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1. The Expanding Role of Traceability in Seafood: Tools and Key Initiatives

Author

Mariah Boyle and Sara G. Lewis

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Government, Traceability, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Supply chain, Environmental resource management, 010501 environmental sciences, Food safety, 01 natural sciences, Due diligence, Sustainability, Key (cryptography), Marketing, business, Social responsibility, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Food Science
Abstract

In the last decade, a range of drivers within the seafood sector have incentivized the application of traceability to issues beyond food safety and inventory management. Some of the issues motivating the expanded use of traceability within the global seafood sector include: increased media attention on the legal and social risks within some seafood supply chains, governmental traceability requirements, private-sector sustainability commitments, and others. This article begins with an overview of these topics in the seafood industry, and why many nongovernment organizations (NGOs), companies, and government actors have turned to traceability as a tool to address them. We discuss how traceability connects to key requirements of environmental sustainability and social responsibility. Later, we review the range of traceability services, tools, software solutions, and the due diligence measures that are currently being leveraged within the seafood sector. The paper concludes with a discussion of several NGO- and industry-led traceability initiatives that are examples of seafood traceability improvements.

Published
2017

2. A global perspective on the trophic geography of sharks

Author

Luis Malpica-Cruz, Diana A. Churchill, Aleksandra Maljković, Oliver N. Shipley, Robert T. Leaf, Michelle D. Staudinger, Tiphaine Chouvelon, Adam Barnett, Alex Aguilar, Jonathan C. P. Reum, Francis Juanes, Tak Cheung Wai, R. J. David Wells, Juerg M. Brunnschweiler, Hassan A. Al-Reasi, Jeffrey D. Plumlee, Philip Matich, Ana Veríssimo, Jeremy J. Kiszka, Katie Quaeck-Davies, David S. Shiffman, Mariah Boyle, Mark G. Meekan, Julien Claes, Anne Lorrain, Dana M. Bethea, Pierre Cresson, Yunkai Li, Ryan Daly, Sebastian A. Klarian, Carlos Polo-Silva, Amy K. Teffer, Alexander Tilley, Maria Valls, Clive N. Trueman, Yannis P. Papastamatiou, Dean L. Courtney, Michael J. Kinney, Paco Bustamante, Nigel E. Hussey, Daniel J. Madigan, Edward J. Brooks, Sarah Magozzi, Ivone Figueiredo, Asunción Borrell, Aaron B. Carlisle, Javier Ciancio, Gui M. Menezes, Gérard Biais, Heidi Pethybridge, Tetsuya Endo, Christopher S. Bird, Kátya G. Abrantes, Ashley J. Frisch, Alex S. J. Wyatt, Frédéric Ménard, Conrad W. Speed, Johannes A. Iitembu, Vincent Raoult, Jeremy J. Vaudo, Leigh de Necker, Yves Cherel, Diana Catarino, Samantha E. M. Munroe, Michael R. Heithaus, Stéphane Caut, Ana Colaço, Michael C. Newman, Andrew Yool, Marc Bouchoucha, Yassir Eden Torres-Rojas, Dorothée Kopp, Joan Holst Hansen, Department of Animal Biology and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques (LRH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), IFREMER - Laboratoire Provence Azur Corse, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), EMBIO, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IPIMAR, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University (FIU), University of Windsor [Ca], Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, China Agricultural University (CAU), Thons tropicaux et écosystèmes pélagiques : taxies, interactions et stratégies d'exploitation (THETIS), Australian Institute of Marine Science [Perth] (AIMS Perth), Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of Southampton, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Universitat de Barcelona, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie Marine et BIOdiversité (EMBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), James Cook University (JCU), Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat - Biodiversity Research Institute [Barcelona, Spain] (IRBio UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Sultan Qaboos Univeristy, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Halieutique Gascogne Sud (HGS), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse (LERPAC), LITTORAL (LITTORAL), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Organiques (LBCO), Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie (BE), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, predators, Ecosistemes, 01 natural sciences, Food chain, Pesquerías, MIGRATIONS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Isotope analysis, Trophic level, Marine biology, Carbon Isotopes, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, food web, Life Sciences, Biotic communities, ECOLOGICAL ROLE, Food web, Geography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem ecology, Food Chain, Oceans and Seas, CONSERVATION, stable isotopes, sharks, 010603 evolutionary biology, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, OCEAN, Animals, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, PREDATORS, Muscle, Skeletal, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, trophic geography, CONSEQUENCES, MOVEMENTS, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Taurons, Pelagic zone, Biologia marina, Phytoplankton, Sharks, PATTERNS, ECOSYSTEM
Abstract

Sharks are a diverse group of mobile predators that forage across varied spatial scales and have the potential to influence food web dynamics. The ecological consequences of recent declines in shark biomass may extend across broader geographic ranges if shark taxa display common behavioural traits. By tracking the original site of photosynthetic fixation of carbon atoms that were ultimately assimilated into muscle tissues of 5,394 sharks from 114 species, we identify globally consistent biogeographic traits in trophic interactions between sharks found in different habitats. We show that populations of shelf-dwelling sharks derive a substantial proportion of their carbon from regional pelagic sources, but contain individuals that forage within additional isotopically diverse local food webs, such as those supported by terrestrial plant sources, benthic production and macrophytes. In contrast, oceanic sharks seem to use carbon derived from between 30° and 50° of latitude. Global-scale compilations of stable isotope data combined with biogeochemical modelling generate hypotheses regarding animal behaviours that can be tested with other methodological approaches., This research was conducted as part of C.S.B.’s Ph.D dissertation, which was funded by the University of Southampton and NERC (NE/L50161X/1), and through a NERC Grant-in-Kind from the Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility (LSMSF; EK267-03/16). We thank A. Bates, D. Sims, F. Neat, R. McGill and J. Newton for their analytical contributions and comments on the manuscripts.

Published
2018

3. Committing to socially responsible seafood

Author

Eva Schemmel, Christina C. Hicks, Loren McClenachan, Charlotte Opal, Melissa Marschke, Katrina Nakamura, Ashley Apel, Philip Hunter, Jonathan Peacey, Julia G. Mason, Vivienne Solis-Rivera, Lydia C. L. Teh, J. Zachary Koehn, Richard S. Jones, Mariah Boyle, T. ‘Aulani Wilhelm, Elodie Le Cornu, Max Levine, Fiorenza Micheli, Cheryl G. Scarton, Aurora Alifano, Wilf Swartz, Yoshitaka Ota, Allison Arbib, Larry B. Crowder, Nathan J. Bennett, Elena M. Finkbeiner, Jhana Young, Andrés M. Cisneros-Montemayor, John N. Kittinger, Edward H. Allison, S. Hoyt Peckham, and Lori Bishop

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Conservation of Natural Resources, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Supply chain, media_common.quotation_subject, MarXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences, Commodity, Public policy, Public Policy, Social issues, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Animals, Conversation, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Environmental Studies, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Pace, Social Responsibility, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Public relations, Seafood, 13. Climate action, Sustainability, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences, business, MarXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Environmental Studies, Social responsibility
Abstract

Seafood is the world's most internationally traded food commodity. Approximately three out of every seven people globally rely on seafood as a primary source of animal protein (1). Revelations about slavery and labor rights abuses in fisheries have sparked outrage and shifted the conversation (2, 3), placing social issues at the forefront of a sector that has spent decades working to improve environmental sustainability. In response, businesses are seeking to reduce unethical practices and reputational risks in their supply chains. Governments are formulating policy responses, and nonprofit and philanthropic organizations are deploying resources and expertise to address critical social issues. Yet the scientific community has not kept pace with concerns for social issues in the sector. As the United Nations Ocean Conference convenes in New York (5 to 9 June), we propose a framework for social responsibility and identify key steps the scientific community must take to inform policy and practice for this global challenge.

Published
2017

4. Human Rights and the Sustainability of Fisheries

Author

Mariah Boyle, Aurora Alifano, Sara G. Lewis, and Marc Mangel

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Human rights, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, media_common.quotation_subject, Supply chain, Fishing, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Fisheries law, 01 natural sciences, Bioeconomics, Fishery, Social system, Political science, Sustainability, 040102 fisheries, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental degradation, media_common
Abstract

Capture fisheries and aquaculture production—like other industries—rely upon functioning environmental and social systems, and interdependencies between those systems mean human beings must be considered when addressing issues of environmental conservation. Although there can be legitimate disagreement about the level of a fished stock consistent with a well-managed fishery, the international norm is clearly that commercial industries, such as fisheries, should not participate in slavery or other human rights abuses. Human rights and labor abuses within seafood supply chains have been exposed both at land and at sea. In this chapter, we provide an overview of abuse aboard fishing vessels and use a simple bioeconomic model to illustrate the feedback between environmental degradation related to fishing activity and human rights. Following that we discuss the intersection of international and national regulations of human rights and show that in the overlap there is considerable room for more policy development with respect to human trafficking, forced labor, and modern slavery at sea. We close with a summary of public and private-sector initiatives that may help extend the reach of regulation beyond national boarders to reduce this worldwide problem.

Published
2017

5. List of Contributors

Author

Aurora Alifano, Edward H. Allison, Katie K. Arkema, Natalie C. Ban, Xavier Basurto, Nathan Bennett, Esther Blanco, Mariah Boyle, Elena Buscher, Courtney Carothers, Elizabeth B. Cerny-Chipman, Kai M.A. Chan, Anthony Charles, Isabelle M. Côté, Rachel Donkersloot, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Tammy E. Davies, Lauren Eckert, Elena M. Finkbeiner, Nicole Franz, Elizabeth A. Fulton, David Goldsborough, Steven Gray, Benjamin S. Halpern, Julia Hoffmann, Aerin L. Jacob, Holly K. Kindsvater, John N. Kittinger, Sarah C. Klain, John Z. Koehn, Marloes Kraan, Darienne Lancaster, Heather M. Leslie, Phillip Levin, Sara G. Lewis, Jane Lubchenco, Marc Mangel, Darcy L. Mathews, Mateja Nenadović, Kirsten L.L. Oleson, Paige Olmsted, Julia Olson, Malin L. Pinsky, Anton Pitts, Éva E. Plagányi, Melissa R. Poe, Martin F. Quaas, Chris Rhodes, Leslie Robertson, Christine Röckmann, Andrew A. Rosenberg, Mary Ruckelshaus, Terre Satterfield, Jörn O. Schmidt, Steven Scyphers, Rebecca L. Selden, Kevin St. Martin, Jenna M. Sullivan, Nancy J. Turner, Nathan Vadeboncoeur, Luc van Hoof, Björn Vollan, Rüdiger Voss, Charlotte Whitney, Esther S.Wiegers, and Elizabeth A. Williams

Published
2017

6. Stable-isotope analysis of a deep-sea benthic-fish assemblage: evidence of an enriched benthic food web

Author

David A. Ebert, Mariah Boyle, and Gregor M. Cailliet

Subjects
Food Chain, Aquatic Science, Biology, Models, Biological, Food chain, Animals, Skates, Fish, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecosystem, Isotope analysis, Trophic level, Carbon Isotopes, Pacific Ocean, Nitrogen Isotopes, Ecology, Fishes, Pelagic zone, Interspecific competition, Biota, Invertebrates, Isotopes of nitrogen, Food web, Gastrointestinal Contents, Diet, Benthic zone, Linear Models
Abstract

In this study, fishes and invertebrates collected from the continental slope (1000 m) of the eastern North Pacific Ocean were analysed using stable-isotope analysis (SIA). Resulting trophic positions (T(P) ) were compared to known diets and habitats from the literature. Dual isotope plots indicated that most species groups (invertebrates and fishes) sorted as expected along the carbon and nitrogen axes, with less intraspecific variability than interspecific variability. Results also indicated an isotopically distinct benthic and pelagic food web, as the benthic food web was more enriched in both nitrogen and carbon isotopes. Trophic positions from SIA supported this finding, resulting in the assignment of fishes to different trophic positions from those expected based on published dietary information. These differences can be explained largely by the habitat of the prey and the percentage of the diet that was scavenged. A mixing model estimated dietary contributions of prey similar to those of the known diet of Bathyraja trachura from stomach-content analysis (SCA). Linear regressions indicated that trophic positions calculated from SIA and SCA, when plotted against B. trachura total length for 32 individuals, exhibited similar variation and patterns. Only the T(P) from SCA yielded significant results (stomach content: P0·05, stable isotope: P0·05).

Published
2012

7. Stable isotope analysis as a tool for elasmobranch conservation research: a primer for non-specialists

Author

Neil Hammerschlag, David S. Shiffman, Mariah Boyle, Austin J. Gallagher, and Caroline M. Hammerschlag-Peyer

Subjects
Ecological niche, education.field_of_study, Ecology, Ecology (disciplines), Population, Aquatic Science, Biology, Oceanography, Food web, Fishery, Phylogeography, Habitat, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Trophic level, Isotope analysis
Abstract

Many elasmobranch species are undergoing population declines on a global scale; however, implementation of effective conservation and management strategies is hindered, to a large extent, by a lack of sufficient data on diet, life historyandbehaviour.Thisworkisaprimerofhowstableisotopeanalysiscanbeusedasacost-effective,relativelysimple tool for examining resource use patterns (e.g. diet, habitat) and generating relevant data in support of science-based elasmobranch conservation and management. Specifically, isotopes can resolve the feeding niches of elasmobranchs, detect ontogenetic trophic shifts and calculate relative diet breadth of different species. Stable isotope analysis can also be employed to investigate the extent of anthropogenic impacts on diet or to infer the source of toxins affecting elasmobranchs. Additionally, this tool can be used to study migration patterns and habitat usage. Depending on the tissueanalysed,thistechniquecanalsobenon-lethalandminimallyinvasive.Thelimitationsofstableisotopeanalysisare discussed, and recommendations for future work are presented. Additional keywords: dietary analysis, ecotoxicology, food web analysis, individual diet specialisation, migration. Received 24 October 2011, accepted 30 April 2012, published online 2 July 2012

Published
2012

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