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Introduction: Inflammatory odontogenic cysts are lesions that develop from the cellular remains of odontogenesis. They are lesions that may recur after incomplete surgical enucleation with a variable clinical appearance depending on the clinical form. These clinical variations could be explained by the biological behaviour of the lesion cells which can be explored by the study of the cell proliferation index (Ki67). This justifies the initiation of this work whose objective was to study the level of expression of Ki67 and to measure the index of proliferation in odontogenic inflammatory cysts. Material and method: This was a cross-sectional study with an analytical aim on surgical parts of odontogenic inflammatory cysts over a period of 31 months in the odontostomatology department of the Hôpital Général Idrissa Pouye. The Ki67 immunohistochemistry study was performed on 3μ thick histological sections of paraffin-fixed tissue. The inclusion criteria were any surgical specimen of odontogenic inflammatory cyst that we could collect. The variables studied were sociodemographic, clinical and histopathological. Results: Radiculo-dental cysts represented 80.5% of the surgical specimens collected and residual cysts 12.2%. The percentage of Ki67-labelled cells was greater than 15% in 80.5% of the odontogenic inflammatory cysts and less than 7% in 19.5% of the cases. In addition, intense labelling was noted in radiculo-dental cysts and weak labelling in the other clinical forms of inflammatory odontogenic cysts obtained. An association was noted between the percentage of Ki67 labelled cells and histological types (p-value

Introduction: Odontogenic lesions are diverse and varied. Some of them, in addition to having a significant power of bone destruction, recur most often after surgical removal. This could be explained by moleculoskeletal mechanisms that have not yet been mastered. Hence the initiation of the present work whose objective was to study the genetic and malecular anomalies of maxillo-mandibular odontogenic cysts and benign tumours by a review of the literature. Material and method: Search engines such as Pubmed, PMC, Google Scholar, Science direct, Journal of oncology were searched using key words with some filters. Results: Out of a total of 162 articles consulted, 40 were retained. The analysis of the articles retrieved allowed us to gather the genetic and molecular anomalies involved in the pathogenesis and development of benign maxillomandibular odontogenic cysts and tumours, sometimes explaining the clinical behaviour of some of these lesions. In addition to the molecular and genetic alterations encountered in the key genes of odontogenesis, molecules inhibiting the activities of apoptosis proteins would be hyper-expressed in certain very aggressive odontogenic lesions with a recurrence capacity. Conclusion: Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and development of odontogenic lesions would allow the use of new therapeutic procedures in management of maxillo-mandibular odontogenic lesions.