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Many lung transplants fail due to chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). We recently showed that transbronchial biopsies (TBBs) from CLAD patients manifest severe parenchymal injury and dedifferentiation, distinct from time-dependent changes. The present study explored time-selective and CLAD-selective transcripts in mucosal biopsies from the third bronchial bifurcation (3BMBs), compared to those in TBBs.We used genome-wide microarray measurements in 324 3BMBs to identify CLAD-selective changes as well as time-dependent changes and develop a CLAD classifier. CLAD-selective transcripts were identified with linear models for microarray data (limma) and were used to build an ensemble of 12 classifiers to predict CLAD. Hazard models and random forests were then used to predict the risk of graft loss using the CLAD classifier, transcript sets associated with rejection, injury, and time.T cell-mediated rejection and donor-specific antibody were increased in CLAD 3BMBs but most had no rejection. Like TBBs, 3BMBs showed a time-dependent increase in transcripts expressed in inflammatory cells that was not associated with CLAD or survival. Also like TBBs, the CLAD-selective transcripts in 3BMBs reflected severe parenchymal injury and dedifferentiation, not inflammation or rejection. While 3BMBs and TBBs did not overlap in their top 20 CLAD-selective transcripts, many CLAD-selective transcripts were significantly increased in both for example LOXL1, an enzyme controlling matrix remodeling. In Cox models for one-year survival, the 3BMB CLAD-selective transcripts and CLAD classifier predicted graft loss and correlated with CLAD stage. Many 3BMB CLAD-selective transcripts were also increased by injury in kidney transplants and correlated with decreased kidney survival, including LOXL1.Mucosal and transbronchial biopsies from CLAD patients reveal a diffuse molecular injury and dedifferentiation state that impacts prognosis and correlates with the physiologic disturbances. CLAD state in lung transplants shares features with failing kidney transplants, indicating elements shared by the injury responses of distressed organs.

Transplanted lungs suffer worse outcomes than other organ transplants with many developing chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), diagnosed by physiologic changes. Histology of transbronchial biopsies (TBB) yields little insight, and the molecular basis of CLAD is not defined. We hypothesized that gene expression in TBBs would reveal the nature of CLAD and distinguish CLAD from changes due simply to time posttransplant. Whole-genome mRNA profiling was performed with microarrays in 498 prospectively collected TBBs from the INTERLUNG study, 90 diagnosed as CLAD. Time was associated with increased expression of inflammation genes e.g. CD1E and immunoglobulins. After correcting for time, CLAD manifested not as inflammation but as parenchymal response-to-wounding, with increased expression of genes such as HIF1A, SERPINE2, and IGF1 that are increased in many injury and disease states and cancers, associated with development, angiogenesis, and epithelial response-to-wounding in pathway analysis. Fibrillar collagen genes were increased in CLAD, indicating matrix changes, and normal transcripts were decreased - dedifferentiation. Gene-based classifiers predicted CLAD with AUC 0.70 (no time-correction) and 0.87 (time-corrected). CLAD related gene sets and classifiers were strongly prognostic for graft failure and correlated with CLAD stage. Thus, in TBBs molecular changes indicate that CLAD primarily reflects severe parenchymal injury-induced changes and dedifferentiation.

BACKGROUND We previously developed molecular assessment systems for lung transplant transbronchial biopsies (TBBs) with high surfactant and bronchial mucosal biopsies, identifying T-cell‒mediated rejection (TCMR) on the basis of the expression of rejection-associated transcripts, but the relationship of rejection to graft loss is unknown. This study aimed to develop molecular assessments for TBBs and mucosal biopsies and to establish the impact of molecular TCMR on graft survival. METHODS We used microarrays and machine learning to assign TCMR scores to an expanded cohort of 457 TBBs (367 high surfactant plus 90 low surfactant) and 314 mucosal biopsies. We tested the score agreement between TBB–TBB, mucosal–mucosal, and TBB–mucosal biopsy pairs in the same patient. We also assessed the association of molecular TCMR scores with graft loss (death or retransplantation) and compared it with the prognostic associations for histology and donor-specific antibodies. RESULTS The molecular TCMR scores assigned in all the TBBs performed similarly to those in high-surfactant TBBs, indicating that variation in alveolation in TBBs does not prevent the detection of TCMR. Mucosal biopsy pieces showed less piece-to-piece variation than TBBs. TCMR scores in TBBs agreed with those in mucosal biopsies. In both TBBs and mucosal biopsies, molecular TCMR was associated with graft loss, whereas histologic rejection and donor-specific antibodies were not. CONCLUSIONS Molecular TCMR can be detected in TBBs regardless of surfactant and in mucosal biopsies, which show less variability in the sampled tissue than TBBs. On the basis of these findings, molecular TCMR appears to be an important predictor of the risk of future graft failure. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02812290.

How does access to foreign or independent media affect the operation of a state security apparatus? This article answers this question concentrating on two characteristics of the informant network of the East German Stasi: the number of informants and their “price.” Exposure to West German TV (WGTV) had the potential to decrease the supply of informants and increase the demand for them, pushing up the value of the payments the informants received, but leaving their quantity theoretically ambiguous. I verify this reasoning using a rare original data set of Stasi informants. Results show that informants were given approximately 70 East German marks worth of rewards more per year in the areas that had access to WGTV, as compared with areas with no reception—ironically an amount roughly equivalent to the cost of an annual East German TV subscription. These findings demonstrate how an authoritarian state can counteract the potentially destabilizing effect of foreign media.

Goodhart’s Law, originally inspired by money-supply indicators, predicts high-consequence administrative numbers tend to be gamed out of meaningfulness. This paper argues that, in addition to the well-documented manipulation of aggregate input numbers at the top-levels of decision making and performance indicators used for output control at the lower level, meso-level gaming happens also on the input side of public expenditure planning and control. A key mechanism through which it operates is creative categorization in the classification of units of spending. Based on a UK study, we explore three questions: can we find evidence for the existence of gaming in public expenditure control, how does the creative categorization work and how material or consequential is it? Using case studies of “protected” spending, public-private partnerships and accounting changes, we show that gaming understood as creative categorization is readily observable in UK public expenditure control and Goodhart’s Law effects can indeed be material or consequential, both in scale and in their implications for government accountability. We conclude that creating new spending categories to control public expenditure and limit gaming is a two-edged sword since it itself creates new opportunities for gaming.

Celem książki jest nie tylko przegląd historycznych i aktualnych badań przekładoznawczych, lecz także autorska krytyczna analiza ich stanu i rozwoju, co sugeruje określenie rozdziałów „refleksjami”. Struktura treściowa książki opiera się na siedmiu głównych obszarach rozważań nad przekładem i dziedziną wielowymiarowych studiów przekładoznawczych, a jej poszczególne rozdziały dotyczą kolejno: metafor przekładu, historycz-nych kontekstów przekładowych, relacji między tłumaczeniem a kultu-rą, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem badań etnograficznych; kompetencji tłumacza, procesu decyzyjnego oraz intuicji. Siódma refleksja jest „mapą przekładoznawstwa”, która pokazuje, jak dynamicznym, zróżnicowanym, kompleksowym, inter-, trans- i multidyscyplinarnym obszarem wiedzy jest ta stosunkowo młoda dziedzina. Metafora palimpsestu wieńcząca rozważania przekładoznawcze w książce i klamrowo nawiązująca do rozdziału pierwszego definiuje przekład w kategoriach warstwowego nakładania się doświadczeń i konstruuje jego rozumienie jako sekwencję kolejnych inspiracji, "którymi żyjemy" - inspirations we live by, jak podaje tytuł książki w odniesieniu do kanonicznej publikacji językoznawstwa kognitywnego autorstwa Lakoffa i Johnsona z 1980 roku. The main aim of the book is not only a historical and contemporary over-view of translation research models and methods but also the author’s crit-ical analysis of the state of the art in Translation Studies and a commentary of the progress of the discipline; as indicated in the chapter titles, which are called “Reflections.” The monograph is structured around seven major areas of reflection upon translation and the field of multi-dimensional translation research, and its particular chapters concern chronologically: transla-tion metaphors, historical perspectives on translation, translation – culture interrelations, with particular focus on ethnography of translation; trans-lator competence, translator’s decision-making and intuition. The last chapter offers “a map of Translation Studies”, which demonstrates its dyna-mism, diversity, complexity, inter- and multidisciplinarity. The palimpsest metaphor that concludes translation reflections and refers back to the first chapter, defines translation as a complex sequence of experiential layers and inspirations “we live by”, as indicated in the title of the classic of cog-nitive linguistics by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), which the monograph title alludes to.

The paper explores the retirement saving habits of well-educated Poles of mobile working age. The data on personality characteristics as well as behavioral constraints include personality traits, procrastination, locus of control, pessimism, compulsive buying, and time perspective. The purpose of the paper is to reveal personality characteristics and behavioral constraints that could be relevant in explaining retirement saving, estimating the money needed for retirement and having a plan for retirement saving. The research uses relative weight analysis and mediation analysis. The findings show that procrastination influences the decision about whether to save for retirement, even if income is included as a control. This suggests that the procrastination problem makes saving for retirement difficult regardless of income. Procrastination is also a significant mediator through which personality characteristics and time perspectives influence retirement saving. Compulsive buying affects retirement saving through two mechanisms, one based on the idea that money is a symbol of power and prestige, and another one which produces feelings of guilt. Locus of control and future-time orientation are significant in explaining the decision to plan for retirement. Pessimism influences retirement saving actions both negatively and positively, depending on how this influence is transmitted. The findings show various effects of personality and behavior on saving, which can be used in designing savings and pension schemes.

Why do frequently‐criticised input controls survive in the management of public spending while apparently more enlightened output/outcome controls come and go? The question matters, because output/outcome controls are often assumed in Public Financial Management and related literature to lead to superior policy performance as compared with input‐focused approaches. We tackle the question by applying qualitative push‐pull analysis to compare one key type of input controls (administration cost controls) with one much‐discussed form of output/outcome controls (performance targets linked to spending allocations) in one major country case, the UK, over two decades. Drawing on documents and in‐depth interviews with 120 key political and bureaucratic players, we conclude that bureaucratic inertia at most only partially explains the survival of input administration cost controls in this case. The push/pull factors associated with the politics of blame and credit made the political players fair‐weather output controllers but all‐weather input controllers.

Street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) – public sector employees working directly with the general public - are central to the operation of a state and their work determines the implementation of government policy. Given their close link to policy, we expect their motivation to vary with changes in the direction associated with a turnover in government, increasing with political alignment with the government in power. This paper evaluates empirically the link between political alignment and SLB attitudes towards and behaviors at work. Using both cross-sectional data from 34 countries and panel data from Germany, I find that SLBs are far from politically impartial, enjoying their job more when they politically agree with the government in power. This finding is important for motivating the vast workforce crucial to policy implementation, issue particularly important in situations of big changes in government direction, such as those happening during regime transitions.

Perspektywy na przekład ukazują zróżnicowanie i wielowymiarowość przekładoznawstwa jako obszaru badań nad tłumaczeniem. Dzięki zawartym w niej studiom kognitywnym i konceptualnym, hermeneutycznym, socjologiczno-psychologicznym, empirycznym, jakościowym i ilościowym książka ma stanowić przekrojowe kompendium wiedzy na temat tłumaczenia i przekładoznawstwa, a u podłoża jej koncepcji leży połączenie teorii, praktyki i dydaktyki przekładu. Mamy nadzieję, że zaprezentowane różne perspektywy na przekład w ujęciu uznanych tłumaczy, badaczy i dydaktyków przekładu pozwolą Czytelnikom poszerzyć horyzonty przekładoznawcze i będą inspirującą lekturą. Od autorów Monografia wieloautorska pt. Perspektywy na przekład jest wprowadzeniem do rozległej i wieloaspektowej tematyki przekładoznawczej. Książka zbiera i podsumowuje doświadczenia naukowe i dydaktyczne badaczy oraz dydaktyków przekładu skupionych wokół Katedry Przekładoznawstwa na Wydziale Filologicznym Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Przegląd różnych perspektyw zawarty w publikacji odnosi się do dydaktycznej działalności Katedry i badań naukowych prowadzonych przez autorów z nią związanych. Syntetyczne potraktowanie poszczególnych wątków tematycznych, a także specyfika każdego tematu związanego albo z koncepcją i podejściem przekładoznawczym, albo z konkretnym kontekstem specjalistycznym i dydaktycznym związane są również ze zróżnicowaniem metodologicznym. Badania przekładoznawcze są różnorodne i wykorzystują odmienne metody badawcze – od literackiego opisu komparatystycznego po analizę statystyczną, pogłębiony wywiad lub studium przypadku. Tom składa się z dwóch części: pierwsze cztery rozdziały, tworzące część pierwszą, przedstawiają różne punkty widzenia na przekład od strony kognitywistycznej, historycznej i strategicznej. Pozostałe siedem rozdziałów w drugiej części omawia konkretne typy przekładu w odniesieniu do jego dydaktyki. Zaprezentowana została charakterystyka przekładu specjalistycznego na przykładzie przekładu prawnego i prawniczego, a także innych typów przekładu przez pryzmat dydaktyki, takich jak przekład ustny, środowiskowy oraz audiowizualny. Istotną rolę w kompendium odgrywa nowoczesne spojrzenie na wykorzystanie technologii w tłumaczeniu i pedagogice przekładu, a szczególnie zdalnej dydaktyce przekładu ustnego i pisemnego. Całość kończy nowatorskie potraktowanie jednego z ciekawszych zagadnień przekładoznawczych – transkreacji.

Introduction: Single lung transplantation (SLuTx) is a challenging operation for patients with end-stage chronic pulmonary diseases. After surgery, native lung hyperinflation (NLH) and a mediastinal shift may develop, which changes the anatomical position of the lungs and heart and may lead to graft compression. Aim: We present a case report of a patient who developed NLH after SLuTx. We discuss the treatment methods and compare the outcomes with other case reports and analysis from world literature. Case study: A 56-year-old female patient was diagnosed with end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (FEV1 < 30%) and qualified for right SLuTx. After the procedure, spirometry revealed gradual loss in FEV1. Radiological images confirmed NLH and compression of the graft. Therefore, a native lung pneumonectomy was performed with positive outcomes. Results and discussion: NLH is a known complication of SLuTx. Typically, lung volume reduction surgery is performed to reduce the compression and a pneumonectomy is a rare treatment, even in centres with extensive experience with SLuTx. Conclusions: Despite SLuTx being a common approach in many pulmonary diseases, NLH should be always taken into consideration. Hyperinflation could cause a dangerous loss of respiratory efficiency and require invasive surgeries for lung transplant recipients.

This chapter presents the issue of underemployment affecting highly educated Poles. It analyzes the extent of underemployment in the Polish labor market and its effect on such factors as income stability, job satisfaction, or life satisfaction. The gender aspect of underemployment (whether women are more likely to be underemployed than men, or vice versa) is also analyzed.

The amount of income earned, wealth and position in the labor market are determined by many factors. Numerous analyses indicate that these characteristics depend on, among others, gender, education, type of work and place of residence. The indicated factors, however, describe individual areas, which significantly hinders the comprehensive analysis and identification of the real determinants. In this context, the purpose of our analysis is to identify and characterize the concept of economic resourcefulness as a key factor conditioning people’s effectiveness functioning on the market, managing the resources they possess, and having the ability to guarantee the economic security of their families. The empirical part of the analysis was carried out on data from a dedicated study conducted in Poland in 2016. Due to the design of the sample, the data from the study will identify the level of resourcefulness for groups of people that differ with respect to the respondents’ age and experiences related to Poland’s political transformation.

Chronic lung tissue disease leads to secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH). The conservative treatment has limited possibilities and lung transplantation (LuTx) remains the final treatment solution. This case report presents the natural course of diagnostics and treatment of the patient with idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis and secondary PH, who underwent LuTx.

The paper is aimed to investigate whether and how cohort differences explain differentiation in the educational effects on household’s economic security. Cohorts are distinguished by common educational and professional experiences, controlling for economy conditions. The economic context covers: the beginning of transition in Poland (1990), Poland’s accession to the EU (2004) and the beginning of financial crisis (2008). The criteria for determining the cohorts refer to the periods of educational level attained, conditions of entering a labor market, improving qualification and a carrier stage in time of the last financial crises. The research covers three cohorts: cohort 1– respondents in age of 25–34 in 2013 – called „Children of transition; cohort 2 – respondents in age of 35–44 in 2013 – called „Youth of transition”; cohort 3 – respondents in age of 45–64 in 2013 – called „Adults of transition”. Economic security of households is defined as the ability to achieve income necessary for covering household needs at its suitable level and to create financial reserves to be at disposal in case of unfavorable accidence. A measure of economic security is calculated on a base of a structural equation model (SEM). The questionnaire survey is a source of data for observed variables. The survey was carried out by the professional polling agency in Poland in June 2013. The whole sample covers 800 respondents in age between 25 to 64. The findings reveal that a positive impact of education on economic security is the strongest for the youngest cohort, in which a fraction of well-educated individuals is the highest. Higher quality of human capital allows the younger cohort to achieve the same level of economic security like the cohort older by several years. Higher educational level attained, less households insecure economically. The secondary level of education among the youngest cohort does not create the ability to ensure economic security for a family.

Purpose The molecular pathogenesis of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is poorly understood. We hypothesized that microarray analysis of TBBs and mucosal biopsies from the third bronchial bifurcation (3BMBs) would provide insight into biological pathways through gene ontology (GO) analysis. Methods We performed gene expression microarray analysis of 498 TBBs and 324 3BMBs from 10 international centers, comparing CLAD+ and CLAD- cases. CLAD was defined per 2019 ISHLT guidelines. Bayes-moderated t-tests were used to identify CLAD-associated genes. We performed GO biological process analysis with CLAD-associated genes with false discovery rate Results In TBBs CLAD-associated GO terms described lung development regulation, injury response, epithelial proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis (Fig. 1A). In 3BMBs the GO terms included endocytosis and intracellular trafficking, cell-cell/cell-substrate adhesion, collagen/matrix metabolism, but unlike TBBs included immunity (Fig. 1B). Time correction did not affect transcript associations with CLAD in TBBs but diminished them in 3BMBs. Excluding biopsies with coexistent rejection or infection removed associations in TBBs but strengthened them in 3BMBs even after correcting for time post-transplant. Conclusion In our biopsy set the molecular CLAD phenotype resembles a parenchymal response to wounding that overlaps other pathologies. CLAD-associated molecular changes were independent of time in TBBs but not 3BMBs, suggesting that CLAD is primarily a time dependent airway process involving injury and either adaptive or innate immunity. Unlike TBBs, molecular changes in 3BMBs were identifiable despite coexistent rejection or infection, suggesting this biopsy format may better capture CLAD information.

Balancing sustainable growth requires poverty to be reduced. The paper is aimed at determining under which conditions growth can be considered pro-poor. Own approaching to the definition of pro-poor growth is suggested. It allows identifying the growth factors, which directly reduce poverty. Furthermore, it analyses two transmission mechanisms through which growth can reduce poverty; a labor market and local redistribution. It reveals barriers in poverty reduction thus pointing at necessary state intervention. It also helps to evaluate if the sectors of strongest foreign direct investments contribute to poverty reduction. The hypotheses suggested in the paper are verified on a base of data from two sources: the Polish Household Budget Surveys and Local Data Bank offered by the Central Statistical Office of Poland for a period of 2005-2011. To identify the direct effects of growth on poverty reduction through labor market and local redistribution, we apply mediation models. Estimations of panel data models are used to assess dependence of poverty on economic growth and its factors, and relationships in the mediation models.

Having presented directions of development in Translation Studies, based on themes of subsequent European Society for Translation Studies Congresses; as well as the chronology of changes and turns in translation research, the author presents the Action Research in Translation Studies (ARTS) model, which combines functionalist theories in TS with translation practice. ARTS aims at using theoretical cogitation in TS in order to introduce specific translation activities. The application of the ARTS model is illustrated here by the analysis of the Katzenjammer Kids translation unit. The conclusions regard the translator’s decision process and the influence of cultural conditioning on the creation of meaning in translation.

Przedmiotem badania tej monografii jest przekład. Przekład bywa tu pojmowany bardzo wąsko – jako produkt, szeroko – jako proces, a niekiedy wręcz bardzo szeroko – jako akt interpretacyjny, graniczący niemal z aktem stwórczym. Monografia zbudowana jest z prac wielu autorów (teoretyków przekładu, praktyków przekładu, językoznawców, literaturoznawców, kulturoznawców, germanistów, polonistów, italianistów, bohemistów, japonistów, hebraistów, latynistów, anglistów, a nawet teologa), zajmujących się różnymi aspektami przekładu. Autorzy tego tomu prezentują różne stanowiska, mieszczące się na skali między Nabokovem a Gadamerem. Część Autorów to badacze już obsypani nagrodami, inni dopiero wchodzą w świat badań i na nich nagrody dopiero czekają. Część zamieszczonych tu prac pięknie ze sobą współgra, a część pokazuje zgoła odmienne punkty widzenia na zgłębiany przedmiot badań. Jesteśmy zdania, że tak właśnie powinno być, jeśli tom ma rzetelnie reprezentować pewien wycinek uprawianej nauki, bowiem nauka opiera się na ścieraniu się poglądów. Pragnęliśmy, aby ta monografia była publikacją prawdziwą, która oddaje piórem swoich autorów faktyczny stan badań nad przekładem i przekładoznawstwem.