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As society tries to tackle climate change around the globe, communities need to reduce its impact on human health. The purpose of this review is to identify key stakeholders involved in mitigating and adapting to climate change, as well as the type and characteristics of community empowerment actions implemented so far to address the problem. Published and unpublished studies from January 2005 to March 2022 in English and Portuguese were included in this review. The search, conducted on PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and RCAAP (Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal), followed a three-step search strategy. Data extraction was performed by two independent reviewers, using an extraction tool specifically designed for the review questions. Twenty-seven studies were eligible for inclusion: six used interviews as a qualitative method, three were systematic reviews, three were case study analyses, three used surveys and questionnaires as quantitative methods, two used integrative baseline reviews, and three utilized a process model design. Six studies targeted local, public and private stakeholders. Community settings were the context target of fifteen studies, whereas twelve specifically referred to urban settings. Seven types of community actions were acknowledged across the globe, characterised as hybrid interventions and referring to the leading stakeholders: local governments, non-governmental organizations, civil society, universities, public health, and private sectors.

Although diagnosis and treatment of diarrhoea are considered easy, statistics show that 525,000 children worldwide die annually due to diarrhoea, 90% of the deaths are in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, and Mozambique account for 6.9%. Assessment of practices of diagnosis and treatment of diarrhoea in children under five were con-ducted in Maputo, Mozambique.The study was retrospective - source of information: record books from 2015 to 2019. All statements about age, gender, signs and symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment were collected to assess practices implemented by the health professionals to diagnose diarrhoea in children under five.A total of 9,041 cases were found, where 4,052 (44, 8 %) were female, urban area accounts for 7,668 (74.8 %). Children younger than 6 months 1,013 (11,2%); from 6 to 11 months 1,370 (15,2%); from 12 to 23 months 2,535 (28 %); from 24 to 35 months 1,674 (18.5 %), from 36 to 47 months 1,239 (13.7 %) and from 48 to 59 months 1,210 (13.4 %). About 3,644 (40.3 %) had fever, 3,467 (38 %) vomit, 1,999 (22 %) blood in stool and other symptoms; only 5 (1 %) of the children's stools were submitted for laboratory analysis. The clinical diagnoses were diarrhoea 3,905 (43 %), diarrhoea and vomit 2,037(22 %) and others. The main treatment was oral rehydration salts 7,118 (79 %) and 21 % antibiotics.Even when the signs and symptoms (fever and blood in stool) suggested or required laboratory exams, this was not done. Nevertheless, the children were treated with antibiotic without the screening of etiological agent.

In this article we draw on an interdisciplinary study on drinking water quality in Maputo, the capital of Mozambique, to examine the nature, scale, and politics of waterborne diseases. We show how water contamination and related diseases are discursively framed as household risks, thereby concealing the politics of uneven exposure to contaminated water and placing the burden of being healthy on individuals. In contrast, we propose that uneven geographies of waterborne diseases are best understood as the product of Maputo's urban metabolism, in which attempts at being sanitary and healthy are caught up in relations of power, class, and variegated citizenship. Waterborne diseases are the result of complex and fragmented circulations and intersections of (waste)waters, generated by uneven urban development, heterogeneous infrastructure configurations, and everyday practices to cope with basic service deficits, in conjunction with increasing climatic variability. The latrine-from which ultimately contamination and diseases spread-is an outcome of these processes, rather than the site to be blamed. This article also advances an interdisciplinary framework for analyzing urban metabolism and deepening its explanatory potential. It serves as a demonstration of how interdisciplinary approaches might be taken forward to generate new readings of more-than-human metabolic processes at distinct temporal and spatial scales.

Household factors involved in the disease of diarrhea are multifaceted. This study aimed to explore and describe the household factors affecting foodborne diarrhea in children younger than 5 years old using structured questionnaire data based on quantitative tools. The sample size was calculated based on a binomial distribution. A total of 300 children, together with their caregivers, participated, and the data were descriptively and mathematically analyzed using Epi Info modelling. The caregivers were mostly female and included 93.3% rural and 84% urban dwellers of ages between 18 and 38, who were single but living with someone. Of the children who were under six months of age, 23.3% in rural areas and 16.6% in urban areas had diarrhea, while of the children between 12 and 23 months of age, 36.6% in urban areas and 30% in rural areas had diarrhea. The relatives had similar symptoms before the child became ill, with 12.6% of relatives in rural areas and 13.3% in urban areas reporting this. Before receiving medical assistance, 51.3% of children in rural areas and 16% of children in urban areas were treated with traditional medication. Water was not treated before drinking in 48% of rural cases and 45.3% of urban cases. A total of 24.6% of infants in urban areas and 12.6% of infants in rural areas used a bottle for feeding. The factors affecting foodborne diarrhea were the use of traditional medication in rural areas, bottle feeding in urban areas and untreated water used for drinking in both areas.

Orientador: Elias Basile Tambourgi Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Resumo: A indústria têxtil possui um elevado grau de importância no contexto brasileiro, a constante mudança da moda leva a pesquisa pela novidade e originalidade, sendo criados tecidos diferenciados com propriedades físicas, acabamento e texturas inovadoras. Hoje em dia existem inúmeras fibras têxteis (naturais, animais e sintéticas), além de uma infinita gama de combinações entre elas; e considerando-se fatores como custo e benefício, rapidez na produção, etc., será estudado a fibra de poliéster (PES), pois além de sua versatilidade é a fibra têxtil mais utilizada no mundo. Um dos mais importantes requisitos é a cor dos tecidos de uso doméstico e suas propriedades de solidez (menor ou maior capacidade de resistência da cor ao uso), e isto depende de três fatores principais: o tipo de corante escolhido em função da fibra que compõe o tecido e do uso que se dará ao mesmo, o emprego do processo de tingimento adequado e o processo de lavagem. O tingimento consiste em fixar o corante sobre a fibra. Portanto, o tingimento depende da qualidade da fibra e da composição química do corante. Para fibras de poliéster os corantes mais adequados são os corantes dispersos, que proporcionam um maior rendimento, fixação e resistência da cor, além de boas propriedades de solidez da fibra. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho visa o estudo das propriedades de solidez à luz e de solidez à lavagem das fibras de poliéster tingidas com corantes dispersos, conforme exigências dos consumidores e, seguindo, portanto as Normas ISO. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que as fibras de poliéster possuem boas propriedades de solidez à lavagem doméstica e comercial com sabão comercial comum, visto que, quase não ocorre desbotamento e transferência de cor quando utilizado em concentração recomendadas. Foi concluído também que o poliéster possui boa solidez à luz, isto é possui boa resistência ao desbotamento quando exposto a luz por até 180 horas Abstract: The textile industry has a high degree of importance in the Brazilian context, the constant fashion change takes to the research for innovation and originality, being created differentiated fabrics with innovative physical properties, finish and textures. Nowadays exist countless textile fibers (natural, animals and synthetic), besides an infinite range of combinations among them; and, and in consideration factors as benefit and cost, speed in the production, etc. it will be studied the polyester fiber (PES), because, besides its versatility it is the textile fiber that more used in the world. One of the most important requirements is the color of the use domestic fabrics and its fastness properties (smaller or larger capacity of color resistance to the use), and this depends on three main factors: the type of chosen dye in function of the fiber that composes the fabric and of the use that will be lead to the same, the employment of the appropriate dyeing process and wash process. The dyeing consists of fixing the dye on the fiber. Therefore, the dyeing depends on the fiber quality and of the dye chemical composition. For polyester fibers the most appropriate dyes are the disperse dyes, that provide a larger performance, fixation and color resistance, besides good fiber fastness properties. In this context, the present work seeks the study the light fastness properties and the wash fastness properties of the polyester fibers dyeing with disperse dye, according to the consumers demands and, following, therefore the ISO Proceeding. The obtained results allowed to conclude that the polyester fibers have good domestic and commercial wash fastness properties with common commercial soap, because, it hardly happens bleaching and color transfer when it used in indicated concentrations. It was also concluded that the polyester has good light fastness, in other words, it has good bleaching resistance when exposed to the light for even 180 hours Doutorado Sistemas de Processos Químicos e Informática Doutor em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Elias Basile Tambourgi Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Resumo: O óleo de farelo de arroz tem sido considerado como um óleo superior devido às suas características químicas, sendo equiparável aos óleos de soja, milho e algodão. O óleo do farelo de arroz é rico em vitaminas, apresenta baixa incidência de ingredientes responsáveis pelo colesterol e alto teor de tocoferóis (vitamina E) que garantem uma alta estabilidade, retardando a rancidez e o aparecimento de sabores indesejáveis. Dentre os diversos meios conhecidos para extração do óleo de sementes oleoginosas, o mais comumente utilizado é o de extração por solvente, sendo o hexano utilizado para este fim. A desacidificação de óleos vegetais por extração líquido-líquido tem-se mostrado como rota alternativa na obtenção de óleos vegetais com teores aceitáveis de ácidos graxos livres. A razão para a utilização deste novo processo está no fato de consumir menor quantidade de energia, pois é realizado a temperatura ambiente e pressão atmosférica. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a variação das razões solvente/óleo durante o processo de extração líquido-líquido na desacidificação do óleo de farelo de arroz, bem como da variação da solução de solventes utilizados no mesmo. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho permitiram concluir que a razão 10:1 solvente etanol/óleo apresentou os melhores resultados na extração líquido-líquido, pois consome menor quantidade de solvente e tempo de processo resultando em um pequeno percentual de ácido graxo livre no óleo de farelo de arroz, conseqüentemente em uma grande quantidade de remoção. E que apesar de se utilizar soluções de solventes (1:1 metanol/etanol e 1:1 isopropílico/etanol) à razão de 10:1 solvente/óleo na desacidificação do óleo de farelo de arroz durante o processo de extração líquido-líquido, estes não apresentaram resultados maiores ou mais significativos do que quando se utiliza somente o etanol como solvente Abstract: The oil of rice bran has been considered as superior oil which had its chemical characteristics, being similar to oils of soy, com and cotton. The oil of the rice bran is rich in vitarnins, presents low incidence of responsible ingredients for the cholesterol and high leveI oftocopherols (vitamin E) that they guarantee a high stability, being late the rancidity and the appearance undesirable of flavors. Amongst the diverse ways known for extraction it oil of oilseeds, the most used is of extraction for solvent, being the hexane used for this purpose. The vegetal oil deacidification for liquid-liquid extraction has revealed as altemative way in the vegetal oil attainrnent with acceptable of free fatty acid. The reason for the use of this new process is in the fact to consume minor quantity of energy; therefore it is submitted the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. In this context, the present work has as objective to study the variation of the rations solventloil during the liquid-liquid extraction process in the deacidification of the rice bran oil, as well as the variation of the solvent solution used. The results gotten in the present study had allowed to conclude that the ration 10:1 solvent ethanol/oil presented the best ones result in the liquid-liquid extraction, because consume minor quantity of solvent and process time, resulting in a small percentage of free fatty acids in the rice bran oil, obtaining a bigger quantity of removal. Although to use solvents solutions (1: 1 methanol/ethanol and 1:1 isopropanol/ethanol) 10:1 solventloil in the rice bran oil deacidification during the liquid-liquid extraction process, these had not presented bigger or more significant results then that when ethanol is used alone as solvent. Keys Words: extraction liquid-liquid; deacidification; rice bran oil Doutorado Sistemas de Processos Químicos e Informática Doutor em Engenharia Química

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a disease condition with serious negative impact in the quality of life of elderly men. Detection of BPH is founded on lower urinary tract symptoms. This study investigated the efficacy of Zingiber officinale and Musa paradisiaca-incorporated diets in the management of hormonally-induced BPH. Twenty-four male Balb/c mice were distributed into six groups (n=4/group). BPH was induced through subcutaneous injection of 0.25 mg/kg/day of estradiol followed by 0.25 mg/kg/day of dihydrotestosterone for 14 days each. Non BPH-induced animals received equivalent volume of subcutaneous injection of olive oil for the same duration. BPH positive control group received standard mouse feed (Diet 1); drug control group received finasteride (5 mg/kg) orally, and Diet 1; test groups received 10% Z. officinale-incorporated feed (Diet 2), 50% M. paradisiaca-incorporated feed (Diet 3) and a feed blend containing 10% Z. officinale and 50% M. paradisiaca (Diet 4). Animals were fed exclusive study diets and were allowed access to water ad libitum. The proximate feed composition and BPH biomarkers were assayed using standard tests. Z. officinale contained higher levels of fats (9.36±0.28%) than M. paradisiaca (2.76±0.20%) whereas the latter showed higher carbohydrate content (70.44±0.2%) than the previous (60.37±0.5%). All test diets induced significant reduction (p 0.05) were recorded between the effects of diet 2 and 3. The results suggest that Z. officinale and M. paradisiaca-containing diets are effective for management of BPH. Z. officinale alone- incorporated diet is more effective than a mixture with M. paradisiaca. Supplementary longer duration studies using standardized feed preparations and exploring possible interactions between phytochemicals in the foodstuffs are essential to determine and understand lasting beneficial effects.

Questo lavoro ha l\'obiettivo di presentare al pubblico brasiliano la narrativa italiana dell\'inizio del XXI secolo, sulla base delle opere che hanno vinto il Premio Strega negli ultimi diciotto anni. Questo premio letterario è stato scelto per la sua importanza storica in Italia, per la qualità delle opere che abitualmente premia e per la visibilità che ha in tutti i mezzi di comunicazione. Il metodo è consistito nella lettura individuale dei romanzi, seguita da una comparazione tra loro, in modo da osservare temi e modelli comuni a due o più opere. Così, è stato osservato che i libri sono predominantemente realistici, narrati utilizzando la prima persona singolare (alcuni rientrano nel genere autobiografico, altri nella cosiddetta autofiction), spesso affrontano temi traumatici come le guerre mondiali, il fascismo, l\'emigrazione italiana, la crisi socioeconomica dell\'inizio del XXI secolo e le sue consequenze per la popolazione e, non di rado, adottano un linguaggio ibrido con tendenze saggistiche o giornalistiche. Crediamo che queste siano caratteristiche predominanti non soltanto dei romanzi del nostro corpus, bensì dell\'insieme della narrativa italiana contemporanea. La prima parte della nostra tesi è una presentazione del Premio Strega seguita da considerazioni sul mercato editoriale, da una sintesi delle pubblicazioni pregresse su questo premio e dalla presentazione di altri importanti premi letterari italiani. La seconda parte è un\'osservazione teorica della narrativa del XXI secolo, ancorata nelle teorie di Daniele Giglioli, Raffaele Donnarumma e Gianluigi Simonetti che insegnano letteratura presso università italiane e hanno scritto, rispettivamente, i saggi Senza trauma, Ipermodernità e La letteratura circostante, nei quali sono esaminati molti autori e opere premiate dallo Strega, dopo il 2000. La terza e ultima parte contiene la presentazione di ciascuna delle trame e della struttura di ogni opera vincitrice dello Strega nel nuovo millennio, oltre a informazioni sugli autori che le hanno scritte. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar ao público brasileiro a narrativa italiana no início do século XXI, baseando-se nas obras que venceram o Premio Strega nos últimos dezoito anos. Esse prêmio literário foi escolhido em razão de sua importância histórica na Itália, da qualidade das obras que habitualmente premia e da visibilidade que tem em todos os meios de comunicação. O método consistiu na leitura individual dos romances, seguida de uma comparação entre eles, de forma a observar temas e modelos comuns a duas ou mais obras. Assim, notamos que os livros são, predominantemente, realistas, narrados na primeira pessoa do singular (alguns autobiográficos e outros autoficcionais), frequentemente abordam temas traumáticos como as guerras mundiais, o fascismo, a emigração italiana, a crise socioeconômica do início do século XXI e suas consequências para a população e, não raro, adotam uma linguagem híbrida com tendências ensaísticas ou jornalísticas. Acreditamos que essas sejam características predominantes não apenas nos romances do nosso corpus, mas também no conjunto da narrativa italiana contemporânea. A primeira parte de nossa tese é uma apresentação do Premio Strega seguida de considerações sobre o mercado editorial, de uma síntese das publicações pregressas sobre essa premiação e da apresentação de outros importantes prêmios literários italianos. A segunda parte é uma observação teórica da narrativa do século XXI, fundamentada nas teorias de Daniele Giglioli, Raffaele Donnarumma e Gianluigi Simonetti os três lecionam literatura em universidades italianas e escreveram, respectivamente, os ensaios Senza trauma, Ipermodernità e La letteratura circostante, nos quais muitos autores e obras premiadas pelo Strega neste século são examinados. A terceira e última parte contém a apresentação individual do enredo e da estrutura de cada obra vencedora do Strega no novo milênio, além de informações sobre os autores que as escreveram.

The excessive humidity and high temperature favor peanuts to be contaminated with fungi producers of aflatoxins, which has adverse effects to the health of consumers. The aflatoxins can develop in any step of chain peanuts production when the management fails. The present study aimed to assess the practices of maneuverer of peanuts from the producing place of consumption and its influence to contamination by aflatoxins. It was a descriptive study held in Magude and Manhica and five markets of Maputo, Mozambique. A questionnaire with semi-structured questions were used to collect data about the practices of producing, storage and consumption. In the two Districts the peanut is cultivated traditionally with weak technical assistance and in consortium with maize. The harvesting is manual and the dry is made naturally in the sun, in the field and at home. The storage is in raffia bags, traditional pest and insect control are implemented. The consumers know the integrity of the peanut and the signals of deterioration. The storage is made under room temperature or in the refrigerator, on both cases the storage period could be more than a month. Some consumers affirm to consume peanuts presenting wires with the appearance of spider webs which is evidence of fungi development and they are provably exposing themselves to aflatoxins. The practices and procedures of both producers and consumers favor the growing of fungi; the consumption of contaminated peanuts with fungi could be considered a strong exposure to aflatoxins consequently risks to health. With the find it can suspect the existence of consumer developing diseases in asymptomatic stage.

We propose an empirical framework to scale the effects of bioturbation on sediment resuspension to population bioturbation activity, approximated as population metabolic rate. Individual metabolic rates have been estimated as functions of body size and extrapolated to population level. We used experimental flumes to test this approach across different types of marine, soft-sediment bioturbators. We observed that a large part of the variance in biota-mediated sediment resuspension can be explained by a positive relationship with population metabolic rate. Other mechanisms can strongly influence the outcome, such as bioturbation of deep sediment strata, biotic interactions with hydrodynamic stress and overlapping areas of influence must be further investigated. By relating the biota-mediated changes in resuspended sediment to metabolism, we can place our observations within the broader context of the metabolic theory of ecology and to formulate general expectations about changes in biota-mediated sediment resuspension in response to changes in population structure and climate change.

Mahewu is a traditional cool non-alcoholic fermented beverage known among African countries; generally made from cereals but also it can be made from tubes. The raw material (cereals and tubes) is spontaneity fermented at room temperature by acid lactic bacteria, the fermentation process is considered to increase the nutritional content of mahewu. The beverage is most known in the liquid form, that takes up more volume and less shelf life. The presentation of mahewu in powder it will allow minor volume and increase the shelf life. The objective of the present study was to develop cassava mahewu in powder form in order to stabilize a protocol of rehydration and investigate its instantaneous behavior. The standard cassava mahewu was prepared using fermentation techniques and thereafter 30 g and 40 g were firstly frozen for 24 h/-18°C followed by freeze drying at -20°C for a period of 24 h to obtain the powder form of cassava mahewu. The pH and acidity levels were controlled throughout the preparation processes and the total solids content of the solution was adjusted to 15.9 ± 0.1 oBrix, in order to freeze dry with a quantity of known soluble solids. The moisture content, water activity (wa), tests of instantaneousness (wettability and dispensability) of the powdered cassava mahewu and the sensorial properties of the reconstituted powder after rehydration with water at 25°C to replace 60%, 80% and 100% of water lost during the freeze-drying were evaluated using standard methods. The results showed a reduction of the pH (6.11 to 4.56) and an increased in acidity (0.06 g/100g to 0.25 g/100g of lactic acid) of the standard cassava mahewu at beginning (t = 0 h) and at end of fermentation (t = 24 h) respectively. Both samples of 30 g and 40 g indicated a water activity of 0.39 and 0.42, moisture content of 6.50 and 8.57% and instantaneousness of 3 s and 3.33s respectively. The results showed an optimal behavior of instantaneousness of 3 s indicating an easy penetration of liquid (water) on the powdered cassava mahewu. According to the sensorial analysis, the reconstituted cassava mahewu rehydrated with 100% of water lost during the freeze drying was more appreciated and preferred compared with 80% and 60%.

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Mercury releases from artisanal and small-scale gold mines (ASGM) condense and settle on plants, soils and water bodies. We collected soil and plant samples to add knowledge to the likely transfer of Hg from soils into plants and eventually predict Hg accumulation in livestock around ASGM in Bolivia. Mean contents of Hg in soils range from 0.5 to 48.6 mg Hg kg−1 soil (5× to 60× more compared to control sites) and exceeded the soil Hg threshold levels in some European countries. The Hg contents ranged from 0.6 to 18 and 0.2 to 28.3 mg Hg kg−1 leaf and root, respectively. The high Hg in Poaceae and Rosaceae may elevate Hg accumulation into the food chain because llama and alpaca solely thrive on these plants for food. Erosion of soils around ASGM in Bolivia contributes to the Hg contamination in lower reaches of the Amazon basin.

Lodos de esgoto são resíduos do tratamento do esgoto doméstico, considerados ricos em macronutrientes e matéria orgânica, podendo também apresentar contaminação por substâncias químicas e patógenos. Sua utilização na agricultura é uma das alternativas interessantes para sua disposição final. Entretanto, a presença de contaminantes, dentre eles microrganismos patogênicos podem limitar e orientar sua aplicação. Os vírus entéricos, dentre os quais se inclui o gênero Enterovirus, são potenciais contaminantes microbianos presentes no lodo de esgoto. Esses organismos são capazes de sobreviver por meses em águas e solos e sua presença no ambiente pode trazer prejuízos à saúde da população exposta aos mesmos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi de analisar a ocorrência de Enterovirus em amostras de lodo de esgoto de seis diferentes ETEs do Estado de São Paulo, avaliar o desempenho do método analítico para a detecção desses organismos e verificar se as concentrações médias obtidas atendem à legislação. Foram coletadas um total de 35 amostras no período de fevereiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2009. As análises dos Enterovirus foram realizadas pelo ensaio de plaqueamento em cultura de células RD segundo método EPA /625/R-092/013. Os resultados obtidos foram que Enterovirus estiveram presentes em 83 por cento das amostras analisadas, com concentrações que variaram de não detectado (ND) a 12,50 UFP/gST. As taxas de recuperação obtidas variaram de 0,20 por cento a 68,50 por cento . Conclui-se que das amostras analisadas 31 por cento atendem o estabelecido pela Resolução CONAMA 375/2006 Sewage Sludge is a waste generated from wastewater treatment and is considered besides rich in macronutrients and organic matter, contaminated with pathogen and chemical substances. The usage of sludge in agriculture has been considered an interesting option. Nevertheless, the presence of contaminates such as pathogenic organisms can lead to usage limitations. Enteric viruses in wich are included enterovirus genera, a potential sludge contaminants. These organisms are able to survive for months in water and soil and their presence can bring public health concerns. The aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence of Enterovirus in samples of sewage sludge from six sewage plant treatment located in São Paulo State, to assess the method performance (recovery rate) in detecting these organisms and to verify the results obtained meet the standard established by the law. A total of 35 samples were collected spanning February to December 2009. The analyses were carried out according to method EPA/625/R-092/013. Enterovirus were present in 83 per cent of samples examined with concentration varied from not detected (ND) to 12.5 PFU/gTS. The recovery rate varied from 0,2 per cent to 68,50¨ per cent . This study showed that 31 per cent of analyzed samples met the standard established by Resolução CONAMA 375/2006

A epilepsia é uma das mais comuns patologias que afectam o cérebro humano e caracteriza-se por uma actividade cerebral oscilatória desordenada e excessiva que prejudica gravemente a qualidade de vida do doente. Com o objectivo de detectar o percurso da actividade cerebral anormal a ressonância magnética, em conjunto com a técnica de electroencefalografia (EEG) têm evoluído no sentido de tornar a identificação do foco epiléptico e respectivas vias de propagação mais clara e fácil para o neurocirurgião. Esta detecção pode recorrer ao efeito BOLD (do inglês “Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent”) para, de forma indirecta, obter um mapa de activação neuronal da zona em estudo contribuindo para uma possível intervenção cirúrgica à área epiléptica. No entanto, para chegar a uma conclusão definitiva sobre este mapa neuronal é necessário ter em conta que diferentes regiões podem apresentar HRFs (do inglês “Hemodynamic Response Functions”) diferentes, influenciando o resultado de qualquer análise se este facto não for tido em conta. Na presente dissertação foi aplicado um método de cálculo de influência causal entre regiões do cérebro humano a dados de epilepsia obtidos através da técnica EEG+fMRI. Foram utilizadas técnicas de conectividade efectiva (causalidade de Granger) usando um pacote de software (PyHRF) para estimar com precisão a HRF da região em estudo e permitir a desconvolução do sinal antes do cálculo de conectividade. Foi demonstrada a utilidade desta contribuição metodológica para a caracterização topográfica e dinâmica de uma crise epiléptica.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências da Educação, Administração Educacional Partindo do pressuposto assumido pela Inspeção Geral da Educação e Ciência de que a ação inspetiva e a sua intervenção nas escolas do 1º Ciclo permitirão um aperfeiçoamento da qualidade do serviço prestado e que a clareza das expectativas dos professores é essencial para a conquista e consecução dos procedimentos metodológicos a desenvolver pelos inspetores, este estudo empírico objetiva analisar as representações dos professores do 1º Ciclo e dos inspetores da educação acerca do modo de atuação e consecução dos objetivos a que se propõem os segundos, aquando o desenrolar das atividades dos programas de acompanhamento. O estudo adotou uma metodologia qualitativa, tendo sido usados como instrumentos de recolha de dados questionários, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise de documentos. Participaram na investigação dezasseis professores do ensino primário com funções na mesma escola, mais três professores entrevistados (complementando as informações recolhidas por questionário) e quatro inspetores da educação também eles entrevistados. Os resultados da investigação evidenciam o grau de concordância e discordância em relação ao papel da IGEC, mais concretamente em relação à importância e eficiência das atividades dos programas de acompanhamento, criados com o objetivo de observar e acompanhar a ação educativa desenvolvida pelas escolas e pelos agrupamentos de escolas, de modo a obter um melhor conhecimento dos processos de implementação das medidas de política educativa. Assumindo as diferentes funções da IGEC, os professores apenas apontam como principal impacto do trabalho inspetivo a melhoria do funcionamento das escolas, não lhes identificando nenhuma competência no que ao processo pedagógico respeita. Lamentam a inexistência da ação de acompanhamento mais voltada para a pedagogia, alegando a sua importância na procura de soluções para os problemas das escolas e na melhoria do processo educativo. Apesar disso, os receios e inseguranças apresentadas não lhes permitem, perspetivar uma ação de observação e acompanhamento individuais em contexto de sala de aula. Os esforços registados por parte dos atores inspetivos na procura de uma relação colaborativa com as escolas e professores parecem ainda não ser notados por todos os professores ao afirmarem sentirem ansiedade e alguma preocupação quando por eles visitados. Based on the belief that the inspection action and its intervention in primary schools will allow an improvement of the quality of the service provided and that the clarity of teachers’ expectations is essential for the achievement and attainment of methodological procedures to be developed by inspectors, this empiric study has as a main aim to analyze the primary teachers’ and education inspectors’ representations of the form of action and achieving of the aims which the latter propose, when developing the activities of the monitoring programs. The study adopted a qualitative methodology, using a collection of questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and document analysis as data tools. Sixteen primary teachers with functions in the same school participated in the investigation, three more teachers were interviewed (complementing the information collected by the questionnaire) and four education inspectors were also interviewed. The investigation’s results show the degree of agreement and disagreement regarding the role of IGEC, specifically relating the importance and efficiency of the monitoring programs’ activities, created with the aim of observing and monitoring educational activities developed by schools and groups of schools, in order to obtain a better understanding of the implementation processes for educational policy measures. Assuming the different functions of IGEC, teachers only identify the improvement of the functioning of the schools as the main impact of the work inspective, not identifying any jurisdiction with regards to the educational process. They deplore the lack of follow up action which would be more focused on pedagogy, arguing its importance in the search for solutions to the school problems and in improving the educational process. Nevertheless, the fears and insecurities presented do not allow them to have perspective about an observation action and individual monitoring in the classroom context. The efforts which were registered by the inspectors in the search of a collaborative relationship with schools and teachers still do not seem to be noticed by all teachers as they affirm feeling some anxiety and concern when visited by an inspection team.

Neste trabalho, objetiva-se comparar a influência de uma solução de solventes com a de um único solvente no processo de desacidificação do óleo de farelo de arroz durante a extração líquido-líquido. Os resultados demonstraram que o etanol como solvente é mais eficiente na remoção de ácidos graxos do que a solução proposta neste estudo.

Autoreactive B cells are major contributors to autoimmune disease pathogenesis, but the molecular pathways responsible for the break of B cell tolerance in these patients remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed an in vivo functional screen of a lymphocyte-expressed miRNA library and identified miR-148a as a key regulator of this process. Elevated miR-148a expression impaired B cell tolerance by protecting immature B cells from BCR engagement-induced apoptosis, through downregulation of its targets Gadd45a, Bcl2l11, and Pten. Moreover, increased expression of miR-148a, which has been consistently found in lupus patients and lupus-prone mice, accelerated the development of lethal autoimmunity in a lupus mouse model. These results demonstrate that miR-148a functions as an important regulator of B cell tolerance and autoimmunity.

Throughout this chapter we will study how new technologies influence, used as basic tools in the university education system, in the emotional domain and communication skills of college students. To do this, we will, first, detailed analysis of two separate terms, to pass, expose the data in an empirical study conducted with a sample of university students. We hope that when the reader is immersed in the next chapter not only understand in detail the terms, but at the same time, find the content of that chapter of social relevance. Finally, the ultimate purpose is to invite readers to reflect on what happened in the new system of university education.