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Objective: To identify the prevalence and associated factors with the performance of the Guthrie test, hearing, and red reflex screening tests in Brazil. Methods: This was a population-based, cross-sectional study that analyzed data on 5,231 children under 2 years of age participating in the National Health Survey of 2013. The study described the prevalence and Confidence Intervals (95% CI) of the three neonatal screening tests performed, in any period, and their association with the country's regions, skin color/ethnicity, private health insurance, and per capita household income. Logistic regression models were used, and odds ratios were calculated by incorporating sample weights. Results: The prevalence of Guthrie test screening in Brazil at any time of life was 96.5%, that of the newborn hearing screening was 65.8% and that of the red reflex screening test was 60.4%. The performance of the three screening tests was significantly higher among children whose mothers/guardians reported higher per capita household income, who lived in the South and Southeast regions, and who had private health insurance (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference regarding the performance of the tests according to skin color/ethnicity (p > 0.05). The same inequalities were verified when the tests were performed during the recommended periods, with a strong socioeconomic gradient. Conclusions: There are inequalities in the performance of neonatal screening tests in the country, and also in the performance of these tests during the periods established in the governmental guidelines. The guarantee of the performance of these tests in a universal and public health system, as in Brazil, should promote equity and access to the entire population. Resumo Objetivo: Identificar prevalência e fatores associados à realização dos testes do pezinho, da orelhinha e do olhinho no Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal analítico de base populacional que analisou os dados de 5.231 crianças menores de dois anos participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013). Foram descritas prevalências e intervalos de confiança (95% IC) da realização dos três testes de triagem neonatal, em qualquer período, e sua associação com as regiões do país, cor/etnia, posse de plano de saúde e renda domiciliar per capita. Empregaram-se modelos de regressão logística e calcularam-se as odds ratio e incorporaram-se os pesos amostrais. Resultados: A prevalência de realização do teste do pezinho no Brasil em qualquer momento de vida foi de 96,5%; do teste da orelhinha de 65,8% e do teste do olhinho de 60,4%. A realização dos três testes de triagem foi significativamente maior entre as crianças cujas mães/responsáveis reportaram maior renda domiciliar per capita, residiam nas regiões Sul e Sudeste e tinham plano de saúde (p < 0,001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na realização dos testes segundo cor/etnia (p > 0,05). As mesmas desigualdades foram verificadas para a realização dos testes no período preconizado, com forte gradiente socioeconômica. Conclusões: Existem desigualdades na realização dos testes de triagem neonatal no país e, também, na realização desses dentro dos prazos previstos nas diretrizes governamentais. A garantia desses testes em um sistema universal e público como no Brasil deveria promover a equidade e o acesso a toda a população.

Objective: Decades of research have highlighted the involvement of the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulated cortex, and limbic areas (amygdala) in panic disorder (PD). However, little attention has been given specifically to the inferior frontal gyrus. The current study aimed to investigate the neural substrates, including the inferior frontal gyrus, of both panic-related and negative conditions among individuals with PD and healthy controls. Methods: We examined 13 medication-free PD patients and 14 healthy controls with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during exposure to negative and neutral pictures and a set of specific panic-related pictures. Results: Subtraction between the conditions indicated activation of the left amygdala region and the right inferior frontal gyrus in PD patients during the specific panic-related condition, whereas the left amygdalar region and left inferior frontal gyrus were activated during the negative condition in controls. Conclusion: These results suggest that in patients with PD, a prominent bottom-up process is involved in specific panic-related conditions, which might be associated with weak modulation of the left frontal area. These data add to our current understanding of the neural correlates of PD and can contribute to future clinical interventions targeting the functional reestablishment of these regions.

The Mennonite population suffered several bottlenecks due to religious/political persecution, increasing the frequency of diseases with a strong genetic component. We evaluated health self-perception in 430 Mennonites from South Brazilian settlements (two rural, one urban), along with life habits, xenobiotic exposure, and chronic ilnesses, using a modified version of the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey and eight psychometric tests (applied in 2016–2018). Mennonites from rural settlements considered their health worse (P

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a evolução da realização de ao menos sete consultas de pré-natal no Brasil, no período 2000-2015, segundo escolaridade da mãe e raça/cor da pele do recém-nascido. Métodos: estudo de série temporal com base no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc); investigaram-se desigualdades relativas e absolutas ajustadas pela idade materna e semana de gestação quando ocorreu o parto. Resultados: analisaram-se aproximadamente 48 milhões de nascimentos; a proporção de realização de sete ou mais consultas de pré-natal aumentou nacionalmente (de 46,0 para 66,9%) e em todos os grupos analisados; a diferença relativa entre os extremos de escolaridade variou de 3,0 para 2,0 e a absoluta de 53,1 para 47,7 pontos percentuais; a razão ajustada entre raça/cor da pele branca e preta era de 1,4 em 2000 e chegou a 1,2 em 2015. Conclusão: a proporção de gestantes com sete ou mais consultas de pré-natal aumentou no Brasil, embora desigualdades ainda tenham sido observadas. Resumen Objetivo: analizar la evolucion de cobertura de siete o más consultas prenatales en mujeres embarazadas en Brasil, en el período 2000-2015 según el nivel de educación y la raza/color de piel del recién nacido. Métodos: estudio de series temporales basado en datos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Nacidos Vivos (Sinasc); se investigaron las desigualdades relativas y absolutas, ajustadas por edad materna y semana gestacional por ocasión del parto. Resultados: se analizaron aproximadamente 48 millones de nacimientos; la proporción de siete o más consultas aumentó en Brasil (de 46.0% a 66.9%) en todos los grupos analizados; la diferencia relativa entre los extremos del nivel educativo varió de 3.0 a 2.0 y la diferencia absoluta de 53.1 a 47.7 puntos porcentuales; la razón ajustada entre raza/color blanca y negra, de 1,4 en 2000, llegó a 1,2 en 2015. Conclusión: la proporción de gestantes con siete o más consultas prenatales aumentó en Brasil, pero aún se observan desigualdades. Abstract Objective: to analyze evolution as to conducting seven or more prenatal consultations with pregnant women in Brazil, in the period 2000-2015 according to maternal education level and race/skin color of the newborn baby. Methods: this was a time series study based on Live Births Information System (SINASC) data; relative and absolute inequalities were investigated, adjusted for maternal age and gestational week in which childbirth occurred. Results: we analyzed approximately 48 million births; the proportion of seven or more prenatal consultations increased nationally (from 46.0% to 66.9%) in all groups analyzed; the relative difference between the extremes of education level ranged from 3.0 to 2.0, while the absolute difference ranged from 53.1 to 47.7 percentage points; the adjusted ratio between White/Black race/skin color was 1.4 in 2000 and 1.2 in 2015. Conclusion: the proportion of pregnant women having seven or more prenatal consultations has increased in Brazil, although inequalities are still found.