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Retinal vessel segmentation is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring various eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and hypertension. In this study, we examine how sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) can improve RF-UNet's generalization performance. RF-UNet is a novel model for retinal vessel segmentation. We focused our experiments on the digital retinal images for vessel extraction (DRIVE) dataset, which is a benchmark for retinal vessel segmentation, and our test results show that adding SAM to the training procedure leads to notable improvements. Compared to the non-SAM model (training loss of 0.45709 and validation loss of 0.40266), the SAM-trained RF-UNet model achieved a significant reduction in both training loss (0.094225) and validation loss (0.08053). Furthermore, compared to the non-SAM model (training accuracy of 0.90169 and validation accuracy of 0.93999), the SAM-trained model demonstrated higher training accuracy (0.96225) and validation accuracy (0.96821). Additionally, the model performed better in terms of sensitivity, specificity, AUC, and F1 score, indicating improved generalization to unseen data. Our results corroborate the notion that SAM facilitates the learning of flatter minima, thereby improving generalization, and are consistent with other research highlighting the advantages of advanced optimization methods. With wider implications for other medical imaging tasks, these results imply that SAM can successfully reduce overfitting and enhance the robustness of retinal vessel segmentation models. Prospective research avenues encompass verifying the model on vaster and more diverse datasets and investigating its practical implementation in real-world clinical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess the effectiveness of Chemical reconstruction of skin scars (CROSS) with 50% TCA peel and Microneedling in acne scars in the treatment of acne scars. Methods This trial was carried out from 15th March to 14th September 2022, at Outpatient Department of Dermatology, Services Hospital, Lahore. Patients of both genders and 18 to 50 years of age, who had grade 2 to 4 acne scars were enrolled. Their acne scars were graded by Goodman's Qualitative Acne Scarring Grading System. Paper lottery method was used to randomly divide them into 2 groups. Group A patients received 50% TCA peel whereas in Group B, patients were treated with microneedling with dermapen. Follow-up was done one month after the last treatment session and the response was recorded. Excellent response was labelled if patient's acne scars reduced by two grades, good response if one grade was reduced and a poor response was no improvement. Efficacy was considered as good or excellent response. Results A total of 84 patients were enrolled. The mean of the ages of patients in group A was 33.21±7.22 years and in group B was 32.12±6.59 years. Majority of the patients 60 (71.43%) were between 18 to 35 years of age. Out of 84 patients, 73 (86.90%) were females and 11 (13.10%) were males with female to male ratio of 6.6:1. Efficacy of Group A (50% TCA peel) was noted in 31 (73.81%) patients while in Group B (microneedling with dermapen) was seen in 39 (92.86%) patients (p-value = 0.019). Conclusion We concluded that microneedling with dermapen was more efficacious in the treatment of post acne facial scars than chemical reconstruction of scars (CROSS) with 50% TCA peel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine the frequency of nail changes in patients of psoriasis to Dermatology Department of Services Hospital, Lahore. Methods It was a cross-sectional survey conducted in the Department of Dermatology, SIMS/Services Hospital, from September 2022 to March 2023. 80 patients of psoriasis were enrolled. Detailed history and examination for psoriasis was done. All patients underwent evaluation for nail changes (as per operational definition). The presence/absence of nail changes was recorded on a pre-designed proforma (annexure). Results In this study, mean age of patients was 27.24±4.57 years, 59 (73.8%) were male whereas 21 (26.3%) were females, 55 (68.8%), moderate in 17 (21.3%) and severe in 8 (10%) of the cases. Descriptive statistics of nail changes of patients in psoriasis shows 72 (90%) had pitting, 64 (80%) had Onycholysis, 24 (30%) had Splinter Haemorrhage, Oil Drop Discoloration in 71 (88.8%) and Subungual hyperkeratosis in 64 (80%) of the cases. Conclusion We found pitting as the leading nail change in psoriatic disease followed by Oil Drop Discoloration and Onycholysis. Psoriasis can significantly impair a patient's quality of life. Nail changes can significantly affect cosmetic concerns of the patients and need to be addressed adequately and timely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of platelet rich plasma in patients of androgenic alopecia attending the dermatology department of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. Methods This descriptive case series was conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Services Hospital, Lahore over six months. 77 patients of both genders, aged between 18-45 years who presented with androgenic alopecia were enrolled and treated with injection of platelet rich plasma. Outcome was assessed in terms of improvement in hair quality and thickness by patient selfassessment questionnaire on a linear analogue 2 scale of 5-26 scores. Treatment was labelled effective if the score was less than 12, four weeks after the completion of all 4 sessions. A written informed consent was taken from each patient. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results The mean age of patients was 29.2±9.2 years. Majority (n=51, 66.2%) of the patients were aged under 30 years. There were 52 (67.5%) male and 25 (32.5%) female patients with a male to female ratio of 2.1:1. 31 (40.3%) patients had Grade-II while 38 (49.4%) patients had Grade-III alopecia. Only 8 (10.3%) patients had Grade-IV alopecia. Platelet-rich plasma treatment was effective in 65 (84.4%) patients as per operational definition. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of efficacy across various age (p-value=0.972) and gender (pvalue= 0.944) groups. However, it decreased insignificantly with increasing grade of alopecia; Grade-II vs. Grade-III vs. Grade-IV (87.1% vs. 84.2% vs. 75.0%; p-value=0.701). Conclusion Platelet-rich plasma therapy was found extremely effective in patients of mild to moderate androgenic alopecia which along with cost-effectiveness, simplicity and safety of procedure advocate its preferred use in future practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide supplementation regulates the metabolism of photosynthetic organisms, initiating CO2 fixation through the central carbon metabolism and partitioning the carbon in various metabolic processes. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of carbon fixation and partitioning to control and regulate biomass and lipid production. In this context, we investigated the metabolic and physiological responses of a freshwater microalga, Chlorella saccharophila, supplemented with very low CO2 (VLC) (300 ppm or 0.03%) and high CO2 (HC) (30 000 ppm, or 3% v/v), for its potential as a biorefinery strain. Our results demonstrate that growth with HC was enhanced 1.4‐fold in comparison with VLC. We speculate that growth with VLC was supported by the central electron flow. Similar changes were observed in various biochemical constituents, i.e., lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. It was also observed that the total pigment productivity was 1.8‐fold higher with HC supplementation than in cultures supplemented with VLC, further indicating enhanced growth in HC. Applying qualitative metabolomics, we identified nearly 23 essential metabolites. There was an accumulation of sugars and antioxidants such as trehalose and α‐tocopherol in VLC as compared to HC. In conclusion, our objective is to understand HC supplementation in C. saccharophila UTEX247 and to provide valuable insights leading to enhanced biomass for the production of biofuels and high‐value biorenewables (B3) in the context of a circular bioeconomy by the valorization of carbon dioxide (CO2). © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthetic organisms fix inorganic carbon through carbon capture machinery (CCM) that regulates the assimilation and accumulation of carbon around ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). However, few constraints that govern the central carbon metabolism are regulated by the carbon capture and partitioning machinery. In order to divert the cellular metabolism toward lipids and/or biorenewables it is important to investigate and understand the molecular mechanisms of the CO2-driven carbon partitioning. In this context, strategies for enhancement of CO2 fixation which will increase the overall biomass and lipid yields, can provide clues on understanding the carbon assimilation pathway, and may lead to new targets for genetic engineering in microalgae. In the present study, we have focused on the physiological and metabolomic response occurring within marine oleaginous microalgae Microchloropsis gaditana NIES 2587, under the influence of very-low CO2 (VLC; 300 ppm, or 0.03%) and high CO2 (HC; 30,000 ppm, or 3% v/v). Our results demonstrate that HC supplementation in M. gaditana channelizes the carbon flux toward the production of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and also increases the overall biomass productivities (up to 2.0 fold). Also, the qualitative metabolomics has identified nearly 31 essential metabolites, among which there is a significant fold change observed in accumulation of sugars and alcohols such as galactose and phytol in VLC as compared to HC. In conclusion, our focus is to understand the entire carbon partitioning and metabolic regulation within these photosynthetic cell factories, which will be further evaluated through multiomics approach for enhanced productivities of biomass, biofuels, and bioproducts (B3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthetic organisms fix inorganic carbon through carbon capture machinery (CCM) that regulates the assimilation and accumulation of carbon around ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). However, few constraints that govern the central carbon metabolism are regulated by the carbon capture and partitioning machinery. In order to divert the cellular metabolism toward lipids and/or biorenewables it is important to investigate and understand the molecular mechanisms of the CO 2 -driven carbon partitioning. In this context, strategies for enhancement of CO 2 fixation which will increase the overall biomass and lipid yields, can provide clues on understanding the carbon assimilation pathway, and may lead to new targets for genetic engineering in microalgae. In the present study, we have focused on the physiological and metabolomic response occurring within marine oleaginous microalgae Microchloropsis gaditana NIES 2587, under the influence of very-low CO 2 (VLC; 300 ppm, or 0.03%) and high CO 2 (HC; 30,000 ppm, or 3% v/v). Our results demonstrate that HC supplementation in M. gaditana channelizes the carbon flux toward the production of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and also increases the overall biomass productivities (up to 2.0 fold). Also, the qualitative metabolomics has identified nearly 31 essential metabolites, among which there is a significant fold change observed in accumulation of sugars and alcohols such as galactose and phytol in VLC as compared to HC. In conclusion, our focus is to understand the entire carbon partitioning and metabolic regulation within these photosynthetic cell factories, which will be further evaluated through multiomics approach for enhanced productivities of biomass, biofuels, and bioproducts (B3)., (Copyright © 2020 Kareya, Mariam, Shaikh, Nesamma and Jutur.)