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Oval frogs (Elachistocleis) have a broad geographic distribution covering nearly all of South America and parts of Central America. They also have a large inter- and intraspecific variation of the few morphological characters commonly used as diagnostic traits among species of the genus. Based on molecular data, we provide the most complete phylogeny of Elachistocleis to date, and explore its genetic diversity using distance-based and tree-based methods for putative species delimitation. Our results show that at least two of the most relevant traditional characters used in the taxonomy of this group (belly pattern and dorsal median white line) carry less phylogenetic information than previously thought. Based on our results, we propose some synonymizations and some candidate new species. This study is a first major step in disentangling the current systematics of Elachistocleis. Yet, a comprehensive review of morphological data is needed before any new species descriptions can be properly made.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:34:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-03-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The molecular bases for the symbiosis of the amphibian skin microbiome with its host are poorly understood. Here, we used the odor-producer Pseudomonas sp. MPFS and the treefrog Boana prasina as a model to explore bacterial genome determinants and the resulting mechanisms facilitating symbiosis. Pseudomonas sp. MPFS and its closest relatives, within a new clade of the P. fluoresens Group, have large genomes and were isolated from fishes and plants, suggesting environmental plasticity. We annotated 16 biosynthetic gene clusters from the complete genome sequence of this strain, including those encoding the synthesis of compounds with known antifungal activity and of odorous methoxypyrazines that likely mediate sexual interactions in Boana prasina. Comparative genomics of Pseudomonas also revealed that Pseudomonas sp. MPFS and its closest relatives have acquired specific resistance mechanisms against host antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), specifically two extra copies of a multidrug efflux pump and the same two-component regulatory systems known to trigger adaptive resistance to AMPs in P. aeruginosa. Subsequent molecular modeling indicated that these regulatory systems interact with an AMP identified in Boana prasina through the highly acidic surfaces of the proteins comprising their sensory domains. In agreement with a symbiotic relationship and a highly selective antibacterial function, this AMP did not inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas sp. MPFS but inhibited the growth of another Pseudomonas species and Escherichia coli in laboratory tests. This study provides deeper insights into the molecular interaction of the bacteria-amphibian symbiosis and highlights the role of specific adaptive resistance toward AMPs of the hosts. Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, SP Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET – UNaM) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de Misiones Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, SP Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, SP IPEEC-CONICET Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Mikrobiologie Technische Universität Braunschweig Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, SP FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2013/50954-0 FAPESP: 2014/20915-6 FAPESP: 2014/50265-3 FAPESP: 2017/23725-1 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 CAPES: 88881.062205/2014-01 CAPES: 88887.464731/2019-00

Supplemental material for this article can be accessed here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2022.2089269.; International audience; The Leptodactylus melanonotus species group is an anuran clade widely distributed in the Neotropics. This clade harbours many species that are difficult to identify because of incomplete taxonomic knowledge, ambiguous species boundaries and distribution. Here we expand the understanding of species diversity of this Leptodactylus clade by analysing mtDNA sequences for over 600 individuals, delimiting Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), and updating species identifications and distributions by linking sequences to morphotypes and calls. Also, we review the morphological and acoustic traits traditionally used as diagnostic characters of species within this group. The DNA-based species delimitation analyses yielded 57 OTUs. Given that only 19 taxa are currently recognized as valid species, our results suggest the existence of many unnamed species within the L. melanonotus group. After reassessing morphological traits in the group, we concluded that the combined use of dorsolateral fold, upper lip stripe, and belly colouration is sufficiently informative for species identification in most cases, especially when associated with data on geographic distribution and habitat use. Regarding advertisement calls, the patterns of amplitude and frequency modulation, calling rate, and dominant frequency were also informative for species discrimination. Furthermore, we designate a neotype for L. wagneri, for which we also describe the advertisement call, and make comparisons with congeners of the L. melanonotus group, especially with the partially sympatric L. leptodactyloides. Lastly, we name and describe a new species endemic to the Eastern Guiana Shield. Patterns of distribution and habitat use in the L. melanonotus group revealed that sympatric occurrences are more commonly found among distantly related species, whereas allopatric occurrences correspond to closely related ones. Speciation between closely related species of the group seems to be related to ecological divergence (open vs. forest habitats) in parallel with clear morphological and acoustic differentiation.

Anthropogenic habitat disturbance is fundamentally altering patterns of disease transmission and immunity across the vertebrate tree of life. Most studies linking anthropogenic habitat change and disease focus on habitat loss and fragmentation, but these processes often lead to a third process that is equally important: habitat split. Defined as spatial separation between the multiple classes of natural habitat that many vertebrate species require to complete their life cycles, habitat split has been linked to population declines in vertebrates, e.g. amphibians breeding in lowland aquatic habitats and overwintering in fragments of upland terrestrial vegetation. Here, we link habitat split to enhanced disease risk in amphibians (i) by reviewing the biotic and abiotic forces shaping elements of immunity and (ii) through a spatially oriented field study focused on tropical frogs. We propose a framework to investigate mechanisms by which habitat split influences disease risk in amphibians, focusing on three broad host factors linked to immunity: (i) composition of symbiotic microbial communities, (ii) immunogenetic variation, and (iii) stress hormone levels. Our review highlights the potential for habitat split to contribute to host-associated microbiome dysbiosis, reductions in immunogenetic repertoire, and chronic stress, that often facilitate pathogenic infections and disease in amphibians and other classes of vertebrates. We highlight that targeted habitat-restoration strategies aiming to connect multiple classes of natural habitats (e.g. terrestrial-freshwater, terrestrial-marine, marine-freshwater) could enhance priming of the vertebrate immune system through repeated low-load exposure to enzootic pathogens and reduced stress-induced immunosuppression.

Amphibians are increasingly threatened worldwide, but the availability of genomic resources that could be crucial for implementing informed conservation practices lags well behind that for other vertebrate groups. Here, we describe draft de novo genome, mitogenome, and transcriptome assemblies for the Neotropical leaf-frog Phyllomedusa bahiana native to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. We used a combination of PacBio long reads and Illumina sequencing to produce a 4.74-Gbp contig-level genome assembly, which has a contiguity comparable to other recent nonchromosome level assemblies. The assembled mitogenome comprises 16,239 bp and the gene content and arrangement are similar to other Neobratrachia. RNA-sequencing from 8 tissues resulted in a highly complete (86.3%) reference transcriptome. We further use whole-genome resequencing data from P. bahiana and from its sister species Phyllomedusa burmeisteri, to demonstrate how our assembly can be used as a backbone for population genomics studies within the P. burmeisteri species group. Our assemblies thus represent important additions to the catalog of genomic resources available from amphibians.

The host‐associated microbiome plays a significant role in health. However, the roles of factors such as host genetics and microbial interactions in determining microbiome diversity remain unclear. We examined these factors using amplicon‐based sequencing of 175 Thoropa taophora frog skin swabs collected from a naturally fragmented landscape in southeastern Brazil. Specifically, we examined (1) the effects of geography and host genetics on microbiome diversity and structure; (2) the structure of microbial eukaryotic and bacterial co‐occurrence networks; and (3) co‐occurrence between microeukaryotes with bacterial OTUs known to affect growth of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While bacterial alpha diversity varied by both site type and host MHC IIB genotype, microeukaryotic alpha diversity varied only by site type. However, bacteria and microeukaryote composition showed variation according to both site type and host MHC IIB genotype. Our network analysis showed the highest connectivity when both eukaryotes and bacteria were included, implying that ecological interactions may occur among domains. Lastly, anti‐Bd bacteria were not broadly negatively co‐associated with the fungal microbiome and were positively associated with potential amphibian parasites. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering both domains in microbiome research and suggest that for effective probiotic strategies for amphibian disease management, considering potential interactions among all members of the microbiome is crucial., We use a natural laboratory to examine the relationship between host genetic diversity, bacterial diversity, and microeukaryote diversity in the skin microbiome of a Brazilian frog. We find that host immunogenetic diversity is associated with variation in microbiome diversity and structure, and present results that support novel associations between microeukaryotes and bacteria on frog skin. Our results have implications for the relationships between host genetics and health mediated through microbiome diversity and structure. ​

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:01:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Aim: To test the importance of evolutionary and biogeographical processes in shaping the assembly of local frog communities in two adjacent regions (hereafter, coastal and inland regions) with different historical signatures. We asked two main questions: (1) why does the coastal region harbour more frog species than the inland region? and (2) how do these processes affect the spatial variation in taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversities within and across these regions?. Location: southeastern Brazil. Taxon: Anurans. Methods: We generated time-calibrated phylogenies to estimate the relative timing of colonization, rates of speciation, extinction and dispersal between regions. We tested the phylogenetic signal in reproductive modes. These traits were also used to examine variation in functional composition across sites. We calculated metrics of phylogenetic community structure that capture the relationships near the root and tips of the tree. Finally, we tested the relationships between the spatial variation of multiple diversity dimensions and topographic complexity, Pleistocene and contemporary climate gradients for three spatial extents: (1) only coastal sites; (2) only inland sites; and (3) the two regions combined. Results: The structure of communities was related to the region in which they are located, with regional pool size being two times greater for the coastal than inland region. This pattern seems to reflect both a higher speciation rate and earlier colonization time in the coastal than in the inland region. Reproductive modes within frog genera were less variable than among families, indicating phylogenetic signal. This pattern influenced local community assembly within the inland region due to the absence of species with direct development, tadpoles in bromeliads or eggs and tadpoles in streams in this region. Main conclusions: Macroevolutionary dynamics, such as colonization time, differences in speciation rates and niche conservatism generate the disparity in species richness and assembly patterns of local communities between regions, but not within regions, in which local communities were more similar to each other. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal de São Carlos Laboratório de Herpetologia Universidade Federal do Ceará Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Mato Grosso do Sul Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Finnish Environment Institute Freshwater Centre Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) São José do Rio Preto Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica: Integrando Tempo Biologia e Espaço (LET.IT.BE) Departamento de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Federal de São Carlos Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) São José do Rio Preto

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 In recent years, the taxonomic knowledge of Pseudopaludicola has increased and it is currently possible to elucidate aspects of the species within this genus such as their geographic distributions. Here we accessed new data on geographic distribution of P. boliviana and three long-legged species of the P. saltica group (P. saltica, P. murundu, and P. jaredi). Based on morphometric, acoustic and genetic data, we accessed the specific status of long-legged specimens from Chapada dos Veadeiros highlands and attributed them to the P. murundu. We also performed a phylogenetic analysis including several populations of the three species. Based on this novel dataset, we discussed the geographical distributions of P. saltica, P. murundu, and P. jaredi, providing new records for them. Pseudopaludicola boliviana is one of the five species of the P. pusilla group and it is thought to be a widely distributed species based on its morphology. Hence, we evaluated the geographic distribution of P. boliviana, using novel acoustic data of specimens from Argentina, Northern Brazil, and Bolivia. Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP Laboratório de Taxonomia e Sistemática de Anuros Neotropicais (LTSAN) Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, Rio Claro Laboratório de Citogenética Animal Departamento de Biologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, Rio Claro Laboratorio de Herpetología Universidad Nacional del Nordeste Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, Rio Claro Laboratório de Citogenética Animal Departamento de Biologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, Rio Claro

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:46:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-02-22 Pristimantis is the most diverse Neotropical genus of terrestrial vertebrates and is distributed from Central America to Argentina. The last few years have seen the description of several new species of the genus, suggesting that its diversity is still underestimated. After decades of uncertainties about the taxonomic status of populations of Pristimantis from the Brejos de Altitude of the state of Cear, Northeast Brazil, we finally found morphological, acoustic and molecular evidence confirming their distinctiveness from other Atlantic Forest species. The new species is characterized by the following: shagreen dorsal skin with small-scattered tubercles, absence of dorsolateral fold, presence of tarsal fold, advertisement call composed of 18 pulsed notes, (25 pulses per note), and dominant frequency located in the second energy band, ranging from 36174220 Hz. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in the Pristimantis conspicillatus species group and the sister lineage of the Atlantic Forest clade comprising P. ramagii, P. paulodutrai and the P. vinhai species complex. Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal do Cear, Centro de Cincias ,Campus do Pici Laboratrio de Vertebrados, Instituto de Cincias Biolgicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itlia, Km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. pinguimfiel@yahoo.com.br Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Instituto de Biocincias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24A, 1515, Rio Claro, So Paulo, CEP 13506-900, Brazil

Ants have long been known for their associations with other taxa, including macroscopic fungi and symbiotic bacteria. Recently, many ant species have had the composition and function of their bacterial communities investigated. Due to its behavioral and ecological diversity, the subfamily Ponerinae deserves more attention regarding its associated microbiota. Here, we used the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the bacterial communities of Odontomachus chelifer (ground-nesting) and Odontomachus hastatus (arboreal), two ponerine trap-jaw species commonly found in the Brazilian savanna ("Cerrado") and Atlantic rainforest. We investigated habitat effects (O. chelifer in the Cerrado and the Atlantic rainforest) and species-specific effects (both species in the Atlantic rainforest) on the bacterial communities' structure (composition and abundance) in two different body parts: cuticle and gaster. Bacterial communities differed in all populations studied. Cuticular communities were more diverse, while gaster communities presented variants common to other ants, including Wolbachia and Candidatus Tokpelaia hoelldoblerii. Odontomachus chelifer populations presented different communities in both body parts, highlighting the influence of habitat type. In the Atlantic rainforest, the outcome depended on the body part targeted. Cuticular communities were similar between species, reinforcing the habitat effect on bacterial communities, which are mainly composed of environmentally acquired taxa. Gaster communities, however, differed between the two Odontomachus species, suggesting species-specific effects and selective filters. Unclassified Firmicutes and uncultured Rhizobiales variants are the main components accounting for the observed differences. Our study indicates that both host species and habitat act synergistically, but to different degrees, to shape the bacterial communities in these Odontomachus species.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:41:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 The Neotropical family Hylodidae comprises 46 currently recognized rheophilic Torrent frog species, today classified in the genera Crossodactylus, Hylodes, Megaelosia, and Phantasmarana, all endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Megaelosia and Phantasmarana are distributed along the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira mountain ranges, southeastern Brazil, and are the least speciose genera of the family, including all the mute giant hylodids. Megaelosia is a monotypic genus, whereas Phantasmarana comprises six currently recognized species: P. apuana, P. bocainensis, P. boticariana, P. jordanensis, P. lutzae, and P. massarti. Herein, we provide a taxonomic revision of these Giant Neotropical Torrent frogs, offering a comprehensively sampled species-level molecular phylogeny. By combining molecular and morphological data, we confirm that Megaelosia and Phantasmarana are valid genera. We provide diagnostic traits for both genera, redescribe the poorly known species P. jordanensis, and describe two new species from distinct localities at Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, P. curucutuensis sp. nov. and P. tamuia sp. nov., presenting details of adult and larval morphology, and notes on their natural history and behaviour. We further discuss systematic and taxonomic concerns, and evolutionary processes related to distribution, body sizes, and communication in the family Hylodidae. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:61EA0116-6FB9-44B8-A2CE-E99D7B887E8B http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:079339E6-C802-4B47-A3A3-9FA0D0FCA3D1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0EA22628-89E9-483B-AB90-F3F0D18E28F1. Laboratório de Estudos Cromossômicos (LabEsC) Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo Carleton University Núcleo São Sebastião Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar Fundação para a Conservação e a Produção Florestal do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo

Here, we summarize examples of significant advances in amphibian research supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), focusing on recent discoveries in the fields of community ecology, habitat change, infection diseases, and multipurpose DNA sequencing. We demonstrated that FAPESP has been fundamental not only by directly funding research projects and scholarships, but also through its science training policy, fostering international collaborations with world-class research institutions, improving and consolidating new lines of research that often depended on a synergetic combination of different knowledge and complex tools. We emphasized that future studies will continue to focus on basic questions, such as description of new species, as well as taxonomic and systematic corrections. Furthermore, we also expect that there will be a strong integration among different disciplines using novel bioinformatics tools and modeling approaches, such as machine learning. These new approaches will be critical to further develop our understanding of foundational questions of amphibian life-history trait variation, disease transmission, community assembly, biogeography, and population forecasts under different global change scenarios such as agricultural expansion, agrochemical use, habitat loss, and climate change.

Background Host microbiomes may differ under the same environmental conditions and these differences may influence susceptibility to infection. Amphibians are ideal for comparing microbiomes in the context of disease defense because hundreds of species face infection with the skin-invading microbe Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), and species richness of host communities, including their skin bacteria (bacteriome), may be exceptionally high. We conducted a landscape-scale Bd survey of six co-occurring amphibian species in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. To test the bacteriome as a driver of differential Bd prevalence, we compared bacteriome composition and co-occurrence network structure among the six focal host species. Results Intensive sampling yielded divergent Bd prevalence in two ecologically similar terrestrial-breeding species, a group with historically low Bd resistance. Specifically, we detected the highest Bd prevalence in Ischnocnema henselii but no Bd detections in Haddadus binotatus. Haddadus binotatus carried the highest bacteriome alpha and common core diversity, and a modular network partitioned by negative co-occurrences, characteristics associated with community stability and competitive interactions that could inhibit Bd colonization. Conclusions Our findings suggest that community structure of the bacteriome might drive Bd resistance in H. binotatus, which could guide microbiome manipulation as a conservation strategy to protect diverse radiations of direct-developing species from Bd-induced population collapses.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:47:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-11-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft The genus Brachycephalus is a fascinating group of miniaturized anurans from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, comprising the conspicuous, brightly colored pumpkin-toadlets and the cryptic flea-toads. Pumpkin-toadlets are known to contain tetrodotoxins and therefore, their bright colors may perform an aposematic function. Previous studies based on a limited number of mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded markers supported the existence of two clades containing species of pumpkin-toadlet phenotype, but deep nodes remained largely unresolved or conflicting between data sets. We use new RNAseq data of 17 individuals from nine Brachycephalus species to infer their evolutionary relationships from a phylogenomic perspective. Analyses of almost 5300 nuclear-encoded ortholog protein-coding genes and full mitochondrial genomes confirmed the existence of two separate pumpkin-toadlet clades, suggesting the convergent evolution (or multiple reversals) of the bufoniform morphology, conspicuous coloration, and probably toxicity. In addition, the study of the mitochondrial gene order revealed that three species (B. hermogenesi, B. pitanga, and B. rotenbergae) display translocations of different tRNAs (NCY and CYA) from the WANCY tRNA cluster to a position between the genes ATP6 and COIII, showing a new mitochondrial gene order arrangement for vertebrates. The newly clarified phylogeny suggests that Brachycephalus has the potential to become a promising model taxon to understand the evolution of coloration, body plan and toxicity. Given that toxicity information is available for only few species of Brachycephalus, without data for any flea-toad species, we also emphasize the need for a wider screening of toxicity across species, together with more in-depth functional and ecological study of their phenotypes. Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biodiversidade (Campus Rio Claro) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24A, N 1515, Bela Vista, SP Zoological Institute Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute for Microbiology and Genetics Department of Applied Bioinformatics University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr, 1 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Unidade Passos Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG), Avenida Juca Stockler 1130, MG Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, RS Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BA Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biodiversidade (Campus Rio Claro) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24A, N 1515, Bela Vista, SP CNPq: 163546/2020-7 FAPESP: 2018/09691-0 CNPq: 300896/2016-6 CNPq: 302834/2020-6 CNPq: 304999/2015-6 CAPES: 88881.062205/2014-01 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft: VE247/16-1–HO 3492/6-1

Temperature-induced developmental plasticity could allow amphibian larvae to complete metamorphosis successfully despite new thermal challenges and increased desiccation risk due to climate change. Here we investigated how the capacity for temperature-induced developmental plasticity varies with latitude and whether population-specific biogeographic background accounts for the different degree of plastic responses to temperature. We carried out a combined analysis based on the data from 150 studies (93 articles) performed on 64 amphibian species. We collected empirical data for age and size at metamorphosis in amphibian larvae acclimated to different temperatures during development and found that all larvae from all populations in these studies revealed a change in metamorphic traits with a given change in temperature and thus, were able to exhibit temperature-induced developmental plasticity. Age at metamorphosis was more affected by temperature than size at metamorphosis. Age and size at the onset of metamorphosis were generally lowest at warmest temperatures during development. Furthermore, populations from tropical latitudes were less sensitive to a change in developmental temperature compared to populations from higher latitudes. Accordingly, we suggest tropical populations to be the most vulnerable to increasing temperatures during metamorphosis. Our analyses reveal biases with respect to taxonomy, biogeographic distribution of species, and study design. Data from tropical populations are underrepresented and thus, the capacity for developmental plasticity of the most threatened species probably remains poorly understood. Future studies should focus on under-represented regions, most threatened species, and include a broader range of temperatures during development in order to make robust projections on future sensitivity of populations to climate change.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:38:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-04-01 ASCRS Research Foundation Phylogeographic studies primarily focus on the major role of landscape topography in driving lineage diversification. However, populational phylogeographic breaks may also occur as a result of either niche conservatism or divergence, in the absence of geographic barriers to gene flow. Furthermore, these two factors are not mutually exclusive and can act in concert, making it challenging to evaluate their relative importances on explaining genetic variation in nature. Herein, we use sequences of two mitochondrial and four nuclear genes to investigate the timing and diversification patterns of species pertaining to the Leptodactylus latrans complex, which harbors four morphologically cryptic species with broad distributions across environmental gradients in eastern South America. The origin of this species complex dates back to the late Miocene (ca. 5.5 Mya), but most diversification events occurred synchronically during the late Pleistocene likely as the result of ecological divergence driven by Quaternary climatic oscillations. Further, significant patterns of environmental niche divergences among species in the L. latrans complex imply that ecological isolation is the primary mode of genetic diversification, mostly because phylogenetic breaks are associated with environmental transitions rather than topographic barriers at both species and populational scales. We provided new insights about diversification patterns and processes within a species complex of broadly and continuously distributed group of frogs along South America. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal da Paraíba–UFPB Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Cidade Universitária Paraiba Earth and Environmental Sciences Ecology and Evolution Rutgers University-Newark, 195 University Ave Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Campus Rio Claro Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Laboratório de Herpetologia, Cx. Postal 199 São Paulo Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS CONICET-UNaM) Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552 Misiones Laboratório de Anfíbios e Répteis (LAR) Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário. Lagoa Nova Rio Grande do Norte Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Campus Rio Claro Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Laboratório de Herpetologia, Cx. Postal 199 São Paulo

Amphibians are known to possess a wide variety of compounds stored in their skin glands. While significant progress has been made in understanding the chemical diversity and biological relevance of alkaloids, amines, steroids, and peptides, most aspects of the odorous secretions are completely unknown. In this study, we examined sexual variations in the volatile profile from the skin of the tree frog Boana prasina and combined culture and culture-independent methods to investigate if microorganisms might be a source of these compounds. We found that sesquiterpenes, thioethers, and methoxypyrazines are major contributors to the observed sex differences. We also observed that each sex has a distinct profile of methoxypyrazines, and that the chemical origin of these compounds can be traced to a Pseudomonas sp. strain isolated from the frog´s skin. This symbiotic bacterium was present in almost all individuals examined from different sites and was maintained in captive conditions, supporting its significance as the source of methoxypyrazines in these frogs. Our results highlight the potential relevance of bacteria as a source of chemical signals in amphibians and contribute to increasing our understanding of the role that symbiotic associations have in animals. Fil: Brunetti, Andrés Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Lucio Lyra, Mariana. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Melo, Weilan G. P.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Andrade, Laura Elena. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Palacios Rodríguez, Pablo. Universidad de los Andes; Colombia Fil: Prado, Bárbara M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Baptista Haddad, Célio Fernando. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Tallarico Pupo, Monica. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Peporine Lopes, Norberto. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:29:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-06-01 Species in the Adelophryne genus consist of diminutive, agile, and secretive frogs that inhabit forest leaf litter and have direct development. Species richness within Adelophryne was previously underestimated, and several new species have recently been described. Here, we describe a new species of Adelophryne from the Atlantic Forest in the Brazilian states of Alagoas, Pernambuco, and Paraíba. The new species is characterized by its small body size, small and distinct tympanum, toes with subarticular tubercles, fingers mucronate, three phalanges in the Finger IV, and an advertisement call composed of one single pulsed note with a high dominant frequency. The new species is phylogenetically related to other Adelophryne species of the Northern Atlantic Forest Clade and is endemic to the Pernambuco Endemism Centerin the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental (PPGEMA) Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) Campus IV, Litoral Norte, CEP Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal (PPGBA) Departamento de Zoologia Centro de Biociências Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Alagoas (IFAL) Campus Santana Do Ipanema CEP Laboratório de Vertebrados Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão. CEP Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais; Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Avenida Alberto Lame o 2000 Par ue Califórnia CEP Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2 Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal, Rural de Pernambuco Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros Recife Pernambuco Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Setor de Biodiversidade Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Ta-buleiro Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi COZOO, Caixa postal 399 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do sul Instituto de Biociências Cidade Universitária CEP Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:53:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-01 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) MfN Taxonomy Fund NYUAD NYUAD Research Institute Climate has a large impact on diversity and evolution of the world's biota. The Eocene-Oligocene transition from tropical climate to cooler, drier environments was accompanied by global species turnover. A large number of Old World lacertid lizard lineages have diversified after the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. One of the most speciose reptile genera in the arid Palearctic, Acanthodactylus, contains two sub-Saharan species with unresolved phylogenetic relationship and unknown climatic preferences. We here aim to understand how and when adaptation to arid conditions occurred in Acanthodactylus and when tropical habitats where entered. Using whole mitogenomes from fresh and archival DNA and published sequences we recovered a well-supported Acanthodactylus phylogeny and underpinned the timing of diversification with environmental niche analyses of the sub-Saharan species A. guineensis and A. boueti in comparison to all arid Acanthodactylus. We found that A. guineensis represents an old lineage that splits from a basal node in the Western clade, and A. boueti is a derived lineage and probably not its sister. Their long branches characterize them-and especially A. guineensis-as lineages that may have persisted for a long time without further diversification or have undergone multiple extinctions. Environmental niche models verified the occurrence of A. guineensis and A. boueti in hot humid environments different from the other 42 arid Acanthodactylus species. While A. guineensis probably remained in tropical habitat from periods prior to the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, A. boueti entered tropical environments independently at a later period. Our results provide an important baseline for studying adaptation and the transition from humid to arid environments in Lacertidae. New York Univ Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, U Arab Emirates Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Inst Biociencias, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Vet Med Hannover, Inst Zool, Bunteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany Univ Antilles, Sorbonne Univ, Inst Systemat Evolut Biodivers ISYEB, Museum Natl Hist Nat,CNRS,Ecole Prat Hautes Etud, CP 30,57 Rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France Leibniz Inst Evolut & Biodivers Sci, Museum Nat Kunde, Invalidenstr 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany IRD, UMR MIVEGEC, Lab Paludol & Zool Med, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Zool Inst, Mendelssohnstr 4, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Inst Biociencias, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft: VE 247/11-1/MU 1760/9-1 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 NYUAD: AD180 NYUAD Research Institute: G1205A

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-02-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) Rufford Foundation In this paper we present a phylogenetic analysis of the treefrogs of the Boana pulchella Group with the goals of (1) providing a rigorous test of its monophyly; (2) providing a test of relationships supported in previous studies; and (3) exploring the relationships of the several species not included in previous analyses. The analyses included>300 specimens of 37 of the 38 species currently included in the group, plus 36 outgroups, exemplars of the diversity of Boana and the other genera of the hylid tribe Cophomantini. The dataset included eight mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, CytB, COI, ND1, tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Leu), and tRNA(Val)) and five nuclear genes (RHO, TYR, RAG-1, CXCR4, SIAH1). The phylogenetic analyses recover the monophyly of the B. pulchella Group with lower support than previous studies, as a result of the inclusion of the B. claresignata Group, which is recovered as its sister taxon. Within the B. pulchella Group, the inclusion of almost all species of the group had little impact on previous notions of its phylogeny, except for the rejection of the hypothesized B. polytaenia Clade (B. goiana and B. phaeopleura are nested in the clade here called the B. prasina Clade), which is redefined. Phylogenetic support is strong for five major clades, which collectively include all but three of the species sampled: the B. balzani Clade (B. aguilari, B. balzani, B. gladiator, B. melanopleura, B. palaestes), the redefined B. polytaenia Clade (B. botumirim, B. buriti, B. cipoensis, B. jaguariaivensis, B. leptolineata, B. polytaenia, B. stenocephala, and two undescribed species), the B. prasina Clade (B. bischoffi, B. caingua, B. cordobae, B. goiana, B. guentheri, B. marginata, B. phaeopleura, B. prasina, B. pulchella, and one undescribed species), the B. riojana Clade (B. callipleura, B. marianitae, B. riojana), and the B. semiguttata Clade (B. caipora, B. curupi, B. joaquini, B. poaju, B. semiguttata, B. stellae, and two undescribed species). The monophyly of the B. prasina + B. riojana Clades, and that of the B. polytaenia + B. semiguttata Clades are well-supported. The relationships among these two clades, the B. balzani Clade, B. ericae + B. freicanecae, and B. cambui (representing the deepest phylogenetic splits within the B. pulchella Group) are recovered with weak support. We discuss the phenotypic evidence supporting the monophyly of the B. pulchella Group, and the taxonomy of several species, identifying three new synonyms of Boana polytaenia, one new synonym of Boana goiana, and one new synonym of B. riojana. Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Div Herpetol, Angel Gallardo 470, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Sao Paulo, Lab Anfibios, Dept Zool, Inst Biociencias, Rua Matao,Travessa 14,101,Sala 137,Cidade Univ, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura, IB, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Nacl Misiones, Lab Genet Evolutiva Claudio J Bidau, Inst Biol Subtrop CONICET UNaM, Fac Ciencias Exactas Quim & Nat, Felix de Azara 1552,CPA N3300LQF, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Univ Ghent, Dept Nutr Genet & Ethol, Fac Vet Med, Heidestr 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium Museo Hist Nat Noel Kempff Mercado, Ave Irala 565,Casilla 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia Univ Brasilia, Lab Fauna, Dept Engn Florestal, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Brasilia, Unidades Conservacao, Dept Engn Florestal, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Fed Uberlandia, Lab Anuros Neotropicais, Inst Ciencias Exatas & Nat Pontal, Rua 20,1600, BR-38304402 Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil Museo Biodiversidad Peru, Urbanizac Mariscal Gamarra A-61,Zona 2, Cuzco, Peru Univ Nacl San Antonio Abad Cusco, Museo Hist Nat, Cuzco, Peru Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Vertebrados, Museu Nacl, BR-20940040 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Univ Vale Rio Grande Sul, Lab Sistemat & Taxon, Sala E04224,Ave Unisinos 950, BR-93022750 Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil Univ Nacl Jujuy, Catedra Evoluc, Fac Ciencias Agr VICAM CONICET, Alberdi 47,Y4600DTA, San Salvador De Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina Illinois State Univ, Dept Biol, 309 East Emerson St, Bloomington, IL 61761 USA Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Invertebrate Zool, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Zool, Ave Antonio Carlos 6627, BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura, IB, Ave 24a,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil CNPq: 446935/2014-0 CNPq: 300903/2015-4 CNPq: 306623/2018-8 CNPq: 310301/2018-1 CNPq: 305169/2019-0 CNPq: 158681/2013-4 FAPESP: 2018/18473-6 FAPESP: 2019/25061-9 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2018/15425-0 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2007-2202 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2011-1895 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2013-404 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-813 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-820 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-2381 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2018-3349 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET): PIP 11220110100889 Rufford Foundation: 39.05.07 Rufford Foundation: 77.04.09 Rufford Foundation: 9096-B Rufford Foundation: 1047-C

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:38:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-02-17 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica Anurans have the greatest diversity of reproductive modes among tetrapod vertebrates, with at least 41 being currently recognized. We describe a new reproductive mode for anurans, as exhibited by the Paranapiacaba Treefrog, Bokermannohyla astartea, an endemic and poorly known species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest belonging to the B. circumdata group. We also describe other aspects of its reproductive biology, that are relevant to understanding the new reproductive mode, such as courtship behavior, spawning, and tadpoles. Additionally, we redescribe its advertisement call and extend its vocal repertoire by describing three additional call types: courtship, amplectant, and presumed territorial. The new reproductive mode exhibited by B. astartea consists of: (1) deposition of aquatic eggs in leaf-tanks of terrestrial or epiphytic bromeliads located on or over the banks of temporary or permanent streams; (2) exotrophic tadpoles remain in the leaf-tanks during initial stages of development (until Gosner stage 26), after which they presumably jump or are transported to streams after heavy rains that flood their bromeliad tanks; and (3) tadpole development completes in streams. The tadpoles of B. astartea are similar to those of other species of the B. circumdata group, although with differences in the spiracle, eyes, and oral disc. The vocal repertoire of B. astartea exhibits previously unreported acoustic complexity for the genus. Bokermannohyla astartea is the only bromeligenous species known to date among the 187 known species within the tribe Cophomantini. We further discuss evolutionary hypotheses for the origin of this novel reproductive mode. Fundacao Conservacao & Prod Florestal Estado Sao, Nucleo Sao Sebastiao, Parque Estadual Serra Mar, Sao Sebastiao, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura CAUNESP, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Biol, Programa Posgrad Zool, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Biol, Programa Posgrad Biol Comparada, FFCLRP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat, Div Herpetol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Fed ABC UFABC, Ctr Ciencias Nat & Humanas, Sao Bernardo Do Campo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura CAUNESP, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil CNPq: 141259/2014-0 FAPESP: 2008/54472-2 FAPESP: 2008/50928-1 FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2014/50342-8 FAPESP: 2014/23677-9 CAPES: 440665/2015-9 CNPq: 202081/2015-0 CNPq: 306623/2018-8 CNPq: 312795/2018-1 CNPq: 310301/2018-1 FAPESP: 2017/27137-7 FAPESP: 2018/15425-0 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica: ANPCyT PICT 2015-820 CAPES: 001

We reconstructed nearly complete mitogenomes for three species of poison frogs, Dendrobates auratus, D. leucomelas, and D. tinctorius, from RNAseq data. We recovered the 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes (except tRNA-Val for D. leucomelas), and two rRNA genes for all three species, plus partial sequences of the control region. The order of genes agrees with that known from a previously sequenced D. auratus, being the most commonly found for neobatrachian frogs. Based on full-sibling comparisons we estimate the probable error rate of Illumina-RNAseq reconstructed mitogenomes of up to 0.15%.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:36:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica de Argentina The Leptodactylus melanonotus species group is widely distributed across the Neotropics and contains 17 valid species. Here we reassess the taxonomic status of several taxa of the group, focusing mainly on the Amazonian L. petersii and both its junior synonyms (L. brevipes and L. intermedius), based on morphological, acoustic, cytogenetic, and DNA sequence data. The phylogenetic analyses recovered a monophyletic L. melanonotus group. However, L. petersii in the broad sense was found to be polyphyletic by containing the nominal species and two other lineages more closely related to L. podicipinus than to L. petersii. Color patterns and calls also support the distinctiveness among these lineages. Moreover, one of the lineages (L. brevipes) has a unique karyotype in the genus (2n = 20 vs. 2n = 22 in the other species). The holotype of L. petersii is presumably lost and a previous designation of a neotype was later considered as invalid. Therefore, we designate a new neotype for L. petersii and redescribe the species from the upper Negro River drainage. Also, we revalidate and characterize L. brevipes and L. intermedius from their type localities. Our study contributes to the systematics, cytogenetic and phenotypic variation, and distribution patterns of leptodactylid frogs in South America. (c) 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Univ Estadual Paulista, Lab Citogenet Anim, Dept Biol Geral & Aplicada, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Lab Herpetol, Dept Biodiversidade, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Pontificia Univ Catolica Ecuador, Museo Zool, Escuela Ciencias Biol, Quito, Ecuador Univ Fed Mato Grosso, Fac Med Vet, Cuiaba, MT, Brazil Univ Nacl Misiones, Inst Biol Subtrop, Fac Ciencias Exactas Quim & Nat, Lab Genet Evolut, Posadas, Argentina Univ Fed Mato Grosso, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Referencia Biodiversidade Reg, Lab Herpetol, Cuiaba, MT, Brazil Univ Fed Uberlandia, Lab Anuros Neotropicais, Inst Ciencias Exatas & Nat Pontal, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Lab Citogenet Anim, Dept Biol Geral & Aplicada, Inst Biociencias, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Lab Herpetol, Dept Biodiversidade, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2008/50928-1 FAPESP: 2012/15763-7 FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2017/08489-0 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 CNPq: 446935/2014-0 CNPq: 302518/2013-4 CNPq: 305169/2019-0 CNPq: 306623/2018-8 CNPq: 3123038/2018-1 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica de Argentina: PICTs 2015/2381 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica de Argentina: 2016/4066 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica de Argentina: 2018/3349

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Aim: There is little consensus on which environmental variables are best at predicting multiple dimensions of diversity. We ask whether there are common environmental correlates of diversity, despite ecological differences, across nine clades of plants and animals distributed along a single rainforest domain. For that, we compare the environmental correlates of species richness, phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic endemism. Location: Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Taxon:Five clades of plants (Bromelioideae, Miconieae, Bertolonia, Cambessedesieae, and the Fridericia and allies) and four clades of animals (butterlies in the tribe Ithomiini, frogs in the genera Boana and Proceratophrys, and birds in the subfamily Thraupinae). Methods: Using curated occurrence localities and phylogenetic data, we generated maps of (a) species richness, (b) phylogenetic diversity, (c) residuals of phylogenetic diversity regressed on species richness, and (d) phylogenetic endemism for all groups. We also compiled a set of 30 environmental descriptors, including records of current temperature and precipitation, climatic stability over time, and topography. Through a machine learning framework, we explored the environmental correlates of each of these diversity measures for each group. Results: The environmental variables used here were strong predictors of diversity for all studied groups. However, models for phylogenetic endemism had lower predictive power. Although patterns of diversity are different among groups, correlates of diversity are consistent across taxa. For both species richness and phylogenetic diversity, current precipitation and precipitation stability over time were consistently ranked among the variables that strongly correlate with diversity patterns. The correlates of phylogenetic endemism were less homogeneous across groups. The results suggest that including climate stability over time is important when predicting diversity measures that reflect historical components. Main conclusions: Investigating environmental correlates of diversity for multiple clades and diversity measures in a single geographic area allows for a better understanding of common patterns across taxa. This study shows that environmental conditions, particularly precipitation, are good predictors of the patterns of species richness and phylogenetic diversity-but not phylogenetic endemism-across different Atlantic Forest groups. Department of Biology City College of New York Ph.D. Program in Biology Graduate Center City University of New York Department of Zoology School of Biological Sciences Southern Illinois University Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Geografia Observatório de Dinâmicas Ecossistêmicas Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva Universidade Federal de São Paulo Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Departamento de Biodiversidade & Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Institute of Energy and Environment Universidade de São Paulo Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Universidade Federal do ABC Santo André UFABC Departamento de Biologia Animal & Museu da Biodiversidade Instituto de Biologia Unicamp Universidade Federal do Paraná Institute of Systematic Botany The New York Botanical Garden Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Geografia Observatório de Dinâmicas Ecossistêmicas Departamento de Biodiversidade & Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:29:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-10-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Millions of scientific specimens are housed in museum collections, a large part of which are fluid preserved. The use of formaldehyde as fixative and subsequent storage in ethanol is especially common in ichthyology and herpetology. This type of preservation damages DNA and reduces the chance of successful retrieval of genetic data. We applied ancient DNA extraction and single stranded library construction protocols to a variety of vertebrate samples obtained from wet collections and of different ages. Our results show that almost all samples tested yielded endogenous DNA. Archival DNA extraction was successful across different tissue types as well as using small amounts of tissue. Conversion of archival DNA fragments into single-stranded libraries resulted in usable data even for samples with initially undetectable DNA amounts. Subsequent target capture approaches for mitochondrial DNA using homemade baits on a subset of 30 samples resulted in almost complete mitochondrial genome sequences in several instances. Thus, application of ancient DNA methodology makes wet collection specimens, including type material as well as rare, old or extinct species, accessible for genetic and genomic analyses. Our results, accompanied by detailed step-by-step protocols, are a large step forward to open the DNA archive of museum wet collections for scientific studies. University Museum of Bergen SNSB Bavarian State Collection of Zoology Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Laboratório de Herpetologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Zoological Institute Braunschweig University of Technology Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics Institute for Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Museum für Naturkunde– Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Section for Evolutionary Genomics The GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Department of Zoology Cambridge University Department of Microbiology Immunology and Transplantation Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology Rega Institute for Medical Research School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Departamento de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Laboratório de Herpetologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP FAPESP: #2013/50741-7 FAPESP: #2017/2616-8 FAPESP: #2018/15425-0 CNPq: 306623/2018-8 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft: 351649567 CNPq: 431589/2016-0

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:30:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 The mitogenome of the South American parthenogenetic lizard Loxopholis percarinatum Müller, 1923 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), a uni-bisexual species complex, was recovered for three individuals from Rio Negro region, Amazonas, Brazil. The content and order of genes are typical for vertebrate mitochondrial genomes, and we recovered 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA, and two rRNA (12S and 16S), in addition to partial fragments of the Control Region. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis with mitogenomes of selected lizard families recovered L. percarinatum with Iphisa elegans Gray, 1851, the only other Gymnophthalmidae species available in GenBank. Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center and Department of Biology University of Texas at Arlington Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva Universidade Federal de São Paulo Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:47:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 In Brazil’s Atlantic Forest (AF) biodiversity conservation is of key importance since the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has led to the rapid loss of amphibian populations here and worldwide. The impact of Bd on amphibians is determined by the host's immune system, of which the skin microbiome is a critical component. The richness and diversity of such cutaneous bacterial communities are known to be shaped by abiotic factors which thus may indirectly modulate host susceptibility to Bd. This study aimed to contribute to understanding the environment-host–pathogen interaction determining skin bacterial communities in 819 treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae and Phyllomedusidae) from 71 species sampled across the AF. We investigated whether abiotic factors influence the bacterial community richness and structure on the amphibian skin. We further tested for an association between skin bacterial community structure and Bd co-occurrence. Our data revealed that temperature, precipitation, and elevation consistently correlate with richness and diversity of the skin microbiome and also predict Bd infection status. Surprisingly, our data suggest a weak but significant positive correlation of Bd infection intensity and bacterial richness. We highlight the prospect of future experimental studies on the impact of changing environmental conditions associated with global change on environment-host–pathogen interactions in the AF. Institute of Zoology Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3 Laboratório de Herpetologia Depto de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Department of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology University of California Davis Laboratório de Antígenos Bacterianos II Departamento de Genética Evolução Microbiologia e Imunologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109 Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Zoological Institute Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 4 Laboratório de Herpetologia Depto de Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências and Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 The two species of the Bokermannohyla claresignata species group (Anura: Hylidae) have not been collected for the last four decades. It is the only species group of the hyline tribe Cophomantini that has not yet been analysed genetically. Its phylogenetic position is thus uncertain, and it has a combination of adult and larval character states that make this group a crucial missing piece that hinders our understanding of Cophomantini phylogenetics and character evolution. We obtained DNA sequences from a museum larval specimen of Bok. claresignata, using specialized extraction methods and high-throughput DNA sequencing, and combined the molecular phylogenetic results with available phenotypic information to provide new insights into the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of its species group. Our phylogenetic results place Bok. claresignata as sister to the Boana pulchella group, supporting its inclusion in Boana, together with Bokermannohyla clepsydra. In light of this new finding, we recognize a newly defined Boana claresignata group to accommodate these species, thus resolving both the polyphyly of Bokermannohyla and the paraphyly of Boana. Considering the phylogenetic relationships of the Boana claresignata group, we also discuss the evolution of suctorial tadpoles and mature oocyte/egg pigmentation in Cophomantini. Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura I.B. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Do Estado de Minas Gerais, Campus Ubá, Avenida Olegário Maciel Laboratório de Anfíbios Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de Saõ Paulo Rua Do Mataõ Travessa Sala Cidade Universitária Saõ Paulo Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte Setor de Herpetologia Departamento de Vertebrados Museu Nacional Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro Quinta da Boa Vista Rio de Janeiro Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics Institute for Biochemistry and Biology Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Straße School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University División Herpetologiá Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 'Bernardino Rivadavia'-CONICET Ángel Gallardo Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura I.B. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:20:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-28 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Royal Society Replicated bromeliad microecosystems were used to examine warming-induced community shifts and changes to tadpole gut microbiome. Tadpole growth was more strongly associated with cascading effects of warming on gut dysbiosis than with direct warming effects or indirect effects on food resources. Anthropogenic climate warming affects many biological systems, ranging in scale from microbiomes to biomes. In many animals, warming-related fitness depression appears more closely linked to changes in ecological community interactions than to direct thermal stress. This biotic community framework is commonly applied to warming studies at the scale of ecosystems but is rarely applied at the scale of microbiomes. Here, we used replicated bromeliad microecosystems to show warming effects on tadpole gut microbiome dysbiosis mediated through biotic community interactions. Warming shifted environmental bacteria and arthropod community composition, with linkages to changes in microbial recruitment that promoted dysbiosis and stunted tadpole growth. Tadpole growth was more strongly associated with cascading effects of warming on gut dysbiosis than with direct warming effects or indirect effects on food resources. These results suggest that assessing warming effects on animal health requires an ecological community perspective on microbiome structure and function. Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL USA Univ Estadual Paulista, Programa Posgrad Biol Anim, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodivers, Rio Claro, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Aquaculture Ctr CAUNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Biol Anim, Lab Hist Nat Anfibios Brasileiros LaHNAB, Campinas, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Programa Posgrad Ecol, Campinas, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Biol Anim, Campinas, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Programa Posgrad Biol Anim, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodivers, Rio Claro, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Aquaculture Ctr CAUNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 FAPESP: 2018/23622-0 FAPESP: 2016/25358-3 FAPESP: 2019/18335-5 FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2017/09052-4 FAPESP: 2018/12225-0 CNPq: 300896/2016-6 CNPq: 306623/2018-8 Royal Society: NAF\R2\180791

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:03:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-08-01 Distributed across topographically complex landscapes that vary from lowland to high elevation, the Atlantic Forest harbors one of the richest biotas worldwide. Atlantic Forest amphibians are particularly speciose, taxonomic accounts are rising and the group is used as model for biogeographic inference. Past climate-related habitat fragmentation is often invoked to explain diversification, with montane taxa expected to become more widespread during glacial times and restrained at interglacials. In this study we investigate diversification in Ischnocnema lactea and I. holti (Anura: Brachycephalidae), two rare frog species inhabiting Atlantic Forest montane regions in Southeastern Brazil. Previous phylogenetic accounts have suggested uncertain limits between these two sister species. We assembled a multilocus DNA dataset, delimited lineages in this clade, and used ecological niche modeling to explore past and future putative ranges. Assignment analyses and traditional and coalescent phylogenetic methods confirmed the existence of a species complex of Miocene origin comprising nine lineages, most of which show very narrow ranges. Lineages were fully supported as species based in coalescent species delimitation, but the phylogenetic relationships among lineages in higher elevation were unresolved. Models of past ranges suggest extensive suitable areas at the last glacial maximum which, along with phylogenetic uncertainty, are consistent with a hypothesis that climate driven vicariance at higher elevation areas resulted in hard polytomies. Species distribution models under future climates suggest narrower ranges of the lineages relative to now, but no species are currently considered endangered. Overall, our results argue in favor for the reassessment of the taxonomic and conservation status of the I. holti – I. lactea species complex. Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – UFMT Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia The City College of New York Department of Biology and The Biology Program at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York Universidade do Estado de Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional Departamento de Vertebrados Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP)

Declines and extinctions are increasing globally and challenge conservationists to keep pace with biodiversity monitoring. Organisms leave DNA traces in the environment, e.g., in soil, water, and air. These DNA traces are referred to as environmental DNA (eDNA). The analysis of eDNA is a highly sensitive method with the potential to rapidly assess local diversity and the status of threatened species. We searched for DNA traces of 30 target amphibian species of conservation concern, at different levels of threat, using an environmental DNA metabarcoding approach, together with an extensive sequence reference database to analyse water samples from six montane sites in the Atlantic Coastal Forest and adjacent Cerrado grasslands of Brazil. We successfully detected DNA traces of four declined species (Hylodes ornatus, Hylodes regius, Crossodactylus timbuhy, and Vitreorana eurygnatha); two locally disappeared (Phasmahyla exilis and Phasmahyla guttata); and one species that has not been seen since 1968 (putatively assigned to Megaelosia bocainensis). We confirm the presence of species undetected by traditional methods, underscoring the efficacy of eDNA metabarcoding for biodiversity monitoring at low population densities, especially in megadiverse tropical sites. Our results support the potential application of eDNA in conservation biology, to evaluate persistence and distribution of threatened species in surveyed habitats or sites, and improve accuracy of red lists, especially for species undetected over long periods.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:22:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:26:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1676-06032020000300301.pdf: 38938215 bytes, checksum: df83f0f3d481c8cf7fb83ccfa572856c (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The Atlantic Forest (AF) is one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world, and the most fragmented biome of Brazil. This biome includes different phytophysiognomies, as riparian, slope, cloudy forests, and grasslands. Such complexity, allied to huge latitudinal and high elevational range, provides diverse habitats and conditions for amphibian speciation. As a result, there are over 600 amphibian species known to occur in the AF. Within this biome the Caparaó National Park (CNP) is relevant, as it includes the highest peak of the biome, the Pico da Bandeira at almost 3,000 m above sea level, as well as different phytophysiognomies as rocky fields and humid forests. In spite of that, its amphibian fauna is still poorly described. We inventoried amphibians at the CNP and surrounding areas from 2016 to 2018 and recorded 47 anuran species, of which two are locally endemic and at least six have not been described yet. Additionally, we compiled data from previous surveys (2004 to 2008) and secondary data from scientific collections. All together, we registered a total of 61 anuran species from 12 families for the CNP and surroundings, placing this area among the 10 amphibian richest sites in the AF. Some of these species are represented by only one or two collected specimens and have not been registered in the CNP since the 1980’s, such as Thoropa lutzi and Hylodes vanzolinii. These species could be examples of population declines or even past local extinctions, highlighting the need of further sampling efforts in that highly biodiverse site. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Instituto de Biologia Departamento de Biologia Animal Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255 Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Instituto de Biologia Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 255 Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Av. 24-A, 1515, Bela Vista Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Zoologia, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, Cidade Universitária Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Zoologia, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Rodovia LMG 818, Km 6 Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Bangú Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM) Ciências Ambientais e Conservação (PPG-CiAC), Caixa postal 119331 Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Av. 24-A, 1515, Bela Vista CAPES: #001 CNPq: #140874/2019-4 FAPESP: #2001/05470-8 FAPESP: #2003/10335-8 FAPESP: #2011/50146-6 FAPESP: #2013/50741-7 FAPESP: #2014/23388-7 FAPESP: #2016/25358-3 FAPESP: #2019/03170-0 CNPq: #300896/2016-6 CNPq: #306623/2018-8 CNPq: #310301/2018-1

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 The Neotropical frog genus Pseudopaludicola includes 25 species distributed throughout South America. Herein we review the taxonomic status of P. parnaiba relative to P. canga and the specific identity of the population treated in previous studies as Pseudopaludicola sp. 3 from Barreirinhas in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The lack of differentiation in advertisement call, morphology, and mitochondrial markers from topotypes and different populations rejects the status of P. parnaiba and Pseudopaludicola sp. 3 from Barreirinhas as distinct species. For these reasons, we suggest to formally consider P. parnaiba as a junior synonym of P. canga. We also found that a population previously reported as P. facureae from central Brazil (Palmeiras de Goiás, Goiás) corresponds to a cryptic species that we describe here as a new species. Lastly, we provide for the first time the phylogenetic positions of P. giarettai, P. llanera and P. pusilla. Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Laboratório de Taxonomia e Sistemática de Anuros Neotropicais (LTSAN) Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal (ICENP) Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-08-04 Human Frontier Science Program Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciencia y Tecnica Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Secretaria Nacional de Educacion Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion del Ecuador (SENESCYT) (Arca de Noe initiative) Direccion General Academica Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador Many vertebrates have distinctive blue-green bones and other tissues due to unusually high biliverdin concentrations-a phenomenon called chlorosis. Despite its prevalence, the biochemical basis, biology, and evolution of chlorosis are poorly understood. In this study, we show that the occurrence of high biliverdin in anurans (frogs and toads) has evolved multiple times during their evolutionary history, and relies on the same mechanism-the presence of a class of serpin family proteins that bind biliverdin. Using a diverse combination of techniques, we purified these serpins from several species of nonmodel treefrogs and developed a pipeline that allowed us to assemble their complete amino acid and nucleotide sequences. The described proteins, hereafter named biliverdin-binding serpins (BBS), have absorption spectra that mimic those of phytochromes and bacteriophytochromes. Our models showed that physiological concentration of BBS5 fine-tune the color of the animals, providing the physiological basis for crypsis in green foliage even under near-infrared light. Additionally, we found that these BBS5 are most similar to human glycoprotein alpha-1-antitrypsin, but with a remarkable functional diversification. Our results present molecular and functional evidence of recurrent evolution of chlorosis, describe a biliverdin-binding protein in vertebrates, and introduce a function for a member of the serpin superfamily, the largest and most ubiquitous group of protease inhibitors. Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn CONICET, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Div Herpetol, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Inst Quim Fis Mat Medio Ambiente & Energia, Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn CONICET, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut Ribeirao Preto, Dept Ciencias BioMol, Nucleo Pesquisa Prod Nat & Sintet NPPNS, BR-14040903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil Univ Nacl Misiones, Fac Ciencias Exactas, Inst Biol Subtrop CONICET UNaM, Lab Genet Evolut Claudio Juan Bidau, RA-3300 Posadas, Misiones, Argentina Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura, Inst Biociencias, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol Genom & Bioinformat Cluster, Orlando, FL 32816 USA Pontificia Univ CatOlica Ecuador, Escuela Biol, Museo Zool, Aptdo 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Quim Inorgan Analit & Quim Fis, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Fdn Inst Leloir, C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Invest Bioquim Buenos Aires, C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Nacl San Martin, Inst Invest Biotecnol, RA-1650 San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Biodiversidade, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Aquicultura, Inst Biociencias, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Human Frontier Science Program: LT 000660/2018-L FAPESP: 2014/20915-6 FAPESP: 2017/23725-1 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica: 2011-1895 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica: 2013-404 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica: 2013-1895 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica: 2014-1022 Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Proyecto de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica: 2015-820 CONICET: 11220150100394CO Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciencia y Tecnica: 20020170100037BA FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2012/10000-5 FAPESP: 2014/50342-8 FAPESP: 2018/15425-0 CNPq: 306623/2018-8

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:03:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-07-01 The Brazilian Atlantic Forest harbors high levels of anuran diversity and endemism, including several taxa restricted to small geographic ranges. Here, we provide a multilocus phylogeny for Paratelmatobiinae, a leptodactylid subfamily composed of small-ranged species distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and in the campo rupestre ecosystem. We performed Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses using three mitochondrial and five nuclear markers, and a matrix comprising a broad taxonomic sampling. We then delimitated independently evolving lineages within the group. We recovered Paratelmatobiinae and each of its four genera as monophyletic and robustly supported. Five putatively new species included in our analyses were unambiguously supported in the phylogenetic trees and delimitation analyses. We also recovered other deeply divergent and geographically structured lineages within the four genera of Paratelmatobiinae. Our estimation of divergence times indicates that diversification in the subfamily began in the Eocene and continued until the Pleistocene. We discuss possible scenarios of diversification for the four genera of Paratelmatobiinae, and outline the implications of our findings for taxonomy and conservation. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24 A, 1515 Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24 A, 1515 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627 Departamento de Ciências Naturais (DCNAT) Campus Dom Bosco Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio, 74 Museu de Zoologia Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Nazaré, 481 Departamento de Ciências Naturais Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau Department of Biology City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue Biology Program Graduate Center City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24 A, 1515 Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Avenida 24 A, 1515

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-06-23 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Animals may host diverse bacterial communities that can markedly affect their behavioral physiology, ecology, and vulnerability to disease. Fungus-farming ants represent a classical example of mutualism that depends on symbiotic microorganisms. Unraveling the bacterial communities associated with fungus-farming ants is essential to understand the role of these microorganisms in the ant-fungus symbiosis. The bacterial community structure of five species of fungus-farmers (non-leaf-cutters; genera Mycocepurus, Mycetarotes, Mycetophylax, and Sericomyrmex) from three different environments in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest (lowland forest, restinga forest, and sand dunes) was characterized with amplicon-based Illumina sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Possible differences in bacterial communities between ants internal to the nest (on the fungus garden) and external foragers were also investigated. Our results on the richness and diversity of associated bacteria provide novel evidence that these communities are host- and colony-specific in fungus-farming ants. Indeed, the bacterial communities associated with external foragers differ among the five species, and among colonies of the same species. Furthermore, bacterial communities from internal ants vs. foragers do not differ or differ only slightly within each ant species. This study highlights the importance of describing ant-associated bacterial communities to better understand this host-bacterial interaction in the social environment of insect colonies and provides the foundation for future studies on the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive the success of fungus-farming ants. Univ Estadual Campinas, Inst Biol, Programa Posgrad Ecol, CP 6109, BR-13083862 Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, Campus Rio Claro, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Programa Posgrad Biol Anim, Campus Sao Jose do Rio Preto, BR-15054000 Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Estudos Insetos Sociais, Campus Rio Claro, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Biol Anim, CP 6109, BR-13083862 Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, Campus Rio Claro, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Programa Posgrad Biol Anim, Campus Sao Jose do Rio Preto, BR-15054000 Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Ctr Estudos Insetos Sociais, Campus Rio Claro, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil CAPES: 001 FAPESP: 2017/26162-8 FAPESP: 2014/24407-3 CNPq: CNPq 306115/2013-1 CNPq: 302219/2017-0 FAPESP: 2014/23141-1 FAPESP: 2017/16645-1

The host-associated microbiome plays a significant role in health. However, the roles of factors such as host genetics and microbial interactions in determining microbiome diversity remain unclear. We examined these factors using amplicon-based sequencing of 175 Thoropa taophora frog skin swabs collected from a naturally fragmented landscape in southeastern Brazil. Specifically, we examined (1) the effects of geography and host genetics on microbiome diversity and structure; (2) the structure of microbial eukaryotic and bacterial co-occurrence networks; and (3) co-occurrence between microeukaryotes with bacterial OTUs known to affect growth of the fungal frog pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (including anti-Bd bacteria commonly referred to as “antifungal”). Microbiome structure correlated with geographic distance, and microbiome diversity varied with both overall host genetic diversity and diversity at the frog MHC IIB immunity locus. Our network analysis showed the highest connectivity when both eukaryotes and bacteria were included, implying that ecological interactions occur among Domains. Lastly, anti-Bd bacteria did not demonstrate broad negative co-occurrence with fungal OTUs in the microbiome, indicating that these bacteria are unlikely to be broadly antifungal. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering both Domains in microbiome research, and suggest that probiotic strategies for amphibian disease management should be considered with caution.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:22:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-17 The subgenus Mantidactylus is a group of frogs endemic to Madagascar, including the largest anuran species on the island. Although these frogs are common and widely distributed, their taxonomy remains unclear. Two species are currently recognised, M. grandidieri and M. guttulatus, with another available name, Rana pigra, considered to be a synonym of M. grandidieri. However, molecular studies have suggested the presence of several cryptic species within the group. Additionally, due to the lack of prominent morphological features, allocating the available names to evolutionary lineages has proven challenging. In the present study, we take a first step towards solving these problems by using fragments of the 16S mitochondrial gene and RAG1 nuclear gene from all over the range of the subgenus to describe its genetic diversity. We also use a newly designed target enrichment laboratory protocol to sequence three mitochondrial fragments from five name-holding museum specimens (as old as 120 years) in order to determine to which lineages the existing names should be applied. The study of the 16S mitochondrial gene revealed 7 geographically separated lineages, distinct enough to be considered candidate species. Out of the five museum specimens analysed, four successfully yielded DNA sequences and could be attributed to one of the aforementioned lineages. Therefore, the name Mantidactylus grandidieri should be applied to the populations from North-Eastern Madagascar, while M. guttulatus refers to populations from inland localities along the Eastern coast of the island. On the other hand, the holotype of Rana pigra did not yield enough genetic material to allow definitive identification. While our data were not sufficient to assess the status of the four lineages distributed along the Eastern coast, the populations from North-Western Madagascar were highly distinct on both the mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We thus describe them as a new species, M. radaka sp. nov. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1EDDAF0D-FE37-490A-B09E-E136A0C5CB35. Zoological Institute Braunschweig University of Technology Sektion Herpetologie Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB) Institut de Systématique Biodiversité (ISYEB) Sorbonne Université Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal Departamento de Biologia Animal Laboratório de Herpetologia Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Institute for Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Department of Natural History University Museum of Bergen Depto de Zoologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP Department of Life Sciences The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Research Centre in Biodiversity Genetics and Evolution Universidade do Porto Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale Faculté des Sciences Université d’Antananarivo Depto de Zoologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP