historically as a treatment for leprosy show no detectable intake (As, Hg) or a diffuse distribution (Pb) related to daily ingestion. Intense Pb enrichments indicate acute incorporations of Pb, potentially through the administration of Pb-enriched medication or the mobilization of Pb from bone stores to the bloodstream during intense physiological stress related to leprosy. However, comparisons with a healthy control group are needed to ascertain these interpretations. The positive correlations and the patterns observed between Pb and essential elements may indicate underlying pathophysiological conditions, demonstrating the potential of SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS for paleopathological investigations.
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- 2023
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3. Mapping human mobility during the third and second millennia BC in present-day Denmark.
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Karin Margarita Frei, Sophie Bergerbrant, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Marie Louise Jørkov, Niels Lynnerup, Lise Harvig, Morten E Allentoft, Martin Sikora, T Douglas Price, Robert Frei, and Kristian Kristiansen
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
We present results of the largest multidisciplinary human mobility investigation to date of skeletal remains from present-day Denmark encompassing the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Through a multi-analytical approach based on 88 individuals from 37 different archaeological localities in which we combine strontium isotope and radiocarbon analyses together with anthropological investigations, we explore whether there are significant changes in human mobility patterns during this period. Overall, our data suggest that mobility of people seems to have been continuous throughout the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. However, our data also indicate a clear shift in mobility patterns from around 1600 BC onwards, with a larger variation in the geographical origin of the migrants, and potentially including more distant regions. This shift occurred during a transition period at the beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age at a time when society flourished, expanded and experienced an unprecedented economic growth, suggesting that these aspects were closely related.
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- 2019
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4. A matter of months: High precision migration chronology of a Bronze Age female.
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Karin Margarita Frei, Chiara Villa, Marie Louise Jørkov, Morten E Allentoft, Flemming Kaul, Per Ethelberg, Samantha S Reiter, Andrew S Wilson, Michelle Taube, Jesper Olsen, Niels Lynnerup, Eske Willerslev, Kristian Kristiansen, and Robert Frei
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Establishing the age at which prehistoric individuals move away from their childhood residential location holds crucial information about the socio dynamics and mobility patterns in ancient societies. We present a novel combination of strontium isotope analyses performed on the over 3000 year old "Skrydstrup Woman" from Denmark, for whom we compiled a highly detailed month-scale model of her migration timeline. When combined with physical anthropological analyses this timeline can be related to the chronological age at which the residential location changed. We conducted a series of high-resolution strontium isotope analyses of hard and soft human tissues and combined these with anthropological investigations including CT-scanning and 3D visualizations. The Skrydstrup Woman lived during a pan-European period characterized by technical innovation and great social transformations stimulated by long-distance connections; consequently she represents an important part of both Danish and European prehistory. Our multidisciplinary study involves complementary biochemical, biomolecular and microscopy analyses of her scalp hair. Our results reveal that the Skrydstrup Woman was between 17-18 years old when she died, and that she moved from her place of origin -outside present day Denmark- to the Skrydstrup area in Denmark 47 to 42 months before she died. Hence, she was between 13 to 14 years old when she migrated to and resided in the area around Skrydstrup for the rest of her life. From an archaeological standpoint, this one-time and one-way movement of an elite female during the possible "age of marriageability" might suggest that she migrated with the aim of establishing an alliance between chiefdoms. Consequently, this detailed multidisciplinary investigation provides a novel tool to reconstruct high resolution chronology of individual mobility with the perspective of studying complex patterns of social and economic interaction in prehistory.
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- 2017
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5. Paleoradiology
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Chiara Villa and Marie Louise Jørkov
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- 2022
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6. Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology in Denmark
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Chiara Villa, Niels Lynnerup, Lene Warner Thorup Boel, Jesper L. Boldsen, Svenja Weise, Camilla Bjarnø, Lars Krants Larsen, and Marie Louise Jørkov
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bones ,trauma ,CT scanning ,3D models ,identification ,skeletal collections - Abstract
In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the status of forensic anthropology and forensic archeology in Denmark, as well as related information about education, research, and skeletal collections. Forensic anthropologists mainly deal with the examination of unidentified skeletal remains. Some special tasks include cranial trauma analysis of the recently deceased, advanced 3D visualization from CT scanning of homicide cases, and stature estimation of perpetrators using surveillance videos. Forensic anthropologists are employed at one of Denmark’s three departments of forensic medicine (in Copenhagen, Odense, and Aarhus) and have access to advanced imaging equipment (e.g., CT and MR scanning, surface scanners, and 3D printers) for use in both their requisitioned work and their research. Extensive research is conducted on different topics, such as the health and diseases of past populations, age estimation, and human morphology. Research is based on skeletal material from the archeological collections housed in Copenhagen and Odense or on CT data from the recently deceased. There is no full degree in forensic anthropology in Denmark, but elective courses and lectures are offered to students at different levels and to people from different professional backgrounds. Forensic archaeology is a relatively new field of expertise in Denmark, and relevant cases are rare, with only one or two cases per year. No forensic archeologists are officially employed in any of the departments of forensic medicine. Until recently, the Special Crime Unit of the police handled crime scene investigations involving excavations, but with the option of enlisting the help of outside specialists, such as archaeologists, anthropologists, and pathologists. An official excavation work group was established in 2015 under the lead of the Special Crime Unit of the police with the aim of refining the methods and procedures used in relevant criminal investigations. The group is represented by five police officers from the Special Crime Scene Unit, a police officer from the National Police Dog Training center, the two archaeologists from Moesgaard Museum, a forensic anthropologist from the Department of Forensic Medicine (University of Copenhagen), and a forensic pathologist from the Department of Forensic Medicine (University of Aarhus).
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- 2022
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7. 3D Documentation of Stone Sites at Ilulissat, West Greenland
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Chiara Villa, Marie Louise Jørkov, Christian Koch Madsen, and Jens Fog Jensen
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- 2022
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8. Lost and found:Viking Age human bones and textiles from Bjerringhoj, Denmark
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Charlotte Rimstad, Ulla Mannering, Marie Kanstrup, and Marie Louise Jørkov
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010506 paleontology ,Archeology ,History ,Denmark ,Viking Age ,Human bone ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,law ,Assemblage (archaeology) ,0601 history and archaeology ,Radiocarbon dating ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,060102 archaeology ,business.industry ,National museum ,General Arts and Humanities ,06 humanities and the arts ,Clothing ,Archaeology ,textiles ,Bjerringhoj ,human bone ,business ,museum collections - Abstract
The human remains recovered from the famous Bjerringhøj Viking Age burial in Denmark have been missing for more than 100 years. Recently, an assemblage of bones resembling those recorded at Bjerringhøj—some with adherent textiles—were discovered in a misplaced box in the National Museum of Denmark. Here, the authors use new skeletal and comparative textile analyses, along with radiocarbon dating, to confirm that the bones are indeed those from the Bjerringhøj burial. This rediscovery offers new data for interpreting Viking Age clothing, including the presence of long trousers, and emphasises the importance of reinvestigating old archaeological collections housed within museums and archives.
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- 2021
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9. Into the fire: Investigating the introduction of cremation to Nordic Bronze Age Denmark: A comparative study between different regions applying strontium isotope analyses and archaeological methods
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Karin Margarita Frei, Marie Louise Jørkov, Bjarne Henning Nielsen, Anne-Louise Haack Olsen, Samantha Reiter, Niels Algreen Møller, Ulla Mannering, Jens-Henrik Bech, and Flemming Kaul
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Provenance ,Topography ,Teeth ,Denmark ,Culture ,Social Sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Geographical locations ,Extant taxon ,Sociology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Habitus ,0601 history and archaeology ,Islands ,Multidisciplinary ,060102 archaeology ,06 humanities and the arts ,Europe ,Chemistry ,Geography ,Archaeology ,Physical Sciences ,language ,Medicine ,Fundamental change ,Anatomy ,Research Article ,Chemical Elements ,010506 paleontology ,Context (archaeology) ,Science ,Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Danish ,Strontium Isotopes ,Bronze Age ,European Union ,Chemical Characterization ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Isotope Analysis ,Landforms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Geomorphology ,language.human_language ,Cremation ,Jaw ,Strontium ,Strontium Isotope Analysis ,Earth Sciences ,People and places ,Digestive System ,Head - Abstract
Changes in funerary practices are key to the understanding of social transformations of past societies. Over the course of the Nordic Bronze Age, funerary practices changed from inhumation to cremation. The aim of this study is to shed light on this fundamental change through a cross-examination of archaeometric provenance data and archaeological discussions of the context and layouts of early cremation graves. To this end, we conducted 19 new provenance analyses of strontium isotopes from Early Nordic Bronze age contexts in Thisted County and Zealand and Late Bronze Age contexts from Thisted County and Vesthimmerland (Denmark). These data are subsequently compared with data from other extant relevant studies, including those from Late Bronze Age Fraugde on the Danish island of Fyn. Overall, the variations within our provenience data suggest that the integration and establishment of cremation may not have had a one-to-one relationship with in-migration to Nordic Bronze Age Denmark. Moreover, there seems to be no single blanket scenario which dictated the uptake of cremation as a practice within this part of Southern Scandinavia. By addressinghabitusin relation to the deposition of cremations as juxtaposed with these provenance data¸we hypothesize several potential pathways for the uptake of cremation as a new cultural practice within the Danish Nordic Bronze Age and suggest that this may have been a highly individual process, whose tempo may have been dictated by the specificities of the region(s) concerned.
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- 2021
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10. How 3D printing and physical reconstruction of a skull helped in a complex pathological case
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Niels Lynnerup, Niels Dyrgaard Jensen, Marie Louise Jørkov, Chiara Villa, and Alberte Aspaas Lundquist
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Foramen magnum ,Adolescent ,business.industry ,Skull ,Mandible ,General Medicine ,Anatomy ,medicine.disease ,Mental foramen ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Frontal bone ,Anthropology ,Agenesis ,Printing, Three-Dimensional ,medicine ,Humans ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Female ,business ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Pathological ,Left zygomatic process ,Head ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Taphonomic changes can mimic pathological bone lesions and make it difficult to distinguish between ante- and postmortem abnormalities and to perform differential diagnostics. 3D methods, such as CT scanning and 3D printing, can be used as complementary tools to overcome the taphonomic changes. Here, we reconstructed a skull of an interesting archeological case showing severe pathological changes using 3D printing and physical reconstruction. The skeleton belonged to an approximately 18-year-old female. The bones of the entire skeleton exhibited several pathological changes. Both cranium and mandible were asymmetric, with a malformed foramen magnum and left zygomatic process, agenesis of the left external acoustic meatus, cribra orbitalia, and a bilateral absence of mental foramen. The overall diagnostic interpretation was hampered by the extensive taphonomic damage that affected the left side of the skull. In particular, the frontal bone showed taphonomic breakage and plastic deformations were present on the left side of the cranium. The skull was CT-scanned and 3D models of all the single bones were 3D printed and manually re-assembled. The intact reconstructed skull was used to estimate the endocranial volume (ECV). We showed how 3D printing and physical reconstruction of the skull helped overcome the extensive taphonomic alterations; the reconstructed skull provides important diagnostic information such as ECV and a better picture of the original ante-mortem pathological state of the skull.
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- 2021
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11. Population genomics of the Viking world
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Inna Potekhina, Simon Rasmussen, Maeve Sikora, Sabine Sten, Gordon Turner-Walker, Jörgen Gustafsson, Jade Cheng, Per Holck, Pasquale Favia, Anders Albrechtsen, Julie Gibson, Monika Bajka, Mads Dengsø Jessen, Otto Uldum, Martin Sikora, Ceri Falys, Charlotte Hedenstierna Jonson, Mark Redknap, Tamara Pushkina, Rasmus Nielsen, Claude Bhérer, Enrico Cappellini, Helene Wilhelmson, Morten Søvsø, Wiesław Bogdanowicz, Fernando Racimo, Jan Bill, Ashot Margaryan, Vayacheslav Moiseyev, Marie Allen, Louise Loe, Tom Christensen, Raili Allmäe, Mark Collard, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Eske Willerslev, Ida Moltke, Magdalena M. Buś, Ludovic Orlando, Inge Lundstrøm, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Jette Arneborg, Marie Louise Jørkov, Daniel Lawson, Neil Price, Peter Pentz, Anne Pedersen, Gabriel Renaud, Jilong Ma, Morten E. Allentoft, Ole Kastholm, Ingrid Mainland, Jesper Stenderup, Hugh McColl, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Anna K. Fotakis, Gabriele Scorrano, Allison M. Fox, Thomas Werge, Natalia Grigoreva, Italo M. Muntoni, Sturla Ellingvåg, Símun V. Arge, Niels Lynnerup, Denis Pezhemsky, Andres Ingason, Hildur Gestsdóttir, Linzi Simpson, Katrine Højholt Iversen, Peter de Barros Damgaard, Daniel G. Bradley, Yvonne Magnusson, Caroline Arcini, Jüri Peets, Rui Martiniano, Martyna Molak, Marek Florek, Søren M. Sindbæk, Mikkel Winther Pedersen, Lotte Hedeager, Kristian Kristiansen, Emil Jørsboe, Lara M. Cassidy, Maria Vretemark, Ingrid Gustin, Birgitte Skar, Lisa Strand, Dariusz Błaszczyk, Berit Schütz, Margaryan, Ashot [0000-0002-2576-2429], Lawson, Daniel J [0000-0002-5311-6213], Rasmussen, Simon [0000-0001-6323-9041], Moltke, Ida [0000-0001-7052-8554], Jørsboe, Emil [0000-0002-0593-7906], Korneliussen, Thorfinn [0000-0001-7576-5380], Wilhelmson, Helene [0000-0002-8422-2369], Renaud, Gabriel [0000-0002-0630-027X], Bhérer, Claude [0000-0002-2744-7246], Molak, Martyna [0000-0001-5068-8649], Buzhilova, Alexandra [0000-0001-6398-2177], Albrechtsen, Anders [0000-0001-7306-031X], Falys, Ceri [0000-0003-1903-9573], Strand, Lisa [0000-0002-4245-6298], Florek, Marek [0000-0002-9917-710X], Magnusson, Yvonne [0000-0002-7076-2583], Collard, Mark [0000-0002-2725-4989], Bradley, Daniel G [0000-0001-7335-7092], Nielsen, Rasmus [0000-0003-0513-6591], Werge, Thomas [0000-0003-1829-0766], Willerslev, Eske [0000-0002-7081-6748], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
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Gene Flow ,Male ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Human Migration ,Population ,Greenland ,Datasets as Topic ,Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ,Diaspora ,Gene flow ,Population genomics ,Danish ,Evolution, Molecular ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,Spatio-Temporal Analysis ,Humans ,0601 history and archaeology ,Selection, Genetic ,education ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Alleles ,030304 developmental biology ,Lactase ,0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Multidisciplinary ,060102 archaeology ,Genome, Human ,Immunity ,06 humanities and the arts ,Genomics ,language.human_language ,History, Medieval ,Geography ,Ancient DNA ,Genetics, Population ,England ,Genetic structure ,Viking Age ,language ,Ethnology ,Ireland - Abstract
The Viking maritime expansion from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) marks one of the swiftest and most far-flung cultural transformations in global history. During this time (c. 750 to 1050 CE), the Vikings reached most of western Eurasia, Greenland, and North America, and left a cultural legacy that persists till today. To understand the genetic structure and influence of the Viking expansion, we sequenced the genomes of 442 ancient humans from across Europe and Greenland ranging from the Bronze Age (c. 2400 BC) to the early Modern period (c. 1600 CE), with particular emphasis on the Viking Age. We find that the period preceding the Viking Age was accompanied by foreign gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east: spreading from Denmark and eastern Sweden to the rest of Scandinavia. Despite the close linguistic similarities of modern Scandinavian languages, we observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, suggesting that regional population differences were already present 1,000 years ago. We find evidence for a majority of Danish Viking presence in England, Swedish Viking presence in the Baltic, and Norwegian Viking presence in Ireland, Iceland, and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial foreign European ancestry entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. We also find that several of the members of the only archaeologically well-attested Viking expedition were close family members. By comparing Viking Scandinavian genomes with present-day Scandinavian genomes, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the last millennia. Finally, we are able to trace the allele frequency dynamics of positively selected loci with unprecedented detail, including the lactase persistence allele and various alleles associated with the immune response. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial foreign engagement: distinct Viking populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, while Scandinavia also experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent.
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- 2020
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12. Diverse variola virus (smallpox) strains were widespread in northern Europe in the Viking Age
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Anders J. Hansen, Yvonne Magnusson, Martin Sikora, Barbara Mühlemann, Ceri Falys, Eske Willerslev, Jan Bill, Peter de Barros Damgaard, Marie Louise Jørkov, Geoffrey L. Smith, Christian Drosten, Lasse Vinner, Morten E. Allentoft, Hannes Schroeder, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Sofie Holtsmark Nielsen, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Terry Jones, Ashot Margaryan, Constanza de la Fuente Castro, Lisa Strand, Gerd Sutter, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Tamara Pushkina, Helene Wilhelmson, Palle Østergaard Sørensen, Valeri Khartanovich, Ingrid Gustin, Derek J. Smith, and Virology
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Most recent common ancestor ,viruses ,Genome, Viral ,Biology ,complex mixtures ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Smallpox ,Humans ,0601 history and archaeology ,Clade ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,060102 archaeology ,virus diseases ,06 humanities and the arts ,Biological evolution ,Variola virus ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Biological Evolution ,History, Medieval ,3. Good health ,Europe ,Viking Age ,Host adaptation - Abstract
Humans have a notable capacity to withstand the ravages of infectious diseases. Smallpox killed millions of people but drove Jenner's invention of vaccination, which eventually led to the annihilation of this virus, declared in 1980. To investigate the history of smallpox, Mühlemann et al. obtained high-throughput shotgun sequencing data from 1867 human remains ranging from >31,000 to 150 years ago (see the Perspective by Alcamí). Thirteen positive samples emerged, 11 of which were northern European Viking Age people (6th to 7th century CE). Although the sequences were patchy and incomplete, four could be used to infer a phylogenetic tree. This showed distinct Viking Age lineages with multiple gene inactivations. The analysis pushes back the date of the earliest variola infection in humans by ∼1000 years and reveals the existence of a previously unknown virus clade. This is the author’s version of the work. It is posted here by permission of the AAAS for personal use, not for redistribution.
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- 2020
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13. Stature Estimation from Postmortem CT Femoral Maximum Length in Contemporary Danish Population
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Chiara Villa, Marie Louise Jørkov, Adrià Rodríguez Paz, Jytte Banner, Qun Zhang, and School of Humanities
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Adult ,Male ,Stature Estimation ,Danish population ,Denmark ,Adult population ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Danish ,Young Adult ,Statistics ,Genetics ,Cadaver ,Medicine ,Humans ,Femur ,General [Humanities] ,Estimation ,Observer Variation ,business.industry ,Postmortem ct ,Forensic anthropology ,Reproducibility of Results ,Regression analysis ,Middle Aged ,language.human_language ,Body Height ,language ,American whites ,Forensic Anthropology ,Regression Analysis ,Female ,business ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed - Abstract
Stature estimation methods for Danish adult population have generally relied on Trotter and Gleser's and Boldsen's regression equations that are based on the skeletal remains of recent war dead American Whites, Terry Skeletal Collection, and Danish archaeological medieval skeletal materials, respectively. These equations are probably not suitable for stature estimation in contemporary Danish forensic cases. Furthermore, because postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) is now routinely performed at Danish forensic departments, equations based on PMCT, rather than measurements of defleshed bones, are needed. The aim of this study was to develop new equations for adult stature estimation based on PMCT femoral measurement. Maximum femoral length was measured on the PMCT images of 78 individuals (41 males and 37 females) aged 23-45 years. The measurement accuracy was tested on dry bones, and all the measurements were included in the inter- and intra-observer analyses. Both analyses results demonstrated the reliability of the method and data. Comparison between the living stature of the individuals and the estimates based on the equations by Trotter and Gleser and Boldsen demonstrated the unreliability of the previous equations to some extent. New regression equations were then developed and validated on a different sample of 18 Danish forensic cases. Comparisons of all the equations indicated that both the sets of previous equations underestimated the stature in the new validation dataset. The new equations developed in this study provide a reliable alternative for stature estimation in modern Danish forensic cases.
- Published
- 2019
14. Population genomics of the Viking world
- Author
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Ashot Margaryan, Ole Kastholm, Gabriel Renaud, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Lotte Hedeager, Katrine Iversen, Jüri Peets, Neil Price, Sturla Ellingvåg, Morten E. Allentoft, Otto Uldum, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Søren M. Sindbæk, Sabine Sten, Ingrid Mainland, Jesper Stenderup, Kristian Kristiansen, Andres Ingason, Gordon Turner-Walker, Martin Sikora, Jörgen Gustafsson, Lara M. Cassidy, Marek Florek, Yvonne Magnusson, Maria Vretemark, Ceri Falys, Marie Louise Jørkov, Mark Redknap, Marie Allen, Ida Moltke, Tamara Pushkina, Jette Arneborg, Louise Loe, Tom Christensen, Daniel Lawson, Thomas Werge, Pasquale Favia, Ludovic Orlando, Helene Wilhelmson, Natalia Grigoreva, Ingrid Gustin, Wiesław Bogdanowicz, Italo M. Muntoni, Mikkel Winther Pedersen, Vayacheslav Moiseyev, Claude Bhérer, Peter de Barros Damgaard, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Raili Allmäe, Anna K. Fotakis, Birgitte Skar, Charlotte Hedenstierna Jonson, Allison M. Fox, Caroline Arcini, Fernando Racimo, Denis Pezhemsky, Gabriele Scorrano, Inge Lundstrøm, Eske Willerslev, Enrico Cappellini, Morten Søvsø, Anders Albrechtsen, Emil Jørsboe, Julie Gibson, Monika Bajka, Rui Martiniano, Jan Bill, Lisa Strand, Martyna Molak, Magdalena M. Buś, Jilong Ma, Símun V. Arge, Niels Lynnerup, Jade Cheng, Hildur Gestsdóttir, Linzi Simpson, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Daniel G. Bradley, Per Holck, Dariusz Błaszczyk, Berit Schütz, Inna Potekhina, Simon Rasmussen, Maeve Sikora, and Rasmus Nielsen
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0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,060102 archaeology ,Population ,06 humanities and the arts ,Norwegian ,North Germanic languages ,language.human_language ,Diaspora ,Danish ,03 medical and health sciences ,Geography ,Bronze Age ,Early modern period ,language ,Viking Age ,Ethnology ,0601 history and archaeology ,education ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
The Viking maritime expansion from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) marks one of the swiftest and most far-flung cultural transformations in global history. During this time (c. 750 to 1050 CE), the Vikings reached most of western Eurasia, Greenland, and North America, and left a cultural legacy that persists till today. To understand the genetic structure and influence of the Viking expansion, we sequenced the genomes of 442 ancient humans from across Europe and Greenland ranging from the Bronze Age (c. 2400 BC) to the early Modern period (c. 1600 CE), with particular emphasis on the Viking Age. We find that the period preceding the Viking Age was accompanied by foreign gene flow into Scandinavia from the south and east: spreading from Denmark and eastern Sweden to the rest of Scandinavia. Despite the close linguistic similarities of modern Scandinavian languages, we observe genetic structure within Scandinavia, suggesting that regional population differences were already present 1,000 years ago. We find evidence for a majority of Danish Viking presence in England, Swedish Viking presence in the Baltic, and Norwegian Viking presence in Ireland, Iceland, and Greenland. Additionally, we see substantial foreign European ancestry entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age. We also find that several of the members of the only archaeologically well-attested Viking expedition were close family members. By comparing Viking Scandinavian genomes with present-day Scandinavian genomes, we find that pigmentation-associated loci have undergone strong population differentiation during the last millennia. Finally, we are able to trace the allele frequency dynamics of positively selected loci with unprecedented detail, including the lactase persistence allele and various alleles associated with the immune response. We conclude that the Viking diaspora was characterized by substantial foreign engagement: distinct Viking populations influenced the genomic makeup of different regions of Europe, while Scandinavia also experienced increased contact with the rest of the continent.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Author Correction: Population genomics of the Viking world
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Jilong Ma, Italo M. Muntoni, Símun V. Arge, Niels Lynnerup, Hildur Gestsdóttir, Linzi Simpson, Daniel G. Bradley, Ingrid Gustin, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Morten Søvsø, Peter Pentz, Anne Pedersen, Dariusz Błaszczyk, Ingrid Mainland, Birgitte Skar, Berit Schütz, Denis Pezhemsky, Thomas Højlund Christensen, Marie Louise Jørkov, Jesper Stenderup, Mark Collard, Ida Moltke, Jette Arneborg, Daniel Lawson, Gordon Turner-Walker, Ludovic Orlando, Charlotte Hedenstierna Jonson, Raili Allmäe, Otto Uldum, Enrico Cappellini, Lara M. Cassidy, Mark Redknap, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Emil Jørsboe, Rui Martiniano, Martin Sikora, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Marie Allen, Tamara Pushkina, Ceri Falys, Maria Vretemark, Inge Lundstrøm, Louise Loe, Ole Kastholm, Inna Potekhina, Simon Rasmussen, Anna K. Fotakis, Helene Wilhelmson, Andres Ingason, Allison M. Fox, Claude Bhérer, Maeve Sikora, Sabine Sten, Lisa Strand, Sturla Ellingvåg, Yvonne Magnusson, Vayacheslav Moiseyev, Jörgen Gustafsson, Lotte Hedeager, Jade Cheng, Neil Price, Eske Willerslev, Katrine Højholt Iversen, Morten E. Allentoft, Anders Albrechtsen, Peter de Barros Damgaard, Mads Dengsø Jessen, Julie Gibson, Wiesław Bogdanowicz, Caroline Arcini, Per Holck, Gabriel Renaud, Monika Bajka, Kristian Kristiansen, Fernando Racimo, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Hugh McColl, Thomas Werge, Natalia Grigoreva, Jan Bill, Ashot Margaryan, Søren M. Sindbæk, Rasmus Nielsen, Magdalena M. Buś, Martyna Molak, Gabriele Scorrano, Pasquale Favia, Mikkel Winther Pedersen, Jüri Peets, and Marek Florek
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Population genomics ,Multidisciplinary ,History ,Published Erratum ,MEDLINE ,Genealogy - Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
16. Wounded to the bone: Digital microscopic analysis of traumas in a medieval mass grave assemblage (Sandbjerget, Denmark, AD 1300–1350)
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Martin J. Smith, Alexandra Boucherie, and Marie Louise Jørkov
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Lesion type ,Adult ,Archeology ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,History ,Adolescent ,Burial ,Paleopathology ,Denmark ,Violence ,Bone and Bones ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Age Determination by Skeleton ,Sharp force ,medicine ,Prevalence ,Assemblage (archaeology) ,Humans ,0601 history and archaeology ,030216 legal & forensic medicine ,Child ,Microscopy ,060101 anthropology ,Foot Bones ,06 humanities and the arts ,Anatomy ,Armed Conflicts ,History, Medieval ,Relative utility ,Wounds and Injuries ,Weapons ,Digital microscopy - Abstract
Battle-related mass burials are considered the most unequivocal evidence of past violence. However, most published studies involve only macroscopic analysis of skeletal remains, commonly arriving only at broad conclusions regarding trauma interpretation. The current study considers a possible avenue for achieving both greater detail and accuracy through digital microscopy. Patterns of injury were investigated among 45 individuals from a Medieval Danish mass grave (Sandbjerget, AD 1300–1350). Injuries were recorded on every anatomical element, except hand and foot bones. Each was photographed and cast, facilitating remote evaluations. Macroscopic analysis was compared with digital microscopy in order to test the relative utility of the latter in characterizing skeletal injuries (mechanism, weapon class, direction, timing of injury). The location of 201 observed injuries, mainly sharp force defects, suggested that many lesions were probably not inflicted by face-to-face opponents. Some microscopic features were indicative of a specific lesion type and weapon class. Digital microscopy was therefore demonstrated to be a complementary tool to macroscopic assessment, enhancing feature observation and quantification and serving to compensate for many of the limitations of macroscopic assessment.
- Published
- 2017
17. Using Coconuts as a Model for Analysing the Injury Pattern of Cranial Blunt Trauma
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J. Engkjaer Christensen, Niels Lynnerup, and Marie Louise Jørkov
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Blunt ,Blunt trauma ,Blunt instrument ,Fracture (geology) ,Anatomy ,Psychology - Abstract
Blunt trauma to the head may result in the blunt instrument leaving specific imprints or fracture patterns. Being able to correctly correlate one or more possible blunt instruments with the imprints and fractures of an actual case may be important in police investigations. However, most of our knowledge about blunt instruments and cranial imprints and fracture patterns stems from earlier tests performed on cadavers, or more recently, advanced mechanical and computer- based models. As the former is not feasible ethically, and the latter somewhat demanding in terms of laboratory settings and computer programming. Here we present our results by using a fairly simple model: a coconut shell. Striking a half coconut shell with four different blunt instruments did produce consistent imprinting and fracture patterning, which was also consistent with previously published cases. Also, in a blind trial we were able to correctly exclude one or more blunt instruments as the causative weapon. On the other hand, the blind trial also showed that the coconut is not applicable as a model to positively identify a blunt instrument unless the imprint or fracture pattern has a very characteristic shape.
- Published
- 2008
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18. Stature in 19th and early 20th century Copenhagen. A comparative study based on skeletal remains
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Marie Louise Jørkov
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Population level ,Adolescent ,Body height ,Denmark ,Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) ,Biology ,Standard of living ,Social class ,Danish ,Sex Factors ,Sex factors ,Humans ,Femur ,Child ,Skeleton ,History, 19th Century ,History, 20th Century ,Middle Aged ,language.human_language ,Body Height ,Military Personnel ,Social Class ,language ,Female ,Demography - Abstract
Individual stature depends on multifactorial causes and is often used as a proxy for investigating the biological standard of living. While the majority of European studies on 19th and 20th century populations are based on conscript heights, stature derived from skeletal remains are scarce. For the first time in Denmark this study makes a comparison between skeletal stature and contemporary Danish conscript heights and investigates stature of males and females temporally and between socially distinct individuals and populations in 19th and early 20th century Copenhagen. A total of 357 individuals (181 males, 176 females) excavated at the Assistens cemetery in Copenhagen is analyzed. Two stature regression formulae (Trotter, 1970; Boldsen, 1990) are applied using femur measurements and evaluated compared to conscript heights. The results indicate that mean male stature using Boldsen follows a similar trend as the Danish conscript heights and that Trotter overestimate stature by ca. 6cm over Boldsen. At an inter population level statistically significant differences in male stature are observed between first and second half of the 19th century towards a slight stature decrease and larger variation while there are no significant changes observed in female stature. There are insignificant differences in stature between middle and high class individuals, but male stature differs statistically between cemeteries (p=0.000) representing middle/high class, paupers and navy employees, respectively. Female stature had no significant wealth gradient (p=0.516). This study provides new evidence of stature among males and females during the 19th century and suggests that males may have been more sensitive to changes in environmental living and nutrition than females.
- Published
- 2015
19. Forensic archaeology in Denmark
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Marie Louise Jørkov and Niels Lynnerup
- Subjects
Geography ,Forensic archaeology ,Ethnology - Published
- 2015
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20. Uniform diet in a diverse society. Revealing new dietary evidence of the Danish Roman Iron Age based on stable isotope analysis
- Author
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Lars Jørgensen, Marie Louise Jørkov, and Niels Lynnerup
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Denmark ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Population ,Subsistence economy ,Biology ,Bone and Bones ,Collagen Type I ,Anthropology, Physical ,Danish ,Terrestrial plant ,Animals ,Humans ,Cemeteries ,education ,Child ,History, Ancient ,Isotope analysis ,education.field_of_study ,Carbon Isotopes ,Nitrogen Isotopes ,Stable isotope ratio ,ved/biology ,Ecology ,Fishes ,Middle Aged ,language.human_language ,History, Medieval ,Diet ,Archaeology ,Anthropology ,Child, Preschool ,language ,Period (geology) ,Female ,Anatomy ,Social status - Abstract
A systematic dietary investigation during Danish Roman Iron Age (1-375AD) is conducted by analyzing stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ(13) C) and nitrogen (δ(15) N) in the collagen of human and animal bone. The human sample comprises 77 individuals from 10 burial sites. In addition 31 samples of mammals and fish were analyzed from same geographical area. The investigation characterizes the human diet among different social groupings and analyses dietary differences present between sex, age, and site phase groups. Diachronically, the study investigates the Roman influences that had an effect on social structure and subsistence economy in both the Early and Late Period. Geographically the locations are both inland and coastal. The isotopic data indicate extremely uniform diet both between and within population groups from Early and Late Roman periods and the data are consistent throughout the Roman Iron Age. Protein consumption was dominated by terrestrial animals with no differences among social status, age, sex, or time period, while terrestrial plant protein only seems to have contributed little in the diet. Furthermore, the consumption of marine or aquatic resources does not seem to have been important, even among the individuals living next to the coast.
- Published
- 2010
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21. The Petrous Bone—A New Sampling Site for Identifying Early Dietary Patterns in Stable Isotopic Studies
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Marie Louise Jørkov, Niels Lynnerup, and Jan Heinemeier
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Molar ,Carbon Isotopes ,Nitrogen Isotopes ,business.industry ,Denmark ,Significant difference ,Dentistry ,Human bone ,Anatomy ,Biology ,History, Medieval ,Anthropology, Physical ,Diet ,Skull ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Petrous bone ,Anthropology ,Petrous part of the temporal bone ,medicine ,Humans ,Femur ,business ,Skeletal material ,Petrous Bone - Abstract
Intraskeletal variation in the composition of carbon (delta(13)C) and nitrogen (delta(15)N) stable isotopes measured in collagen is tested from various human bones and dentine. Samples were taken from the femur, rib, and petrous part of the temporal bone from well-preserved skeletons of both adults (n = 34) and subadults (n = 24). Additional samples of dentine from the root of 1st molars were taken from 16 individuals. The skeletal material is from a medieval cemetery (AD 1200-1573) in Holbaek, Denmark. Our results indicate that the petrous bone has an isotopic signal that differs significantly from that of femur and rib within the single skeleton (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), with only minor variation seen between femur and rib. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the petrous bone and the 1st molar. The intraskeletal variation may reflect differences in turnover rate among skeletal elements. The inner periosteal layer of the petrous bone is formed in uterus and does not undergo any further remodelling after the age of 2 years, whereas the rib and femur have a continuous turnover rate of approximately 5 and 10-20 years, respectively. From the results of this study it is believed the petrous bone may be a new useful bone element and a supplement or a proxy for teeth in the analysis of early dietary patterns as it may reflect diet in fetal stages and early years of life.
- Published
- 2009
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22. Evaluating Bone Collagen Extraction Methods for Stable Isotope Analysis in Dietary Studies
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Niels Lynnerup, Jan Heinemeier, and Marie Louise Jørkov
- Subjects
Archeology ,Isotope ,δ13C ,Nitrogen ,Chemistry ,Stable isotope ratio ,Extraction (chemistry) ,Mineralogy ,Carbon ,Isotopes of nitrogen ,Collagen extraction methods ,Archaeological science ,Palaeodiet ,Extraction methods ,Food science ,Isotope analysis - Abstract
The specific purpose of this study was to compare three different collagen extraction methods commonly used in isotope laboratories conducting dietary studies. We evaluated their resultant differences in δ13C and δ15N, collagen quality and collagen yield. Our study was based on well-preserved skeletal material from the medieval period in Denmark. Our study shows that there is a systematic significant difference in the yield and the δ13C values between the three methods. Using the method of DeNiro and Epstein [DeNiro, M.J., Epstein, S., 1981. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 341-351] with NaOH as cleaning agent, will, according to our study, give δ13C values that are on average ±0.32‰ more positive than using the ultra-filtration method [Brown, T.A., Nelson, D.E., Vogel, J.S., Southon, J.R., 1988. Improved collagen extraction by modified Longin method. Radiocarbon 30 (2), 171-177, modified in Richards, M.P., Hedges R.E.M., 1999. Stable isotope evidence for similarities in the types of marine foods used by late Mesolithic humans at sites along the Atlantic coast of Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 26, 717-722]. The third method, which is a modified version of the second method, excluded the ultra-filtration step. This method seems to give δ13C values that lie in between the other methods. Our study did not show any significant difference in δ15N values. Although the differences between the methods are very small, we conclude that the use of stable isotope analysis in food determination studies requires adherence to routine methods for preparing and measuring samples.
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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